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The Findings Lesson 1.3 PBS The Human Body • The organs in the human body are classified into systems. ▫ Groups that work together to perform specific functions. • Problems with one body system can have minor, moderate, or very serious effects on other systems. The Human Body Systems Cardiovascular System • Also called circulatory system. • FUNCTION (S): ▫ Pumps blood around body ▫ Transports oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and waste • KEY STRUCTURES: ▫ Heart ▫ Blood vessels Veins Arteries Capillaries Digestive System • FUNCTION (S): ▫ Breaks down food into its nutrient molecules ▫ Absorbs nutrients ▫ Rids the body of waste • KEY STRUCTURES: ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫ Oral cavity Esophagus Stomach Small intestine Large intestine Liver Endocrine System • FUNCTION (S): ▫ Secretes hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and metabolism by body cells • KEY STRUCTURES: ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫ Adrenal gland Pituitary gland Ovary Testis Immune & Lymphatic System • FUNCTION (S): ▫ Filters fluid in the body ▫ Mounts the attack against foreign substances in the body • KEY STRUCTURES: ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫ Lymph nodes Spleen Thymus Bone marrow Integumentary System • FUNCTION (S): ▫ Forms the body’s external covering ▫ Protects deeper tissue from injury ▫ Helps regulate body temperature • KEY STRUCTURES: ▫ Skin ▫ Hair ▫ Nails Muscular System • FUNCTION (S): ▫ Moves the body and moves substances around the body ▫ Maintains posture ▫ Produces heat • KEY STRUCTURES: ▫ Skeletal muscle ▫ Cardiac muscle ▫ Smooth muscle Nervous System • FUNCTION (S): ▫ Responds to internal and external changes by activating an appropriate response ▫ Processes information • KEY STRUCTURES: ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫ Brain Spinal cord Sensory receptors Nerves Respiratory System • Also called pulmonary system. • FUNCTION (S): ▫ Assists with gas exchange with the external environment ▫ Keeps blood supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide • KEY STRUCTURES: ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫ Lungs Nasal cavity Trachea Bronchus Skeletal System • FUNCTION (S): ▫ Protects and supports body organs ▫ Provides a framework the muscles can use to cause movement ▫ Stores minerals • KEY STRUCTURES: ▫ Bones ▫ Joints Urinary System • Also called excretory system. • FUNCTION (S): ▫ Eliminates waste from the body ▫ Regulates water balance of the blood • KEY STRUCTURES: ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫ Kidney Bladder Ureter Urethra What is an autopsy and how can it be used to determine the cause of death? Autopsies • A systematic examination of the entire body to determine the manner and cause of death. ▫ An examination of the body after death usually with such dissection as will expose the vital organs. ▫ Forensic autopsies are done to solve crimes. ▫ Clinical autopsies are done to understand diseases. • Purpose: ▫ To answer any questions about the illness, cause of death, and/or any co-existing conditions. • Involves: ▫ Extensive analysis of the tissues and body fluids for clues about cause of death or evidence of chemicals and toxic substances. When Autopsies are Performed… • Most states in the United States have laws that require certain types of deaths be investigated: ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫ Injury Delayed complications of injuries Poisoning Infectious complications Foul play People who die with no attending physician Autopsy Sections • • • • External Examination Internal Examination (Dissection) Wound Examination Time of Death Determination Cause of Death • The physical condition that directly contributed to the person’s death. ▫ This may include specific diseases, heart attack, seizure, etc. ▫ On the violent side of the aisle it may include gunshot wound, sharp force injury (knife), blunt trauma, asphyxia, etc. How can the manner of death be determined? Manner of Death • Determining the manner of death involves the investigation of many aspects, including: ▫ Medical condition of the victim ▫ Internal and external examination of the body ▫ Chemical and microscopic analysis of tissues and body fluids ▫ Analysis of all evidence found at the scene Legal Manners of Death • Accident ▫ No evidence of assault/foul play but often hard to explain • Homicide ▫ Foul play evident • Natural ▫ Natural disease progresses • Suicide ▫ Self-inflicted • Undetermined Why is confidentiality of patient information important? Protected Health Information • Individually identifiable health information ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫ Demographic data Physical health/condition Mental health/condition Provided health care services Payment information • Professionals are to take all precautions necessary to keep all individually identifiable health information confidential. Privacy • Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) ▫ A comprehensive set of standards and practices designed to give patients specific rights regarding their personal health information. ▫ Passed by the federal government in 1996. Who should keep patient information confidential? Confidentiality • Medical personnel and those with access to medical records, information, billing, etc. • Multiple laws and standards (including the HIPAA regulations) are: ▫ Designed to protect your privacy. ▫ To regulate the behavior of medical personnel who have access to medical information or witness medical procedures. • Medical personnel who do not follow these regulations are subject to: ▫ Serious fines ▫ Loss of employment ▫ Criminal prosecution Is there ever a time when patient confidentiality should be broken? Breaking Confidentiality • Payment of benefits or health coverage • Preventing injury ▫ Child abuse, neglect, or domestic violence • Preventing any serious threat to public health or safety ▫ Controlling infectious disease • Complying with workmen’s compensation laws • Providing information for legal proceedings ▫ Locating & apprehending fugitives and to identify victims or missing persons • Designated legal representative to make medical decisions (such as individuals under the age of 18) • Disaster relief efforts • Assisting coroners or medical examiners What biomedical science professionals are involved in crime scene analysis and determination of manner of death? Crime Scene Investigator • Crime scene investigators (CSIs) go by many names, including: Evidence technician, crime scene technician, forensic investigator, crime scene analyst, criminalistics officer, etc. ▫ Duties: Secure the crime scene Take detailed measurements Sketch and diagram the scene Take photographs Document all evidence taken from the scene (location, nature, etc.) Package and label evidence for transfer to the lab Attend and photograph autopsies Write a report detailing evidence collection procedures and conclusions Testify to their findings in court Maintain equipment and restock portable evidence collection kits DNA Analyst • Performing DNA profiling procedures including: ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫ Conducting DNA purification PCR amplification Fluorescent DNA analysis Various other laboratory skills and techniques on forensic criminal casework samples ▫ Interpreting test results ▫ Providing court testimony as required Medical Examiners vs. Coroners • Forensic Pathologists/Medical Examiners: conduct autopsies. ▫ Appointed specialists mainly in highly populated areas. ▫ Medical doctors that perform autopsies. • Coroners: Voted officials that may have a medical doctorate in more rural areas. Pronouncement of death. Identification of the body. Signing of the death certificate Notifying the next of kin. Collecting and returning personal belongings to the deceased's family. Morgue Assistant • As a morgue technician it is your role to both assist the pathologist in the autopsy process as well as take care of the morgue. ▫ Duties: Preparing and sterilizing the morgue and its equipment. Bring in the body and prepare it for autopsy. Tagging and documenting possessions of the deceased. Seeing to the deceased’s wishes concerning organ donation. Dissecting organs and other parts. Labeling and identifying information that could relate to the cause of death. Toxicologist • Forensic toxicologists perform scientific tests on bodily fluids, such as blood, and tissue samples to identify any drugs or chemicals present in the body. ▫ Isolate and identify any substances in the body that may have contributed to the crime, such as: Alcohol Illegal or prescription drugs Other chemicals, poisons, & metals Gases, such as carbon monoxide Sources of Information • Bibliography ▫ A document showing all the sources used to research information. • Citation ▫ A written reference to a specific work (book, article, dissertation, report, musical composition, etc.) by a particular author or creator which identifies the document in which the work may be found. • Documentation ▫ The act of creating citations to identify resources used in writing a work.
