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Cardiorespiratory Exam 1
Multiple Choice
1. The primary role of the cardiovascular system is
7. In a healthy heart the time spent in systole is
to
generally
O convey heat away form deep body tissues
O longer than diastole
O deliver adequate amounts of oxygen and
O equal to diastole
remove wastes from body tissues
O shorter than diastole
O serve as a buffer fluid for metabolic wastes
O three times longer than diastole
during exercise
O none of the above are correct
8. During exercise, the time spent in diastole and
systole
2. All gas exchange between the vascular system
O remains unchanged
and tissues occurs in
O is decreased equally
O venules
O is decreased with the greatest decrease
O capillaries
occurring in diastole
O arterioles
O is increased
O veins
9. The difference between systolic and diastolic
3. Backflow of blood from the arteries into the
blood pressure is called
ventricles is prevented by the
O the pulse pressure
O semilunar valves
O mean arterial blood pressure
O bicuspid valve
O the brachial pressure
O atrioventricular valves
O none of the above are correct
O none of the above are correct
10. The normal pacemaker of the heart is the
4. The muscle of the heart is referred to as the
O atrioventricular node
O pericardium
O sinoatrial node
O myocardium
O AV node
O epicardium
O SV node
O endocardium
11. an increase in parasympathetic outflow to the
5. Electrical impulses are conducted between heart
heart results in
muscle cells by
O an increase in HR
O intercalated discs
O a decrease in HR
O intermediate junctions
O a slight increase in arterial blood pressure
O minute synapses of the sympathetic nervous
O a slight decrease in arterial blood pressure
system
followed by an increase in HR
O none of the above are correct
6. The contraction phase of the heart is called
O diastole
O atrial contraction
O systole
O none of the above are correct
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12. the fact that an increase in end-diastolic
ventricular volume increases the stroke volume
of the heart is an illustration of
O the influence of the parasympathetic nervous
system on cardiac output
O the Frank-Starling law of the heart
O the influence of atrioventricular node on
cardiac output
O none of the above are correct
17. The relationship between oxygen uptake, cardiac
output, and the arterial-venous oxygen difference
is described mathematically by the
O Hill equation
O Fenn equation
O Fick equation
O Frank-Starling law
18. Resistance to blood flow is
O directly proportional to the length of the
vessel
O inversely proportional to the viscosity of the
blood
O directly related to the diameter of the vessel
O all of the above are correct
13. Stroke volume continues to increase during
exercise up to approximately
O 20% of VO2 max
O 30% of VO2 max
O 40% of VO2 max
O 60% of VO2 max
19. Which of the following is the correct order of
events pertaining to contraction of the left
ventricle.
O The bundle branches depolarize, the
ventricle contracts, the ventricular pressure
increases, the aortic volume increases.
O The aortic volume increases, the ventricular
pressure increases, the ventricle contracts,
the bundle branches depolarize.
O The ventricular pressure increases, the
bundle branches depolarize, the aortic
volume increases, the ventricle contracts.
O The bundle branches depolarize, the
ventricular pressure increases, the ventricle
contracts, the aortic volume increases.
14. The decrease in maximal heart rate with age can
be estimated via
O HR max = 220 – age
O HR max = 200 – age
O HR max = 210 – age
O HR max – 205 – age
15. Most of the increase in mean arterial blood
pressure that occurs during dynamic (isotonic)
incremental exercise is due to
O an increase in diastolic blood pressure
O the increase in systolic blood pressure alone
O both an increase in diastolic and systolic
blood pressure
O none of the above are correct
20. The primary purpose of the pulmonary system is
to
O regulate acid-base balance
O provide an interface for gas exchange
O regulate cardiac output
O control the bicarbonate level in the blood
16. The arterial-venous oxygen difference
O increases as a function of exercise intensity
O does not change during exercise
O decreases as the exercise intensity increases
O none of the above are correct
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21. Which of the following represents the correct
order of events of the flow of blood after it leaves
the left ventricle, and before it returns to the right
atrium.
O blood flows through the aorta, oxygen moves
out of the capillaries, blood flows though
veins, blood enters the venules.
O blood flows through the venules, blood flows
through the veins, oxygen moves out of the
capillaries, blood enters the aorta.
O oxygen moves out of the capillaries, blood
flows through the aorta, blood flows through
the venules, blood enters the veins.
O blood flows through the aorta, oxygen moves
out of the capillaries, blood flows through
venules, blood enters the veins.
26. The major portion of O2 that is transported in the
blood is in
O solution as a dissolved gas
O the form of oxyhemoglobin
O the form of carboxyhemoglobin
O the form of deoxyhemoglobin
27. Myoglobin is a red pigment found in skeletal
muscle that serves to
O transport CO2 from the cell membrane to the
mitochondria
O transport O2 from the cell membrane to the
mitochondria
O buffer changes in hydrogen ion concentration
in the cell
O none of the above are correct
22. The term ventilation refers to
O the cooling of the airways by respiration
O the random movement of molecules from an
area of high concentration to an area of lower
concentration
O the mechanical process of moving air in and
out of the lungs
O none of the above are correct
28. Carbon dioxide is transported in the blood
principally as
O carbamino-hemoglobin
O dissolved CO2 in solution in the blood
O bicarbonate
O none of the above are correct
29. The respiratory control center is located within
O the medulla oblongata
O the cerebrum
O carotid bodies
O cerebellum
23. The most important muscle of inspiration is the
O diaphragm
O rectus abdominis
O internal oblique
O external intercostals
30. The carotid bodies are chemoreceptors that are
sensitive to changes in arterial
O H+ and K+ concentrations
O pH, PCO2, and PO2
O pH and K+ concentrations
O PCO2 and pH only
24. The volume of gas that reaches the respiratory
zone (gas-exchange zone) of the lung is termed
O anatomical dead space
O minute ventilation
O alveolar ventilation
O none of the above are correct
31. The ventilatory central chemoreceptors respond
to changes in
O the pH of mixed venous blood
O the pH of cerebral spinal fluid
O the PO2, pH, and PCO2 of cerebral spinal fluid
O none of the above are correct
25. In the standing position, considerable inequality
of blood flow exists within the human lung due to
O partial pressure differences across the lung
O differences in vascular resistance in the
lateral areas of the lung
O gravity
O none of the above are correct
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32. A decrease in arterial PO2 below 70 mm Hg
would likely result in
O a decrease in alveolar ventilation
O an increase in alveolar ventilation
O a short breath hold followed by irregular
breathing patterns
O none of the above are correct
38. The PO2 decreases with increasing altitude
because of the
O lower percent of oxygen in the air
O lower barometric pressure
O both are correct
33. The alinear rise in ventilation observed during
incremental exercise (i.e., ventilatory threshold)
is thought to be principally due to
O a decrease in arterial PO2
O an increase in arterial PCO2
O an increase in arterial pH
O a decrease in arterial pH
39. Distance-running performances are generally not
as good when conducted at high altitude. This is
due to the
O lower PO2
O greater reliance on creatine phosphate for
energy
O greater reliance on anaerobic glycolysis for
energy
O lower air density
34. A decrease in arterial PO2 below 70 mm Hg
would increase pulmonary ventilation by
stimulation of the
O arterial bodies
O carotid bodies
O central chemoreceptors
40. Maximal aerobic power decreases with altitude
due to the
O lower PO2
O lower percent of oxygen in the air
O lower hemoglobin levels
O increase in hemoglobin levels
35. Mitochondrial PO2 is _____________ capillary
PO2.
O greater than
O less than
O equal to
41. Compared to the value measured at sea level,
when a subject works at the same work rate at
3,000 meters altitude, the heart rate is
O higher
O lower
O the same
O dependent on the conditioning state of the
subject
36. Which of the following choices presents the
correct order of lung volumes/capacities from
largest to smallest.
O tidal volume, total lung capacity, vital capacity.
O total lung capacity, vital capacity, tidal volume.
O vital capacity, tidal volume, total lung capacity.
O none of the above is correct
42. Pulmonary ventilation is higher at altitude than at
sea level for any work rate. This is necessary due
to the
O colder air
O lower air density
O lower O2 percentage
O increased viscosity of the air
37. Myoglobin's affinity for oxygen is ____________
hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen.
O greater than
O less than
O equal to
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43. natives that have resided at altitude all their lives
adapt to the altitude by
O regular exercise
O decreasing maximal ventilation
O increasing the environmental PO2
O producing more red blood cells
44. Some athletes experience a larger-than-expected
decrease in VO2 max when tested at altitude.
This may be due to a
O larger desaturation of hemoglobin
O greater decrease in maximal heart rate
O greater decrease in maximal stroke volume
O poor mitochondrial function
GO TO THE NEXT PAGE FOR THE ESSAYS!
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Name:________________________________
Short Answer/ Essay
45. Circle the area on the ECG that represents ventricular repolarization of the heart.
46. What are the three principal mechanisms for increasing venous return during exercise?
47. What factors are related to the increase in cardiac output that occurs during exercise?
48. What is the most important variable that determines resistance to blood flow?
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49. Why would heart rate and blood pressure be lower during leg work compared with arm work?
50. From what area does the initial signal to the cardiovascular system to increase heart rate at the beginning of
exercise come.
51. What are the reasons for the increase in stroke volume during exercise?
52. How does the afterload affect stroke volume?
53. What factors are associated with the maintenance of systemic blood flow?
54. If peripheral resistance were constant, how is systolic and diastolic blood pressure affected by an increase in
cardiac output?
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55. How does a Beta-adrenergic blocking medication work?
56. What is Fick's law?
57. How does the blood hemoglobin concentration difference between males and females affect oxygen transport for
each gender AND can this explain performance gender performance differences?
58. How does a decrease in blood pH affect the O2-Hb dissociation curve?
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59. How does an increase in alveolar ventilation affect arterial PCO2 and blood pH?
60. What is the cause of the exercise-induced hypoxemia that may occur in elite endurance athletes during heavy
exercise?
61. What effects does an increase in arterial hydrogen ion concentration (i.e., a decrease in pH) on alveolar ventilation.
62. Ventilatory control during submaximal exercise is likely due to what?
63. What is the ideal ventilation-perfusion ratio in the lung?
64. How does an increase in blood temperature affect the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve?
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65. What areas of the lung are associated with the respiratory zone?
66. Is the pulmonary system a limiting factor of VO2 max in ultra elite endurance athletes? BE SURE TO JUSTIFY
YOUR ANSWER!!!!
67. Would nasal strips increase endurance performance? Explain why or why not.
68. Describe the areas of the conducting zone of the lungs.
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69. When track meets are held at altitude, the sprint performances are usually better than at sea level. Why is this?
70. What are the two major adjustments in blood flow that must be made in order to meet the increased oxygen
demands of muscle during exercise?
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