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Environmental Biology for Engineers and Scientists D.A. Vaccari, P.F. Strom, and J.E. Alleman © John Wiley & Sons, 2005 Chapter 9 – The Human Animal Figure 9-1. The layers of the skin. [Schaum’s Human Anatomy & Physiology] Figure 9-2. A typical motor neuron. [Shaum's Biology] Events of an action potential. [based on Martini] Resting state Sodium channel + + + Cell + membrane + + + + Na + + + + Na-K Pump ++ + + ++ + Potassium channel K+ Step 1 - Depolarize to threshold + + + + + ++ + +30 0 -60 -70 -90 +30 0 -60 -70 -90 + + + + + + Step 2 - Sodium channels open - rapid depolarization +30 + + 0 + Local current + + + -60 -70 + + + + + + + -90 + + + + + + Step 3 - Sodium channels close, potassium channels open +30 + + + + 0 + + + + + + + + + -60 -70 -90 + + Step 4 - Normal permeability and potential restored +30 + + + + + 0 + -60 + + + + + + -70 + Local current -90 ++ propagated Figure 9-3. A mammalian synapse. [Based on Schaum's Biology] Nerve impulse Axon Mitochondrion Synaptic knob Neurotransmitter molecules Postsynaptic Dendrite Synaptic vesicles Synaptic cleft Information Processing Figure 9-4. The organization of the nervous system. [Based on Martini] Sensory Neurons Motor Neurons Somatic Nervous System Autonomic Nervous System Special Sensory Receptors Parasympathetic Sympathetic Somatic Sensory Receptors Smooth muscle Visceral Sensory Receptors Skeletal Muscle Cardiac muscle Glands Receptors Effectors Figure 9-5. Some of the most important endocrine glands. [From Schaum's Anatomy & Physiology] Figure 9-6. Control of blood pressure and volume. [Based on Martini] Angiotensinogen from the liver Reduced kidney blood flow Low blood pressure and volume Renin release Reduced O2 to the kidneys HOMEOSTASIS Normal blood presure and volume Erythropoietin released Enzyme in Lungs Red blood cell production Vasoconstriction Restored blood pressure and volume Fluid retention Angiotensin I Sodium retention Angiotensin II Aldosterone secretion ADH secretion Fluid absorption Thirst stimulation Figure 9-7. The formed elements of the blood. [Schaum's Human Anatomy and Physiology] Figure 9-8. Hemoglobin and the heme subunit. [Schaum's Anatomy and Physiology and Schaum's Biology] Figure 9-9. A schematic structure of an immunoglobulin protein. [Based on Schaum's Anatomy & Physiology] Binding sites Heavy chain Light chain Figure 9-10. The trachea, bronchi, and lungs. [Schaum's Anatomy & Physiology] Figure 9-11. Respiratory air volumes. [Based on Schaum's Anatomy & Physiology] 6 Lung volume (L) 5 Inspiratory reserve volume 4 Vital capacity Total lung capacity 3 Tidal volume 2 Expiratory reserve volume 1 Residual volume 0 0 20 40 60 Time 80 100 The digestive system. [Schaum's Biology] Figure 9-12. Hydrochloric acid secretion by parietal cells of the stomach. [Based on Martini] PARIETAL CELL Interstitial Fluid CO2 + H2O Carbonic Anhydrase Lumen of Gastric Gland H2CO3 H2CO3Cl- Cl- HCO3- + H+ H+ Cl- Alkaline Tide to bloodstream Diffusion Active transport Carrier-mediated Transport Countertransport The lining of the small intestine. [Schaum's Biology] Figure 9-13. The human kidney with details of the nephron. [From Schaum’s Biology] Glomerulus Proximal tubule Collecting duct 100% Distal tubule 300 Figure 9-14. 300 300 The countercurrent multiplier effect in the nephron. Percentages refer to fraction of glomerular flow remaining. The other numbers inside the nephron are the milliosmolarity. [Based on Smith Mammalian Biochem ] 300 200 35% 5% 300 15% Cortex 100 20% 400 200 400 400 Thick ascending limb Outer Medulla 400 600 600 600 Loop of Henle Thin descending limb 800 800 600 800 800 1000 1000 1200 1200 Thin ascending limb 1000 1200 15% 0.5% Inner Medulla Water Active transport of salts Urea ADH-controlled water permeability Figure 9-15. The menstrual and ovarian cycle. [Schaum's Human Anatomy and Physiology]