Download Ch_9

Environmental Biology
for Engineers and Scientists
D.A. Vaccari, P.F. Strom, and J.E. Alleman
© John Wiley & Sons, 2005
Chapter 9 – The Human Animal
Figure 9-1.
The layers of
the skin.
[Schaum’s
Human
Anatomy &
Physiology]
Figure 9-2. A typical motor neuron. [Shaum's Biology]
Events of an action potential. [based on Martini]
Resting state
Sodium channel
+
+
+
Cell
+
membrane
+
+
+
+ Na +
+
+
+
Na-K
Pump
++ +
+
++
+
Potassium channel
K+
Step 1 - Depolarize to threshold
+
+ +
+
+ ++
+
+30
0
-60
-70
-90
+30
0
-60
-70
-90
+
+
+
+ +
+
Step 2 - Sodium channels open - rapid depolarization
+30
+
+
0
+
Local
current
+
+ +
-60
-70
+ +
+
+
+
+
+
-90
+
+
+
+ +
+
Step 3 - Sodium channels close, potassium channels open
+30
+
+ +
+
0
+ +
+
+
+
+ + +
+
-60
-70
-90
+ +
Step 4 - Normal permeability and potential restored +30
+
+ + +
+
0
+
-60
+
+
+
+
+
+
-70
+
Local current -90
++
propagated
Figure 9-3. A mammalian synapse. [Based on Schaum's Biology]
Nerve impulse
Axon
Mitochondrion
Synaptic knob
Neurotransmitter
molecules
Postsynaptic
Dendrite
Synaptic
vesicles
Synaptic
cleft
Information
Processing
Figure 9-4.
The organization
of the nervous
system.
[Based on
Martini]
Sensory
Neurons
Motor Neurons
Somatic
Nervous
System
Autonomic
Nervous System
Special Sensory
Receptors
Parasympathetic
Sympathetic
Somatic Sensory
Receptors
Smooth
muscle
Visceral
Sensory
Receptors
Skeletal
Muscle
Cardiac
muscle
Glands
Receptors
Effectors
Figure 9-5.
Some of the
most important
endocrine
glands.
[From Schaum's
Anatomy &
Physiology]
Figure 9-6. Control of blood pressure and volume. [Based on Martini]
Angiotensinogen
from the liver
Reduced kidney
blood flow
Low blood
pressure and
volume
Renin
release
Reduced O2 to
the kidneys
HOMEOSTASIS
Normal blood presure
and volume
Erythropoietin
released
Enzyme
in
Lungs
Red blood cell
production
Vasoconstriction
Restored blood
pressure and
volume
Fluid retention
Angiotensin I
Sodium
retention
Angiotensin II
Aldosterone
secretion
ADH
secretion
Fluid absorption
Thirst
stimulation
Figure 9-7. The formed elements of the blood.
[Schaum's Human Anatomy and Physiology]
Figure 9-8. Hemoglobin and the heme subunit.
[Schaum's Anatomy and Physiology and Schaum's Biology]
Figure 9-9. A schematic structure of an immunoglobulin protein.
[Based on Schaum's Anatomy & Physiology]
Binding sites
Heavy
chain
Light
chain
Figure 9-10. The trachea, bronchi, and lungs.
[Schaum's Anatomy & Physiology]
Figure 9-11. Respiratory air volumes.
[Based on Schaum's Anatomy & Physiology]
6
Lung volume (L)
5
Inspiratory
reserve volume
4
Vital capacity
Total lung
capacity
3
Tidal volume
2
Expiratory reserve volume
1
Residual volume
0
0
20
40
60
Time
80
100
The digestive system. [Schaum's Biology]
Figure 9-12. Hydrochloric acid secretion by parietal cells of the stomach.
[Based on Martini]
PARIETAL CELL
Interstitial
Fluid
CO2 + H2O
Carbonic
Anhydrase
Lumen of
Gastric
Gland
H2CO3
H2CO3Cl-
Cl-
HCO3- + H+
H+
Cl-
Alkaline Tide
to bloodstream
Diffusion
Active transport
Carrier-mediated
Transport
Countertransport
The lining of the small
intestine.
[Schaum's Biology]
Figure 9-13. The human kidney with details of the nephron. [From Schaum’s Biology]
Glomerulus
Proximal
tubule
Collecting
duct
100%
Distal
tubule
300
Figure 9-14.
300
300
The countercurrent multiplier
effect in the nephron.
Percentages refer to fraction
of glomerular flow
remaining. The other
numbers inside the nephron
are the milliosmolarity.
[Based on Smith Mammalian
Biochem ]
300
200
35%
5%
300
15%
Cortex
100
20%
400
200
400
400
Thick ascending
limb
Outer
Medulla
400
600
600
600
Loop
of
Henle
Thin descending
limb
800
800
600
800
800
1000
1000
1200
1200
Thin ascending
limb
1000
1200
15%
0.5%
Inner
Medulla
Water
Active transport
of salts
Urea
ADH-controlled
water permeability
Figure 9-15. The menstrual and ovarian cycle.
[Schaum's Human Anatomy and Physiology]