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THE URBAN RENAISSANCE AND THE LATE MIDDLE AGES GEOGRAPHICAL SCENE Europe in 1200 • AT THE BEGINNING OF 12TH CENTURY, EUROPE WAS A MOSAIC OF STATES: – FRANCE – HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE – NORMANS – BYZANTINE EMPIRE – MUSLIMS – SLAVS FRANCE HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE NORMANS (FORMER VIKINGS) BYZANTINE EMPIRE MUSLIMS or SARACENS SLAVS URBAN RENAISSANCE • THE OPPOSITE TO RURAL IS …….. URBAN • THERE WAS A RENAISSANCE OF CITIES IN THE 12th CENTURY. • SEVERAL REASONS: – – – – Agricultural development. Population grew. Migration from countryside to cities. Foundation of new cities. Agricultural development • Thanks to technological innovations, such as: – Three-field crop rotation (spring, winter, fallow). See 2-year vs 3-year crop rotation sheet. Population growth – Use of the iron mouldboard plough. – New type of harness enabled farmers to use horses as draught animals. See “Mouldboard plough Roman plough” sheet. vs Foundations of new cities ACTIVITY 1 • Which of the following were innovations introduced in European farming from the 11th century onwards? A) Iron-wheeled mouldboard plough. B) Two-year crop rotation. C) Roman wooden plough. D) Three-year crop rotation. ACTIVITY 2 • Look at the picture of the peasant in section 1 and describe it in your notebook, using these words: – Peasant, field, iron-wheeled, mouldboard plough, furrow, sow, pull, oxen. Development of the cities • Cities were small and were inhabitated by craftsmen and merchants. • Peasants sold their products in the weekly market of the city. • Peasants became customers of craftsmen. SYMBOL OF A GLASS MAKER CRAFTSMEN WORKING • Medieval cities were subject to the authority of the feudal lord. • But since the 12th century and on, the richer inhabitants of the cities (bourgeoisie) demanded greater autonomy. • They elaborated charters of privileges (including the liberties of the inhabitants of the cities). • They established the ruling organs of the cities: – Council (formed by elected representatives). – Justice Court. – Financial autonomy. • The municipal government had to defend the city and collect taxes. City structure • Cities were walled. • Houses were small and streets were narrow and dirty. • Main buildings in a medieval town: – – – – – Town Hall, the symbol of urban power. Marketplace. Palaces of major merchants and nobility. Cathedral and churches. Convents of new religious orders (Franciscans, Dominicans…). CARCASSONE (France) THE MEDIEVAL CITY OF CARCASSONE (SOUTH OF FRANCE) Facade of the Reims Cathedral (1211-1275) Town Hall of Brussels (1402-1420) Interior of the Reims Cathedral SOCIETY AND ECONOMY • Society in Late Middle Ages is still hierarchical, divided into the three estates. • However, there were some little changes. • Monarchs increased their power from the 13th century onwards: – The king concentrated more power, the feudal nobility lost it. – The king is no longer a feudal king. Nobility • Nobles continued to enjoy privileges (such as exemption from paying taxes). • Some of them moved to the royal court, others continued to live in their fiefs. French nobility – Miniature, 15th century Clergy • The bishops settled in cities. • At the beginning of the 13th century, the first mendicant religious orders appeared: Franciscans and Dominicans. Their members (friars) lived from begging or from their own work. They founded monasteries in the cities. Gregory XI and Clement V, popes during the Late Middle Ages. Dominicans and Franciscans ACTIVITY 3 • In pairs, discuss with a partner on the changes in the privileged estates (nobility and clergy). • Write down your conclusions. Peasantry • The majority of peasants continued to live in the fiefs. A peasant’s life was still very hard and many could scarcely survive. • Many peasants moved from the fiefs and settled in the towns, working as craftworkers or traders. Diet: they eat the black bread with vegetables (peas, cabbage, turnips, onions). They rarely had meat. Possessions: most of the peasants had a few possessions. Beds were not a common thing, and most slept on a sort of straw mattress on the floor. Some houses had livestock (chickens, cows, pigs). The money they got was to pay their taxes and buy the necessary supplies for living. Some of the peasants emigrated to the towns and became craftsmen. Life: the peasants' life was a hard one. However, peasants of the middle ages enjoyed many holidays (the peasant worked for about 260 days a year). The life of the peasant was extremely difficult. They played different sports. Bourgeoisie • The bourgeoisie (person = bourgeois) is a new social group. They belonged to the nonprivileged estate. • They were merchants and liberal professionals (doctors, lawyers, architects…). • The bourgeoisie emerged when the bourgs developed into cities dedicated to commerce. ACTIVITY 4 1. We use the word bourgeoisie in English, but isn’t really an English word. Which language do you think it comes from? 2. Look at these place names from different countries. What do they have in common? Strasbourg Saint Petersburg Hamburg Burgos Edinburgh Canterbury Gothenburg Craftsmen • Craftsmen were most of the population in cities. • Main crafts in medieval cities: – Textiles. – Construction. – Food. • They associated into guilds. Guilds • Craftsmen associated into GUILDS. These were associations of craftworkers who practised the same business. • Workers of equal jobs settled in the same streets. • Three categories: – Apprentice. – Journeymen. – Master craftsmen. ACTIVITY 5 • Learn and make sentences with the following words: Revive (n.) Surplus (n.) Employment (n.) Prosper (v.) Bourgeoisie (n.) Charter (n.) Take care of (v.) Collect (v.) Wealthy (adj.) • What are the causes of the towns’ revival? • Which economic activities led to the growth of cities? ACTIVITY 6 • Which document guaranteed a city’s rights and privileges? • Which institution took care of the protection of the city from attacks, ensured provisions for the inhabitants, and collected taxes? • What is the name of the building where the council met? ACTIVITY 7 • Learn and make sentences with the following words: Guild (n.) Master (n.) Apprentice (n.) Fair (n.) Seaport (n.) Glazier sign Shoemakers Locksmith ACTIVITY 8 Some of the most known medieval jobs Miller Stonemason Blacksmith Armorer Falconer Tailor Carpenter Cartwright Butcher Goldsmith Metalsmith Groom Squire Page Silversmith Grocer Draper Furrier Weaver Cooper Brewer Reeve Fishmonger Baker Look for information about these craftworkers. What did they do? Can you find these jobs in modern cities? Trade • The increase in agriculture and craftwork meant an important development in trade. • Trade was important in the cities. • People bought and sold food, luxury products, raw materials in the cities. • Some commercial routes developed to supply markets: – The Silk Route (or Spice Route). – The Italian Routes. – The Hanseatic Routes. The Silk Route Marco Polo (1254-1324) • Venetian merchant traveller, whose travels are recorded in the Book of the Marvels of the World, a book that introduced Europeans to Central Asia and China. • The book is Polo’s accounts on China, which he calls Catay. • He was a counselor of the Chinese emperor, Kublai Khan. The Italian Routes The Hanseatic Routes European trade routes in 14th century Trade fairs and currency • Trade fairs were wholesale markets. They took place once per year. • Champagne Fairs were the most important ones during the 12th and 13th centuries. • Currency was common in this period and gold substituted silver (“florin” and “ducat” were the most widely used money). CHAMPAGNE Florin from Holland, 15th century Ducat from Sicily, 12th century Banking • New payment methods developed: – Cheques and delayed payment. – Money changers. • Rich merchants became bankers: – They gave loans to other merchants. – They founded banks in other cities. The money changer and his wife (Quentin Matsys, 1514) DEMOGRAPHIC CRISIS • Agricultural expansion finished at the end of the 13th century: – Ploughing up ended due to the fact that there were no more fertile lands. – Harvests were poor, which provoked starvation. • Population weakened due to the poor diet. The Black Death • It was an epidemic that arrived to Europe in 1347. • It came from Asia in some Genoese ships that carried some infected rats. • Physicians did not know how to treat this disease. The Black Death • People became infected very fast in cities due to overcrowding. Around 25-65% of urban population died. The cities decreed quarantine to avoid new infections. The plague affected every social group. The Black Death • Population descended to the level of the 11th century: Europe passed from 80 million inhabitants in 1300 to 45 millions in 1400. 20 million people died in only 20 years. The most affected areas were the cities that were close to the sea. The Black Death Pessimism grew among population: People thought that it was a punishment of God. Devotion developed among people. The countryside and many workshops were abandoned. Plunders and revolts became more common. Jews were blamed for this disease. ACTIVITY 9 • From the following list, explain which were factors and which were consequences of the Black Death: People got a fever and died Hygiene was poor There were lots of rats The population fell People lived very close together Some people got richer Workers demanded higher wages Sailors brought the disease back from Asia CULTURE • The kings wanted more educated people to work in the new administrative and legal system. • The bourgeoisie wanted their children to learn how to run a business. • New schools were stablished in the towns: – Cathedral schools, for the children of the nobles. – Other schools, ran by the town authorities, for the children of the bourgeoisie. • Universities were founded throughout Europe. – Bologna (1088), Paris (1160), Oxford (mid 12th century) were the first universities in the world. – Some more were founded, such as Cambridge (1208), Salamanca (1218), Padua (1222), Naples (1224), and Montpellier (1289). – Universities were divided into faculties: • • • • Liberal Arts. Medicine. Law. Theology. • The universities followed the scholastic method: 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) Reading of a text (lectio). Setting out of a problem (quaestio). Discussion (disputatio). Decision (determination). Synthesis of the ideas collected in summae. St. Thomas Aquinas, Duns Scotus, St. Bonaventure and St. Albertus Magnus were the main representatives of scholasticism. 14TH AND 15TH CENTURIES IN EUROPE • Two main events took place during these two centuries: – The Hundred Years’ War (1337-1453). – The Western Schism (1378-1415). Hundred Years’ War (1337-1453) • It was a war between France and England. • English kings claimed the French throne since they have fiefs in France and they were relatives of the French kings (feudalism). • The war was divided into several periods. 1. Between 1337 and 1360. Edward III of England declared the war and major success was got by his son, the Black Prince. This part ended with the Treaty of Brétigny and England was given major concessions. 2. Between 1369 and 1389. Due to the Castilian succession’s problems, England fought against France. The Black Prince died and England was continuously attacked by Scotland. The English king was obliged to sign a truce. 3. Between 1415 and 1453. English troops got major victories at the beginning, but the peasant Joan of Arc managed to stop the English attacks and the French kings reorganised their armies. Finally the French kings expelled the English army from France. 4. The kings of England just kept the city of Calais out of all the lands they had controlled before the war had broken out. The Hundred Years’ War Western Schism and Church • The Catholic Church (led by the Pope) was in crisis. • Kings claimed more power over the national churches and their incomes. • The Papacy weakened and some Popes were under the will of the French kings. • Popes exiled in Avignon. • In 1378 two popes were elected (one in Rome, one in Avignon). • That is known as the Western Schism. • The solution came in the Council of Constance (1415): the Catholic Church had again only one pope. The Western Schism • Since new heresies1 grew in the Christendom, the Church created the Inquisition: It was a justice court that persecuted heretics. Severe sentences were imposed to heretics. 1 Heresies (pl.), heresy (sg.): that contradicts religious doctrine. Consequences of the crisis • Population dropped from 80 to 45 million between 1300 and 1400. • The economy suffered a recession (agricultural production fell, trading profits were much lower). • Social conflicts: – In the countryside, peasant rebellions against the landowners. – In the cities, the population attacked the wealthier classes, and destroyed Jewish districts blaming Jews for all the catastrophes. ACTIVITY 10 1) Look for information about the two main heresies during this ages. Hint: One happened during the XIIIth century, the other happend during the XVth century. 2) Look for information about one social conflict during the 14th century in Europe. THE END By Daniel Quijano Ramos Geography & History teacher IES Puerta de la Axarquía