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Chapter 1 Notes: The Medieval Feudal System Political Factors Feudal Hierarchy (p. 18) During the Middle Ages, much of European Society was organized in a system called ________. Feudalism was a hierarchy where people are ranked one above another according to their __________. People were born into a level of feudal society and expected to stay there for their ______ lives. Feudalism was based on land, _______ and duty. Nobles or knights (Barons) swore oaths of __________ to the king (the Crown) and promised to fight for him in exchange for the rights to pieces of land called manors or _____. Bishops had as much power as Barons. They received land from the Crown, and over time, the Church became a large _________. As a result, the Church was very important to the medieval people in their _________ lives (as landowners) as well as their _________ lives. Most people in the Middle Ages were peasants who lived in rural ________ on a manor (land held by a baron). Feudal Hierarchy Chart (complete the chart) ________ ________________ __________________________ ____________________________________ The nobility and clergy held most all the land and power in feudal society, yet they made up only about __________ of the population. Social Factors Country Life (p. 18-19) Peasants were assigned strips of land to _____ and _______. However, the peasants worked ____________ on such tasks such as plowing and haying. Under the manorial system, in exchange for the use of land, the peasants had to turn over to the noble a portion of what they _________. They were expected to build roads, clear forests, and do any other work the lord ordered. Men, women and __________ worked from sunrise to sunset. Peasants were illiterate and __________ and the manor was usually the limit of their experience. Some were freemen who rented land or worked for _____. Most, however, were serfs who were not allowed to leave without the lord’s __________. When they did travel, they rarely went farther than the ____________. Town Life (p. 22) Most medieval towns were centres for farm ___________. They usually grew up close to a castle, ______ or monastery. Stone walls would be built around the town to protect against rival cities or ____. Local goods and goods brought from other countries were available in ____. Towns were crowded, dirty, ____________ places but offered freedom and new opportunities. People had the freedom to do as they wished, marry whom they pleased, and make _____ as they could. According to the law, runaway serfs could gain their freedom by staying in a town for a ____________ without being discovered. Peasants who were good at making things could open a ________. Unskilled peasants could learn a trade. Others worked for wealthy merchants as servants and __________. Religion (p. 31) People during the Middle Ages thought of the world in terms of ___________. Every group in the Church hierarchy had a duty to be _________ to the group above it and to provide services to the group below. Priests performed religious services for members of their ______________ (baptizing, marrying, teaching prayers and leading services). Members of the congregation had to obey the ______ of the Church, respect the priest’s authority and pay him a tithe. The Pope The Church Hierarchy Archbishops Bishops Priests Parishioners Cathedrals (p. 31) The Middle Ages was a great time of church ________. As part of this, many cathedrals were built all over Europe. Bishops and citizens took great pride in their local cathedral and there was ___________ to see which city could produce the tallest, most beautiful building. People would pour their money and labour into its ____________. Hundreds of skilled craftspeople such as masons, ____________ and workers in stained glass were involved. The heavy work of construction was done by _____ and peasants. Monasticism (p. 32) If you were a deeply religious person, you might decide to join a ______________ and devote your entire life to God. Men became monks and entered __________. Women became nuns and entered ________. Here they lived their lives studying religious texts, praying and working. They also grew and __________ food for the order, taught children, cared for the sick and the poor, and fed the _______. Economic Factors Guilds (p. 23) Production of goods and trade was organized by __________ organization called guilds that controlled the prices of goods, set standards of _______ and decided who would be admitted to the craft as a trainee or __________. Guilds also took care of members and families in case of illness or ________. Children as young as eight or nine went to live and work for a master to learn a trade. After years of ________ they would take a test to become a journeyman and be admitted to the guild. Years later, after more study and practice, they would become _______. They could then open their own ________ and take on apprentices. Time and Money (p. 26) As towns grew and life on the manor changed, _____ came into use more and more. As a result, people began to think of time ____________ (time is money). In the early medieval period, people’s activities were ruled by the ________________ of the sun and changing seasons. Knowing time was not terribly important. Later, as shopkeepers, merchants and business people in towns became more _________ on time mechanical clocks were being built. Wealth (p. 27) With the rise of towns, society became less _____. By acquiring wealth and skills, urban people had some ___________ to move up from one social level to another and a new social ________ began to emerge. The New Social Structure (complete the chart) Top Level: Aristocracy High Church officials Middle Level: Middle Class Merchants and business people Bottom Level: Lower Class Rural labourers Old noble families Servants Priests and lower Church officials Consumption (p. 27) The power and social position of wealthy merchants and the new middle class was based on _____ rather than on _______________. These people were eager to buy the goods in towns. People became more focused on enjoying material __________ and displaying their wealth through the clothing they wore, the furniture and __________ in their homes, and the meals they served. People’s desire for luxury goods like ______ fabrics was one of the factors that led to the _________ of trade outside Europe. This desire also led to the introduction of sumptuary laws. Catalyst for Change Although the feudal system lasted for hundreds of years, it began to weaken and finally disappeared. A few reasons have already been described (increase in wealth, new social structure and consumption). However, some major events occurred that led to this breakdown. War and Peasant Revolts (p. 24-25) Beginning in 1337, war broke out between England and ______. It lasted more than a century and came to be called “____________________.” The endless fighting devastated the countryside. Peasants in both countries revolted because of the high rents and _____ they paid to finance the war. Peasants’ banded together and killed nobles and ______ manors. Both rebellions were brutally put down by the __________, but the causes of the peasants’ unrest were not resolved. Attitudes Toward Religion (p. 34) People began to take a critical ________ toward the Church. The Church was wealthy; it owned one-third of the land in Europe and the rent was __________. The Church also collected money in tithes. In addition it received large sums from the estates (property after death) of wealthy members. Like the newly wealthy merchant class, some of the ______ got caught up in the enjoyment of the _________. Critics said that they were more interested in ________ living than in spiritual values.