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Exam 1 Study Guide Bios 1300
Chapter 1
1. The nurse enters your exam room and tells you that you have sickle cell
anemia. What type of anatomy is this in the scope of?
a. Histology
b. Gross Anatomy
c. Cytology
d. Cell in-depth analysis
2. Fill in the following list
a. _____________ level: includes biomolecules, atoms and electrolytes
b. _____________ level: Capable of carrying out all of life’s processes
c. _____________ level
d. Organ system level: An example is ____________________
e. _____________ level: It is important to see this as a whole
3. If my body is dehydrated and it tells my mind to drink water it is doing what
two functions (Two correct answers)
a. Negative feedback
b. Positive feedback
c. Homeostasis
d. Deviation from norm
4. In response to high blood sugar levels, beta cells recognize the levels and tell
my pancreases releases insulin to open up channels to help move the sugar
into my cells. Fill in the chart below for what happened.
a. Stimulus:
b. Receptor:
c. Integrating center:
d. Effector:
e. Response:
5. What is the goal of homeostasis in ALL situations?
6. Name two examples of both positive and negative feedback. Which deviates
from homeostasis?
7. What is a gradient?
8. Fill in this sentence: Moving a substance from __________ to __________ will move
it down the gradient.
9. Which way on the gradient requires ATP? Why does it need ATP?
10. Name the 4 types of gradients in our own bodies.
11. After a work out, I am flushed red. Why is my skin red? Which gradient is this
following and which way is the heat flowing?
Chapter 2.
1. An atom gains an electron so it becomes an _________ of the same element
2. An atom loses an neutron so it becomes an ___________ of the same element
3. An atom gains an ____________ so it becomes a entire different element.
4. What are the three main elements that make up the human body?
a. O, N, Na
b. Na, K, O
c. O, C, H
d. H, O, P
5. What is an ion?
6. What is the difference between a cation and an Anion? Which has a positive
charge and why?
7. When does an ionic bond form? What does it form? Where is it most weak?
What is the most common ionic bond?
8. Why would an electrolyte imbalance be most concerning?
9. What do mEq/ L reflect?
10. What is the correct formula for glucose, fructose and sucrose?
a. C6H12O6
b. C6H14O9
c. C4H7O13
d. C6H14O9
11. Why do they all have the same formula but they are different from each other
in shape and function?
12. What is a covalent bond?
13. Which is the strongest covalent bond we talked about?
14. What is the one element in all organic compounds?
15. Multiple monomers make up one _________________.
16. What reaction causes monomers to form the above?
17. What is the most abundant biomolecule?
a. Lipids
b. Carbohydrates
c. Proteins
d. Fatty acids
18. Why do we store glucose?
19. Plants store glucose in forms of starch and cellulose. What do animals store
glucose as?
20. Sucrose = ______________ +__________________
21. Maltose= ______________ +__________________
22. Lactose= ______________ +__________________
23. What does it mean that something is hydrophilic vs. hydrophobic?
24. What makes a fatty acid saturated vs. unsaturated?
25. What is a trans fat?
26. What is in a triglyceride? How about a monoglyceride?
27. What does amphipathic? Why is this an important aspect of phospholipids?
28. What is used to synthesize all other steroids?
29. What are proteins made out of?
30. Draw the parts of an Amino Acid below.
31. How do enzymes affect the different reaction rates in the body? At what point
do enzymes stop effecting the reaction?
32. What is pH? What is the normal pH in our blood?
33. Acidic is below ____ and alkaline is above ________
34. Why do we have to closely regulate our pH?
35. What is a buffer?
36. What is the main difference between a strong acid and a weak acid?
37. Does a base or an acid accept H+ when added to a solution?
38. What is surface tension? Explain how surface tension plays a role in IRDS.
39. What is the definition of Temperature?
40. What is a hydrogen bond? Is it a strong or weak bond? Where can it be seen
mainly in our bodies?
41. Is water polar or non-polar?
42. Why do hydrophobic molecules need protein taxies to transport them in the
blood?
43. Why would a covalent bond be polar vs. nonpolar? How does this effect its
ability to dissolve in H2O?
1. What is the purpose of the Octet Rule?
a. To lose a proton to reach stability
b. To gain a neutron to reach stability
c. To lose/gain electrons to reach stability
d. To form hydrogen bonds
2. Which of the following does NOT describe a COLLOID?
a. The particles are too large to pass through selectively permeable
membranes
b. Particles are able to scatter light
c. The particles remain permanently mixed in the solvent
d. Particles are small enough to pass through selectively permeable
membranes
3. What kind of substance ionizes in water?
a. NaCl
b. Glucose
c. Methane
d. Lipids
4. What is the net movement of particles from a place of high concentration to a
place of lower concentration because of their constant spontaneous motion?
a. Filtration
b. Osmosis
c. Simple Diffusion
d. Homeostasis
5. What is the net flow of water from one side of a selectively permeable
membrane to the other?
a. Filtration
b. Hydrostatic pressure
c. Reverse Osmosis
d. Osmosis
6. Which of the following extracellular environments may cause a cell to
crenate?
a. A hypotonic environment
b. A hypertonic environment
c. Isotonic environment
d. Reverse Osmosis
7. What enables biochemical reactions to occur rapidly at normal body
temperature?
a. Substrates
b. Enzymes
c. Ligands
d. Hormones
8. The folding of a protein creates the function of that protein by forming a
binding site. When a ligand interacts with a protein, what kind of bond is
formed?
a. Ionic Bond
b. Hydrogen bond
c. Covalent bond
d. Noncovalent bond
9. ATP is an energy-transferring molecule that is an example of a ____________.
a. substrate
b. enzyme
c. amino acid
d. nucleotide
10. Which of the following is an example of a Purine?
a. Adenine
b. Cytosine
c. Thymine
d. Uracil
11. Which of the following is NOT an example of a soluble protein?
a. Enzymes
b. Albumin
c. Keratin
d. Antibodies
12. Amphipathetic proteins are important in what part of the cell?
a. Cell membrane
b. Nucleus
c. Mitochondria
d. Cell wall
13. What indicates an inactive protein?
a. Prefix “Pre-“
b. Suffix “ –lin”
c. Suffix “ -ase”
d. Suffix “-ogen”
14. Describe why a coenzyme is important in protein activation? (what does it
do)
15. True or False: Denaturation can be reversible or irreversible
16. When a protein undergoes a conformational change or the noncovalent
bonds of the protein are permanently disrupted what can we say happened
to the protein?
a. The protein was activated
b. The protein attached to a substrate to form an enzyme-substrate complex
c. The protein was denatured and can no longer resume normal functions
d. The protein is moving down a gradient
17. What kind of bond forms when an irreversible inhibitor reacts with an
enzyme?
a. Noncovalent
b. Covalent
c. Ionic
d. Hydrogen
18. Which of the following is an example of an irreversible inhibitor that
prevents degradation of neurotransmitters?
a. Penicillin
b. Sarin
c. Amylase
d. Pepsinogen
19. If the concentration of a substrate increases, what happens to the probability
that the substrate will “out compete” an inhibitor to bind with an enzyme?
a. Probability increases because the concentration increased
b. Probability stays the same since the number of enzymes doesn’t change
c. Probability decreases because the concentration of substrate doesn’t play
a role in its affinity to the enzyme
d. Probability stays the same because the substrate and inhibitor have an
equal degree of affinity to the enzyme
20. When an allosteric inhibitor binds to a protein, this will ________ the protein’s
ability to bind to a substrate.
a. Increase
b. Decrease
c. Catalyze
d. Not affect
21. The degree of a noncompetitive inhibition depends on what?
a. The concentration of the substrate
b. The concentration of the enzyme
c. The concentration of the inhibitor
d. The size of the active site
22. How does an enzyme accelerate normal chemical activities?
a. By increasing activation energy to speed up reactions
b. By preventing certain bonds to form so favored interactions occur more
quickly
c. By decreasing activation energy to slow down the reaction
d. By decreasing activation energy to speed up reactions
23. A chemical reaction occurs when sufficient energy is supplied to overcome
_________.
a. Inhibitors
b. Activation energy
c. Gradients
d. Specificity
24. The rate of a reaction increases when
a. The concentration of an enzyme increases with an unlimited amount of
substrate
b. The concentration of an enzyme decrease with an unlimited amount of
substrate
c. The concentration of a substrate decreases as long as the enzyme remain
unsaturated
d. The concentration of a substrate increases as long as the enzyme remains
unsaturated
25. True or False: increasing substrate concentration can only increase the rate
of reactions up to the point of saturation of the enzyme