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The Skeletal System By Kristen Jebulan and Elisha Espino February 27, 2014 Period 3 Cranium Skeletal Organization: The Axial Skeleton Skull Face Hyoid Sternum Ribs Vertebral column Sacrum Skeletal Organization: Clavicle Scapula The Appendicular Skeleton Humerus Coxa Carpals Radius Ulna Metacarpals Phalanges Femur Tibia Patella Fibula Tarsals Phalanges Metatarsals Bone Function: Support/Protection • Give shape to structures • Provide support and protection • Examples: bones of skull protect eyes, ears, and brain; bones of lower limbs, pelvis, and backbone support body weight Bone Functions: Body Movement Blood Cell Formation Bone Function: Storage of Inorganic Salts • Calcium salts are released from ECM into blood after osteoclasts are stimulated when blood is low in calcium • • Homeostatic mechanism Maintains sufficient blood calcium levels for muscle contraction, nervous impulse conduction, etc. Differences between Bones and Ligaments Tendons Cartilage The Long Bone Articular cartilage Proximal Epiphysis Spongy bone Diaphysis Endosteum Compact bone Periosteum Medullary cavity Distal epiphysis Articular cartilage Bone Development • Osteoblasts • bone-forming cells. Called “osteocytes” when extracellular matrix (ECM) completely surrounds the osteoblasts. • Osteoclasts • Large, multinucleated cells that break down the calcified ECM. • Secrete an acid that dissolves inorganic component of the calcified matrix Joints Fibrous • Dense connective tissue • No movement Cartilaginous • Hyaline cartilage • Limited movement Synovial • Cartilage, synovium, synovial fluid • Free movement Synovial Joint Types Ball-and-socket • All planes; rotation • Ball-shaped with cup Condyloid • Variety; no rotation • Oval condyle and elliptical cavity Gliding • Sliding/twisting • Articulating surfaces; flat/curved Synovial Joint Types (con.) Hinge • Flexion and extension • Convex surface fits into concave surface of other Pivot • Rotation around central axis • Cylindrical surface of a bone rotates within a ring Saddle • Variety of movement • Articulating surfaces have both concave and convex regions Types of Joint Movement Types of Joint Movement (con.) Bone Diseases Arthritis • Inflammation in the joint that causes pain • Treatable, but not curable • Can originate from genetic makeup, constant physical-demanding activity on joint, obesity, etc. Osteoporosis • Bone become weak and are more likely to break • Treatable, but not curable • Can originate from aging, smoking, drinking, low body weight, gender (women), medication use, etc.
