Download The Nervous System

Methacton Elementary Health & Physical Education Department
Body Systems
Notebook
1 point per completed page
Rev 2017-18
Grade 4
My name is _____________________________________
and this is my Health Notebook. It is my responsibility to
save and organize all materials and papers from this class
in my Health Folder.
The following items may be used to measure my progress:
 classwork and participation
 notebooks
 assignments
 written assessments
 projects
 attitude and conduct.
PA State Standards
10.1.6.B Identify and describe the structure and function of the major body systems.







skeletal
muscular
circulatory
respiratory
nervous
urinary
digestive
10.1.6.B Identify health problems that can occur throughout life and describe ways to
prevent them.
Competencies
Upon completion of this unit, students will be able to:
describe the term “body system.”
explain the following terms and how they come together
to form a body system:
- cells
- tissues
- organs.
summarize the function of each of the following body systems:
-
skeletal
muscular
circulatory
respiratory
digestive
urinary.
identify and know the location of each of the major
organs within each system.
-1-
The Human Body
The human body is amazing!
Directions: Fill in the blanks to complete the sentences below.
1.) Our bodies are made of tiny building blocks called ________________________.
2.) Cells of the same kind work together to form ___________________________.
3.) The heart, stomach and brain are examples of___________________________.
4.) Organs that work together to perform a certain job are called ______________.
-2-
The Skeletal System
The skeletal system supports the body and gives it shape. Another function of the skeletal
system is to work with muscles to move the body. A third function of the skeletal system is to
protect the soft organs and body parts. For example, the skull protects the brain, while the
ribs and breastbone (sternum) protect the lungs and heart. The backbone is made up of tiny
bones called vertebrae that protect the spinal cord.
The skeleton is made up of 206 bones. Besides bones, the skeleton also has a type of rubbery
tissue called cartilage in all places where two bones meet. The cartilage cushions the bones
and keeps them from rubbing together. The outer ear and the tip of the nose are very
flexible because they are made up of cartilage.
The place where two or more bones join together, such as in the elbow or ankle, is called a
joint. There are several different types of joints in the body. Ligaments connect the bones in
the joints of the body and help to keep them in place.
In the very center of the bone is a large space filled with a type of tissue called marrow. Bone
marrow is soft tissue that makes new blood cells.
Getting plenty of calcium, minerals, vitamins and exercise helps keep your bones
strong and healthy.
Directions: Answer each of the following questions.
1.) What are the three functions of your skeletal system?
a. _______________________________________________________
b. _______________________________________________________
c. _______________________________________________________
2.) What is cartilage and where can it be found in your body? _______________________
__________________________________________________________________
3.) What is the purpose of ligaments? ________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
4.) Where is bone marrow found and what does it do? ___________________________
__________________________________________________________________
5.) What can you do to keep your bones strong and healthy? ________________________
__________________________________________________________________
-3-
Name That Bone
Directions: Use the words from the word bank to label the diagram of
the skeletal system.
cranium
patella
ulna
mandible
vertebrae
phalanges
ribs
sternum
tibia
radius
humerus
fibula
tarsals
carpals
-4-
femur
pelvis
clavicle
I Did Not Know That!
Directions: Use the code to learn more about bones.
-5-
The Muscular System
We can move because of our muscles!
The muscular system is made up of all the different muscles that cause movement.
There are more than 600 muscles in the body that all control movement in some
way. The two main types of muscles in the body are involuntary muscles and
voluntary muscles.
Involuntary muscles are muscles that cannot be consciously controlled. These are
muscles, such as in the heart and stomach that work without you needing to think
about it.
Voluntary muscles are muscles, such as in your arms, legs and face, that are under
conscious control. This means the movement of voluntary muscles can be controlled.
Voluntary muscles are also called skeletal muscles because they attach to the
bones of the skeleton. Skeletal muscles move your bones by working in opposing
pairs. When a muscle contracts, it pulls the bone in one direction. When the
opposite muscle contracts, it pulls the bone in the other direction. Skeletal muscles
are attached to the bones by tough bands called tendons.
Muscles need to be exercised to stay healthy. Exercise strengthens and
stretches the muscles. Without exercise, they become smaller and
weaker. Eating foods rich in protein (eggs, meat, fish and beans) promotes
the growth and repair of muscles.
-6-
Directions: Answer each of the following questions.
1.) What is the purpose of the muscular system? _________________________
______________________________________________________________
2.) What is the difference between a voluntary muscle and an involuntary muscle?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
3.) How do the muscles cause the bones to move? ________________________
______________________________________________________________
4.) What muscles are mostly used when you do:
pull-ups? ____________________________________________________
curlups? ____________________________________________________
a distance run? _______________________________________________
-7-
Show Your Muscles!
Directions: Use the words from
the Word Bank to label the
muscle groups in the diagram of
the muscular system.
Word Bank
gluteus maximus
deltoids
biceps
triceps
abdominals
hamstrings
quadriceps
gastrocnemius
pectoralis
Here are some fun facts!


In the next 24 hours the muscles of both of your eyes will move more than 110,000 times each.


Taking just one step puts about 300 muscles in the body into motion.

Keep smiling – it requires 34 muscles to frown, but only 13 to smile!
Leg muscles are very strong because they are always pushing against the pull of gravity to help the
body remain erect.
Without your muscles, your heart would not beat, you could not eat, or breathe, and you could not
move.
-8-
The Circulatory System
The function of the circulatory system is to carry materials all through the body. The
main parts of the circulatory system include the heart, blood vessels and blood. Blood
carries food and oxygen to all the cells of the body as it is pumped through the blood
vessels by the heart. The circulatory system also helps carry away waste products such as
carbon dioxide.
The heart is a very hardworking pump that is made up of muscle cells. It has two upper
chambers, or hollow spaces, called atria. There are also two lower chambers called
ventricles. The atrium and the ventricle on the left side of the heart receive the oxygenrich blood from the lungs and carry it to all parts of the body. The atrium and ventricle on
the right side receive the oxygen-poor blood from the body and send it to the lungs. This
is where it can get rid of the carbon dioxide and receive oxygen. This cycle continually
repeats itself.
There are three main types of blood vessels. The largest blood vessels are the arteries
which carry the blood away from the heart. The arteries branch into smaller and smaller
blood vessels until they are so tiny that only one cell at a time can get pass through them.
These tiny blood vessels are called capillaries. The capillaries join together into larger
blood vessels called veins which carry the blood back to the heart.
Blood has different kinds of cells in it including red blood cells and white blood cells. The
red blood cells carry the oxygen and carbon dioxide in the body. The white blood cells
help the body attack germs and fight diseases.
You should have at least 60 minutes of active play each day. Twenty of those
minutes should be vigorous. The activity is vigorous if you are breathing hard,
sweating and your heart is beating fast.
Directions: Please answer each of the following questions.
1.)
What is the purpose of the circulatory system?
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
-9-
2.)
What are the main parts of the circulatory system?
___________________
3.)
_____________________
What are the three main types of blood vessels?
___________________
4.)
___________________
___________________
_____________________
What are two of the cells found in the blood?
______________________________
_______________________________
Label the Parts of the Heart
Directions: Using the words below, label the parts of the heart.
aorta
left ventricle
right atrium
valves
right ventricle
left atrium
From Body
To Body
- 10 -
Pulse
You are probably wondering how you can tell how fast your
heart is beating. Your heart rate is measured by feeling
your pulse. The pulse is caused by the blood being pushed
through arteries with each heart beat. There are many
places to detect pulses; however, the two most commonly
used are the carotid pulse in your neck and the radial pulse
in your wrists.
To find your radial pulse, put the pads of two fingertips on the inside part of the
wrist near your thumb. Do not use your thumb because it has its own pulse. Press
down slightly until you find a pulse or soft throbbing. Count each pulse for 60
seconds. This will give you your heart rate for one minute. It takes a little practice
and coordination, but with the help of your teacher or parent you will be able to
learn how to count your radial pulse.
Doctors and nurses listen to your heart with a stethoscope. This tells them how
healthy your heart is. The heartbeat is the sound the heart makes when the heart
valves open and close. Two sounds can be heard during every heartbeat. We call
them “lub dub.”
Here are some fun facts about your Circulatory System!

If your blood vessels were laid end-to-end they would measure 60,000
miles.

About 8 million blood cells die in the human body every second. The same
number of blood cells are manufactured in the bone marrow each second.

Within a tiny droplet of blood, there are some 5 million red blood cells.

Red blood cells make approximately 250,000 round trips of the body
before returning to the bone marrow to die.

Red blood cells may live about four months circulating throughout the body
feeding the trillion of other cells.
- 11 -
Notes
- 12 -
Notes
- 13 -
The Respiratory System
The respiratory system brings in oxygen from the air and takes away carbon
dioxide. The body needs to have oxygen to stay alive. Oxygen is used by all cells of
the body to help burn food for energy. Carbon Dioxide is given off as a waste
product.
Air comes into the body through the nose (or mouth) and travels into the windpipe,
or trachea, which is a tube in the throat. As the trachea goes into the chest area,
it divides into two branches called bronchial tubes, which lead to the lungs. The
bronchial tubes branch into smaller and smaller tubes as they enter each lung.
Each of these lungs is made up of hundreds of millions of tiny air sacs called
alveoli. Through these air sacs, oxygen passes into the blood, and carbon dioxide
passes out of the blood.
A dome-shaped muscle under the lungs, called the diaphragm, controls breathing in
and out. When the diaphragm flattens out, air rushes in to fill up the lungs. This is
called inhaling. When the diaphragm goes back to its dome shape, it pushes the air
back out of the lungs. This is called exhaling.
Vigorous exercise and not smoking will keep your respiratory system
healthy!
Directions: Please answer each of the following questions.
1.)
What is the purpose of the respiratory system?
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
2.)
What are the parts of the respiratory system?
_____________
3.)
_____________
_________________
_____________
_____________
What is the function of the diaphragm?
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
4.)
What gas is needed by the body to stay alive? Why?
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
- 14 -
Label the Respiratory System
Directions: Use the number code to label and color the diagram of the
respiratory system.
1.) Color the nose and mouth red.
2.) Color the throat (pharynx) blue.
3.) Color the voice box (larynx) green.
4.) Color the windpipe (trachea) purple.
5.) Color the bronchial tubes yellow.
6.) Color the lungs orange.
7.) Color the diaphragm pink.
- 15 -
Take a Deep Breath
Directions: Use the code to learn some interesting facts about the respiratory system.
- 16 -
The Nervous System
The nervous system receives and carries messages all throughout the
body. The nervous system controls and coordinates all the body parts.
The main organs of the nervous system are the brain, spinal cord and
nerves. These organs are made of special nerve cells called neurons.
Together, the brain and spinal cord make up what is called the central
nervous system. They work together to analyze and store information
that comes in from outside the body then pass on instructions to the
other body parts about how to respond. The brain has three main
parts: the cerebrum, cerebellum and medulla.
The cerebrum is the largest part of the brain. It controls all learning,
memory and reasoning. It also controls many body parts. The cerebrum
is made up of a right half and left half. Each half controls the opposite
side of the body.
The cerebellum is below the cerebrum. It is the part of the brain that
controls balance and coordination.
The medulla is the part of the brain that controls body actions such as
heartbeat, sneezing and coughing. These are called involuntary actions
because they are not consciously controlled.
The peripheral nervous system is the network of neurons, or nerve
cells, that spread out from the spinal cord to the rest of the body.
These nerves carry messages between the central nervous system and
all the other parts of the body. Sense organs such as the eyes, ears,
nose and skin bring in messages to the brain about conditions outside
the body.
You can keep your brain healthy by wearing a bike helmet,
eating healthy foods, getting regular exercise, getting enough
sleep and doing mental activities to challenge your brain.
- 17 -
Directions: Please answer each of the following questions.
1.)
What is the purpose of the nervous system?
_____________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
2.)
What are the main organs of the nervous system?
___________________
3.)
___________________
_____________________
What are the three main parts of the brain and what do they control?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
Label the parts of the Brain
cerebellum
medulla
- 18 -
cerebrum
The Urinary System
As the body breaks down extra proteins, it forms a waste product from urea and
salt. Small amounts of urea and salt are released from the skin when you sweat, but
most of it is released from the main organs of excretion in the body called the
kidneys.
The two kidneys are at the back of the body, just above the hips. They form a
liquid called urine which is made up of wastes and water.
Water from the blood goes into the kidney cells along with urea, salt and wastes.
Urine forms from these waste products inside the kidney cells and then flows to a
collecting area in the kidney. The urine leaves each kidney through a tube called
the ureter.
After leaving the kidney through the ureters, the urine is collected in a sac-like
organ called the bladder where it is stored until it is ready to be released from the
body.
When urine is released from the body, it passes from the bladder through another
tube called the urethra which carries it out of the body.
You can keep your urinary system healthy by drinking plenty of water.
Light-colored urine indicates you are not dehydrated.
Directions: Please answer each of the following questions.
1.)
What is the purpose of the urinary system?
_____________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
2.)
What are the four main organs of the urinary system?
______________ _______________ _______________ _______________
3.)
What are the two main products that make up urine?
________________________________
- 19 -
_________________________________
Major Organs of the Urinary System
Directions: Use the terms from the word bank to label the
diagram of the Urinary System.
kidney
bladder
urethra
ureter
Urinary Factoids
- Ever eat kidney beans? They were named after your kidneys which
are a similar shape and color!
- Your kidneys have about a million tiny structures that filter out
liquids and wastes.
- About 440 gallons of blood flow through the kidneys each and
every day!
- 20 -
The Digestive System
The purpose of the Digestive System is to change food
into a form that can be used by the cells of the body.
The Digestive System includes five main body parts:
-
mouth
esophagus
stomach
small intestine
large intestine
1.) Digestion begins in the mouth. Here, the teeth tear and chew the
food. Saliva softens the food making it easier to chew and swallow.
The tongue helps push the food down the throat to the esophagus.
2.) The esophagus is a muscular tube that squeezes food down to the
stomach.
3.) The strong walls of the stomach squeeze to mix the food with
digestive juices. After a few hours, the chunks of food turn into a
thick liquid called chyme.
4.) Every few minutes, the stomach lets out small amounts of chyme
into the small intestine. Digestion is completed here. The parts of
the food that the body can use move into the bloodstream through
finger-like structures that line the small intestine called villi.
5.) The part of food that the body cannot use is called waste. Waste
is stored at the end of the large intestine. It passes out of the
body when you use the bathroom.
- 21 -
A Colorful Food Path
Directions: Use the number code to label and color the diagram of the digestive
system.
1.) Color the teeth yellow
4.) Color the stomach green
2.) Color the tongue pink
5.) Color the small intestine red
3.) Color the esophagus blue
6.) Color the large intestine brown
- 22 -
Body Systems Review
Directions: Match the body part with the system to which it belongs.
BODY
PARTS
SKELETAL
MUSCULAR
CIRCULATORY
heart
ligaments
deltoids
stomach
brain
bladder
lungs
biceps
kidney
tibia
veins
diaphragm
esophagus
arteries
femur
alveoli
tendons
spinal cord
gluteus
maximus
bronchial
tubes
- 23 -
RESPIRATORY
NERVOUS
URINARY
DIGESTIVE