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AP Psychology
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Mount Horeb High School
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General
Scientific
Method
Scientific
Attitude
Research
Methods
Surveys
Correlation
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A general explanation
that organizes and
predicts observations
-- more powerful than
facts.
Answer
Theory
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Studying a middle
class African-American
family in depth
Answer
Case Study
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Videotaping shark
predatory behavior
in the ocean
Answer
Naturalistic
Observation
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Political Polls are
an example of
what kind of
descriptive
research?
Answer
Survey
The other types of descriptive
research are case studies and
naturalistic observation
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The main weakness of a
case study
Answer
One can’t generalize
from case studies
because they are not
representative of any
larger group
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They ask:
What do you mean?
How do you know that’s true?
Is their reasoning sound?
Is the evidence sufficient?
Answer
Skeptics
Crocoduck

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Examining assumptions,
discerning hidden values,
evaluating evidence,
assessing conclusions.
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Critical Thinking
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Daily Double!!!
“I knew the Packers would
lose to the Vikings.”
Answer
The hindsight bias
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Mary is the third
fastest swimmer in the
state but still believes
she’ll win her event at
state.
Answer
Overconfidence
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Before you can study
whether bullying is
correlated with suicide,
you must first know
precisely what you mean
by bullying. In other
words, you need a(n)
________ _________ for
bullying.
Answer
Operational Definition
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In research, deception is to be
avoided unless what two criteria are
met?
Answer
The study can’t be done
without deception and;
The study is likely to uncover
something important/useful to
humanity.
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What’s a hypothesis?
Answer
A specific, testable
prediction
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Main advantage(s) of
a case study
Answer
The richness and depth
of case studies create
understanding and may
foster new hypotheses.
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Jane Goodall’s research method
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Naturalistic Observation
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Describe how you
would conduct a study
to determine what
percent of Wisconsin
teachers own a Toyota.
Answer
Identify all Wisconsin teachers. This is your population.
Then, randomly select enough Wisconsin teachers to get a
representative sample and ask them whether they own a
Toyota car.
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Statistics (e.g. survey data)
that can be used to
generalize to a population
are called ___________
statistics.
Answer
Inferential
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Samples are drawn
randomly from the
_________.
Answer
population
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In surveys, more people approve of using
tax dollars to “help the needy” than for
“welfare.”
Answer
Wording Effects
(or Framing
Effects)
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If your sample was randomly
selected, you can do this:
Answer
Generalize to the
population
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If randomly selected,
your sample is…
Answer
Representative of the
population
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People think that sugar makes kids
hyperactive. It doesn’t. Belief in a
correlation that doesn’t exist is:
Answer
Illusory
Correlation
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If older people commit fewer
crimes, age and crime are _________
correlated…
Answer
negatively
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Two things correlations
are good for…
Answer
Identifying possible cause and effect
&
Prediction
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Daily Double!!!
What the coach should do
if his star player misses
3 good shots in a row.
Answer
Leave him in and get the best shot possible each
possession – which may mean feeding him the
ball.
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If a student’s ACT score
can predict college GPA,
ACT score has predictive
_____________.
Answer
Validity
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Stats ‘n Stuff
Fun With
Numbers
Tough
Research
Methods
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FINAL JEOPARDY
80 80 80 81 87 91 98
81 86 89 90 90 99 245
For which group of scores
is the mean NOT a good
measure of central tendency?
Why?
Answer
The second one – because the 245
drives the mean way up!
(positively skewed distribution)
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What are the mode and
range for the scores
below?
20 20 20 65 66 171 200
Answer
Mode: 20
Range: 180
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If vehicle weight is distributed
normally, with a mean of 3500
lbs. and a standard deviation
of 500 lbs., what percent of
vehicles lie between 2500 and
4500 lbs.?
Answer
About 95%
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If women’s height is normally
distributed with a mean of 64
inches and a standard
deviation of 4 inches, what
percent of women are between
52 and 76 inches tall?
Answer
About 99.7%
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As the difference between
means in an experiment goes
up, the calculated alpha level
goes _______.
Answer
Down – alpha gives an
estimate of the likelihood
that the observed
difference between the
means happened by chance.
Larger differences are less
likely to be due to chance.
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What is on the y-axis and how
would this distribution be
described?
Answer
Number of scores is on
the y-axis
&
Negatively-skewed
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Which is likely to have the
larger standard deviation?
The heights of Swedish
adults, or the heights of
European adults? Explain.
Answer
European, because there
is more variability in
more racially and
ethnically diverse groups.
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Daily Double!!!
Describe how to make a
scatterplot, and how to make a
histogram.
Answer
Scatterplot has two
variables. Histogram
has one, with number of
cases on the y-axis.
Main Menu
Name two measures of
variability…
Answer
Standard deviation, and
range.
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Assume the number of
homicides in Milwaukee per
year was between 40 and 50
from 2008-2014, and then 74 in
2015. What would you expect
to happen to homicides in
2016?
Explain…
Answer
Go down – regression to the
mean
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Self-esteem and number of
sexual partners are negatively
correlated in female teens, and
yet, raising teens’ self-esteem
hasn’t been shown to reduce the
number of sexual partners.
Explain…
Answer
It’s just a correlation!
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Why is random
assignment essential
in experimentation?
Answer
Only if the groups are very
similar at the start can we have
confidence that the difference
between the groups at the end on
the DV is due to the IV.
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If you take ibuprofen for a headache and
your headache improves, you don’t
know that it worked. Explain…
Answer
No control group. You don’t know if
it would have gotten better on its
own, or if the placebo effect cured it.
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In
an
experiment
testing
A parent whose
foreign language teaching
primary
focus
is
on
strategies, students took a
vocabulary
test.
having obedient
What
are
the
IV
and
DV?
children is ________
Answer
IV
DV
Teaching strategy
Score on vocab test
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What is double-blinding
and what three groups
are “blinded?”
Answer
Subjects
Those who interact with
the subjects
Those who measure the
DV
All are ignorant of which
group the subjects are in
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Final Jeopardy
At the end of an experiment the difference
between the experimental and control
groups was large enough to be
considered “statistically significant.”
What does “statistical significance”
mean in this context?
ANSWER
It means the difference
was unlikely to be due to
chance.