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Batteries, Starting & Charging Systems
Batteries
Purpose: a storage of electrical current to operate starting motor and
ignition systems when starting an engine & provide electrical current
demands during engine operation
Lead-acid Battery
Operation:
Charging:
Discharge:Electrical
When acurrent
batteryisis
placed
into thecircuit,
batterysuch
(withasa a
placedback
in a closed
battery
the vehicle
starter charger
motor, aor
surplus
of electrons
charging
system)
in
a
reverse
at the negative plates will flow to the
direction.
Electrons
on the positive
positive plates.
A electrical
current
plates
will flow
the negative
is produced
bytoconverting
chemical
plates.
energy into electricity
Batteries, Starting & Charging Systems
Parts of the Battery
Maintenance Free Batteries
Deep Cycle Batteries
1 Cell = 2.1 Volts, 6 Cells = 12.6 Volts
Cell Straps and
Connecting Posts (+ & -)
Positive Plates
Separators
Electrolyte: 40% H2S04. 60% H20
Negative Plates
Batteries, Starting & Charging Systems
Battery Ratings
Cold Cranking Rate - # of Amps a battery can deliver for 20 secs at -18 (C)
without each cell dropping below 1.2 Volts
Reserve Capacity – length of time that a fully charged battterry can deliver 25
Amps, ie. 125 minutes
Overcharge Life Units – time of how well the battery can withstand an overcharge
Charge Acceptance –how well the battery will accept a charge
Watts – equal to CCR (metric)
Batteries, Starting & Charging Systems
Battery Service
1. Visual Inspection
- leakage & corrosion, from overcharging & clamped to tight
- cleaning corrosion, brushing on baking soda and flush with water
- seal terminals (vaseline)
2. Checking Electrolyte Level
- removing caps (visual) Delco (colored Eye)
- only add distilled water
3. Checking Battery Condition
`- Hydrometer test Fully charged 1299
½ charged
1220
Dead Bat
1120
4. Battery Load Testing
- application of a high load similar to a starter drawing
current from the battery during cold conditions
Batteries, Starting & Charging Systems
“ How to Jump Start a Dead Vehicle ”
Note :
1) Make the proper connections !
2) make sure vehicles do not touch !
3) do not run the vehicle with the good battery !`
Batteries, Starting & Charging Systems
Starting Systems
Motor Operating Principles
Rules of electricity related to Magnetism ?
#1 Unlike Poles (North &South) Attract ! Like Poles Repel !
#2 A moving magnet passing a wire in a complete cuircuit
creates electron movement in that wire ( Electricity )
Factors that determine the amount of electrical current created
-Speed of the moving magnetic field
-Strength of the magnetic field
- Size and type of conductor
#3 Electron Flow in a wire creates a magnetic field around that
wire (Electro Magnets)
Batteries, Starting & Charging Systems
Starting Systems
Motor Operating Principles
A) A single wire is placed in a
loop between two different
magnetic poles
B) Current flow in the loop
creates a magnetic field
C) Opposing magnetic fields
between the wire and the
permanent magnets causes the
loop to rotate
D) Once the loop rotates 180
degrees the current is reversed
in the loop thought the brushes
and continues to flip
E) Adding more loops
increases power
F) Use of electricity to create a Field
Batteries, Starting & Charging Systems
Starting Systems
Starter Motor Parts
A) armature
B) commutator
C) brushes
D) Field Magnets
Batteries, Starting & Charging Systems
Starting Systems
Making the Starter Work !
A) Starter Solenoid
B) Starter Final Drive
Batteries, Starting & Charging Systems
Starting Systems
Starter Curcuit
Batteries, Starting & Charging Systems
Charging Systems
! Four things required !
A) Alternator or Generator - a mechanical device which converts
mechanical energy to electric energy
B) Regulator – to regulate the amount of electrical energy being produced in
accordance with the amount being used and the state of charge of the
battery
C) Battery
D) Ammeter or indicating device – to indicate whether the charging circuit
is operating
Batteries, Starting & Charging Systems
Charging Systems
Generators
Similar parts and
operating principle as a
starter
The loop (commutator) is
driven by the engine
Magnetic field not moving!
The wire is !
This produces DC current !
Batteries, Starting & Charging Systems
Charging Systems
Alternator basics
A) A spinning magnetic (engine
driven) within a loop creates
current flow in the wire
B) Every 180 degrees of magnet
rotation causes the current flow to
reverse ( AC Current)
C) Instead of a permanent magnet
an electro magnet is used, this
allows current flow to determine
the strength of the magnetic field
D) Slip rings allow current flow to
maintain the same direction into
the electro magnet (rotor)
E) Instead of one loop of wire,
there are many (stator)
Batteries, Starting & Charging Systems
Charging Systems
Changing AC current into DC Current
Rectification – diodes – an electrical device that permits current to flow in
only one direction only.
Batteries, Starting & Charging Systems
Charging Systems
Regulators
A) Determine the amount of current required to operate the system (Load)
B) Determine the state of charge of the battery
C) Regulate the amount of electricity to the rotor to get an output
D) Activate a light for the driver or show charging on a ammeter
E) To stop overcharging
Batteries, Starting & Charging Systems
Charging Systems Problems
1) Low Battery
a) start and stop driving
b) Accessories left on
c) Loose drive belt
2) Overcharged Battery
a) short in stator field
b) defective regulator
d) battery will not accept a charge
e) defective connections
f) defective alternator or regulator
3) Faulty indicator lamp action
a) defective wiring
b) defective alternator or regulator
4) Noise
a) worn bearings
b) loose mountings
c) worn belt drive
Batteries, Starting & Charging Systems
! Demo !
Testing with a VAT (Voltage Amperage Tester ) 400
A)Battery Load Testing
B)Starter Draw Test
C) Alternator Output Test