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Organs of the Respiratory system _____________ _____________ _____________ _____________ _____________ _____________ Figure 13.1 Function of the Respiratory System Oversees ____________________between the blood and external environment Exchange of gasses takes place within the lungs in the _______________ Passageways to the lungs purify, warm, and _______________ the incoming air The Nose The only ______________________part of the respiratory system Air enters the nose through the external ____________ (nostrils) The interior of the nose consists of a nasal cavity divided by a ___________________ Upper Respiratory Tract Figure 13.2 Anatomy of the Nasal Cavity Lateral walls have projections called conchae Increases __________________________ Increases __________________________ The nasal cavity is separated from the oral cavity by the Anterior hard palate (made of __________________) Posterior soft palate (made of __________________) palate Paranasal Sinuses Cavities within bones surrounding the nasal cavity ______________________ ______________________ ______________________ ______________________ Paranasal Sinuses Function of the sinuses ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ Pharynx (Throat) Muscular passage from nasal cavity to __________________ Three regions of the pharynx _________________ – superior region behind nasal cavity _________________ – middle region behind mouth _________________ – inferior region attached to larynx Which 2 are common passageways for air and food Larynx (Voice Box) Routes ________ and ___________ into proper channels Plays a role in ________________ Made of eight rigid ___________ cartilages (protrudes anteriorly and is commonly referred to as the ____________________)and a spoon-shaped flap of elastic cartilage (_______________) Structures of the Larynx ______________________ Vibrate with expelled air to create sound (speech) ____________ – opening between vocal cords Trachea (Windpipe) Connects _____________ with __________________ Lined with ciliated mucosa Beat continuously in the opposite direction of incoming air Expel mucus loaded with dust and other debris away from lungs Walls are reinforced with _____-shaped hyaline cartilage Primary Bronchi Formed by division of the _________________ Enters the lung at the ______________ (medial depression) Bronchi subdivide into smaller and smaller branches called ____________________ Lungs Occupy most of the ________________ cavity Apex is near the ________________ (superior portion) Base rests on the _________________ (inferior portion) Each lung is divided into lobes by ___________________ Left lung – _____ lobes Right lung – _____ lobes Coverings of the Lungs Pulmonary (visceral) _________ covers the lung surface What is the significance of this covering having fluid between its layers? What does it allow for? Respiratory Tree Divisions Primary _________________ Secondary _________________ Tertiary ________________ ___________________ Bronchioles Smallest branches of the bronchi Terminal bronchioles end in ALVEOLI Figure 13.5a Respiratory Zone Structures Respiratory bronchioli Alveolar duct Alveoli Site of _____________________ Respiratory Membrane (AirBlood Barrier) Figure 13.6 Gas Exchange Gas crosses the respiratory membrane by ____________ Oxygen enters the ________________ Carbon dioxide enters the ____________________ Macrophages add protection Events of Respiration Pulmonary ventilation – moving air in and out of the _____________ External respiration – gas exchange between pulmonary _____________ and _____________ Internal respiration – gas exchange between _________ and tissue cells in ______________ Mechanics of Breathing Depends on volume changes in the __________ cavity Volume changes lead to _____________ changes, which lead to the flow of gases to ensure homeostasis Mechanics of Breathing Two phases _____________ – flow of air into lung _____________ – air leaving lung Inspiration ______________ and _______________ muscles contract The size of the thoracic cavity ________________ Expiration Largely a ______________ process which depends on natural lung elasticity Forced expiration can occur mostly by contracting internal intercostal muscles to depress the rib cage Respiratory Volumes and Capacities Normal breathing moves about 500 ml of air with each breath (________________[TV]) Many factors that affect respiratory capacity _____________ _____________ _____________ _____________ _______________ of air – after exhalation, about 1200 ml of air remains in the lungs Respiratory Volumes and Capacities _______________________(IRV) Amount of air that can be taken in forcibly over the tidal volume Usually between 2100 and 3200 ml _______________________(ERV) Amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled Approximately 1200 ml Respiratory Volumes and Capacities Vital capacity The total amount of exchangeable air Vital capacity = _____ + _____ + _____ Air that actually reaches the respiratory zone = __________________ _________________volume Air that remains in conducting zone and never reaches alveoli Respiratory Capacities Figure 13.9
