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Management Information Systems for the Information Age Third Edition Haag Cummings McCubbrey Decision Support and Artificial Intelligence McGraw-Hill/Irwin CHAPTER 4 © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Haag Cummings McCubbrey Third Edition Knowledge Workers Checklist must understand: categories of decisions & the process of decision making types of decision support systems & their roles types of artificial intelligence systems & uses how to the choose the appropriate IT system McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Haag Cummings McCubbrey Third Edition Decisions • Types – structured vs. unstructured – recurring vs. ad hoc • Decision making steps – – – – intelligence design choice implementation McGraw-Hill/Irwin find what to fix find fixes pick a fix apply the fix © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Haag Cummings McCubbrey Third Edition Decision Support Systems (DSS) • a computerized system to help you make decisions • components – data management – model management – user interface management McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Haag Cummings McCubbrey Third Edition Group Decision Support System (GDSS) • used in team problem solving • components – special groupware – DSS capabilities – telecommunications McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Haag Cummings McCubbrey Third Edition GDSS Decision Process • brainstorming • issue categorization and analysis • ranking and voting McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Haag Cummings McCubbrey Third Edition Meeting Types • synchronous – same room – same city – same planet • asynchronous – same city – same planet McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Haag Cummings McCubbrey Third Edition Geographic Information Systems • a DSS for spatial (map) information • applications such as: – targeting customers by area – planning routes of a truck fleet – planning marketing campaigns McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Haag Cummings McCubbrey Third Edition Artificial Intelligence - AI • machines imitating human thinking and behavior • types – – – – expert systems neural networks genetic algorithms intelligent agents McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Haag Cummings McCubbrey Third Edition Expert System applies reasoning to reach a conclusion McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Haag Cummings McCubbrey Third Edition Good for • auditing • diagnosing engine problems • production problems • lithographic printing McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Haag Cummings McCubbrey Third Edition Components of Expert Systems • information • people • IT components McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Haag Cummings McCubbrey Third Edition Information Types • domain expertise – how to solve the problem • why? Information – answers users questions • problem facts – particulars about current problem McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Haag Cummings McCubbrey Third Edition People • domain expert – person who knows how to solve problem • knowledge engineer – IT specialist • knowledge worker or user McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Haag Cummings McCubbrey Third Edition IT Components • knowledge base • knowledge acquisition component • inference engine • user interface • explanation module McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Haag Cummings McCubbrey Third Edition Neural Network learns to differentiate patterns on its own McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Haag Cummings McCubbrey Third Edition Good for • finding fraud in credit card use • reading handwriting • finding anomalies in human tissue McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Haag Cummings McCubbrey Third Edition Training a Neural Network • show the neural network lots of examples • tell it which category each belongs to • with practice, the neural network can distinguish categories by itself McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Haag Cummings McCubbrey Third Edition Genetic Algorithm uses the evolutionary, survival-of-the fittest process to find the best solutions McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Haag Cummings McCubbrey Third Edition Good for • finding cheapest route for laying cable • finding best stock portfolio combinations McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Haag Cummings McCubbrey Third Edition Genetic Algorithm Concepts • selection – give preference to better outcomes • crossover – combine portions of good outcomes • mutation – randomly try combinations McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Haag Cummings McCubbrey Third Edition Intelligent Agent performs repetitive tasks on a computer or network McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Haag Cummings McCubbrey Third Edition Types • find-and-retrieve agents – buyer agent or shopping bot • user agents – check e-mail • monitoring and surveillance agents – monitor network for likely problems • data-mining agents – data warehouses McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Haag Cummings McCubbrey Third Edition Summary • decisions come in several types • decision making consists of intelligence, design, choice and implementation • Decision Support Systems (DSS) are computerized systems that can help people make decisions • a Group DSS can be used to make meetings more efficient and effective • Geographic Information Systems (GIS) is a type of DSS that handles spatial information • Artificial Intelligence (AI) is used to make machines think and or behave like humans • AI types - expert systems, neural networks, genetic algorithms, intelligent agents McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
