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Chapter 19 Climate Change and Ozone Depletion
Name ____________________
Key Terms
Carbon capturing and storage (CCS) (p.516)
Global cooling (pg 497)
Global warming (pg 497)
Glacial and interglacial periods (pg 497)
Greenhouse effect (p 498)
Tipping point (pg 499)
Mathematical models (pg 502)
Amplify (pg 503)
Dampen (pg 503)
Local weather (pg 505)
Global change in Climate (pg 505)
Worst-case scenario (pg 506)
Weather (pg 506)
Climate (pg 506)
Irreversible (pg 506)
Drought (pg 507)
State of the Arctic (pg 508)
Political tipping point (pg 514)
Climate change tipping point (pg 514)
Output strategy (pg 514)
Reducing population (pg 514)
Reducing poverty (pg 514)
Climate stabilization wedges (pg 514)
Clean cool technologies (pg 517)
Geoengineering (pg 517)
Cap and trade approach (pg 519)
Technology transfer (pg 519)
Kyoto Protocol (pg 519)
Ozone hole (pg 523)
Ozone thinning (pg 523)
Halons (pg 524)
Hydrobromoflucarbons (pg 524)
Methyl bromide(pg 524)
Hydrogen chloride (pg 524)
Carbon tetrachloride (pg 524)
Methyl chloroform(pg 524)
n-propyl bromide(pg 524)
hexachlorobutadiene(pg 524)
squamous cell (pg 526)
basil cell (pg 526)
skin cancers (pg 526)
Malignant melanoma (pg 526)
Montreal protocol (pg 527)
Copenhagen protocol (pg 526)
Summary
1.
The earth’s average surface temperature and climate has changed in the past. The changes include prolonged
periods of global cooling and global warming.
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2.
There is a natural greenhouse effect in the earth’s atmosphere caused by the presence of gases that trap longwave radiation (water, CO2, and others). Human emissions of carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrogen oxide
increase the concentrations of greenhouse gases and cause additional warming of the earth’s surface.
3.
Factor’s influencing changes of earth’s average surface temperature include changes in the solar output, the
earth’s reflectivity, the ability of oceans and land ecosystems to store carbon dioxide, the ocean currents, the
average sea level, cloud cover, and air pollution.
4.
Possible effects from a warmer earth include shifts in plant-growing areas, crop yields and pests, extinction of
some species, loss of habitats, prolonged heat waves and droughts, increased flooding, changes in water
supplies, decreased water quality, changes in forest composition, increased fires, rising sea levels, beach
erosion, contamination of aquifers, spread of tropical diseases into temperate zones, increased respiratory
diseases and allergies, increased deaths, and migration.
5.
To prevent or slow global warming we can limit fossil fuel use, shift from coal to natural gas use, place energy
efficient technologies in developed and developing countries, improve energy efficiency, shift to renewable
resources, reduce deforestation, use sustainable agriculture, limit urban sprawl, reduce poverty, and slow
population growth.
6.
Human activities that cause ozone depletion include emissions of chlorofluorocarbons, methyl bromide,
hydrogen chloride, carbon tetrachloride, methyl chloroform, and others. The stratosphere contains high
concentrations of ozone that absorbs UV radiation as it enters the atmosphere. Ozone depletion can lead to
sunburns, cataracts, skin cancers, immune suppression, and reduced crop yields, particularly in the Southern
Hemisphere. Note that students often confuse tropospheric ozone (air pollution) and stratospheric ozone (UV
absorption), and confuse ozone depletion with global warming.
Key Questions and Concepts
19-1 How might the earth’s temperature and climate change in the future?
A. Temperature and climate have been ________________ throughout the earth’s history. Climate shifts have
occurred due to ________________ emissions, changes in solar input, ____________________ moving on
shifting plates, meteor strikes, and other factors. Alternating cycles of _________________ and thawing
are known as glacial and interglacial periods.
B. ________________ records and atmospheric measurements provide a wealth of information about past
atmospheric temperatures and climate. On average, over the past 900,000 years, there has been a
__________ of glaciations (~90,000 years) and interglacials (~10,000 years),
C. Certain gases in the atmosphere ___________ heat and warm the lower atmosphere. A natural process
called the greenhouse effect warms the lower ______________________ and surface.
D. The four major greenhouse gases in the lower atmosphere are water vapor, carbon dioxide,
______________, and nitrous oxide.
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E. Climate change and human activities.
1. Humans have increased levels of greenhouse gases in the troposphere by use of ____________ fuels,
farming, use of inorganic ______________________, burning forests, etc. Greenhouse gases are at
higher levels than in the past ______________ years. Burning of fossil fuels has generated much of the
______ increase. Deforestation and clearing grasslands release CO2 and ______. Increased raising of
cattle and other livestock has added ______________ release. Use of inorganic __________________
in rice cultivation releases N2O into the troposphere.
2. There is evidence that the earth’s _____________________ is warming, mostly because of
__________ actions. The ________________________________ Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
was formed in 1988 to evaluate possible future climate changes. Conclusions and projections use
several levels of certainty: virtually certain (more than ____% probability), very likely (90–99%
probability), and likely (____–90% probability).
SCIENCE FOCUS: Seven findings of the IPCC that support the scientific consensus that the
troposphere is very likely getting warmer are:
a. The 20th century was the ______________ century in the past 1,000 years.
b. Since 1861 the average global temperature has risen ______ degrees centigrade, with most
increase occurring since 1980.
c. The 10 warmest years since 1861 have occurred since ________.
d. Over the past 50 years, ____________ temperatures have risen almost twice as fast as those in the
rest of the world.
e. Glaciers and floating ______ ice in some parts of the world are melting and shrinking at
increasing rates.
f. Warmer temperatures in Alaska and Russia are melting the ____________________, releasing
more greenhouse gases into the troposphere.
g. The world’s average sea level rose by 10–____ centimeters (4–__ inches).
3. There is strong ________________ that human activities will play an important role in changing the
earth’s climate during this century.
CORE CASE STUDY: Computer ____________ are used to project future changes in the earth’s
average temperature.
a. Global warming refers to _______________________ increases in the troposphere, which can
cause climate change.
b. Global climate change is a broader term that refers to changes in any aspects of the earth’s
______________.
4. A __________ increase in the temperature of the troposphere during this century would give us little
time to deal with its harmful effects.
19-2 What are some possible effects of a warmer atmosphere?
A. A warmer troposphere could have both ______________________ and harmful effects. Rich,
__________________ countries are likely to benefit from moderate global warming while the poorer
_________________ and subtropical countries will see more harmful effects.
B. The melting of some of the world’s ice means that less sunlight is ____________________ back into space,
and helps warm the troposphere further. See Science Focus: Melting Ice in ___________________.
C. Global sea levels are very likely to ________ during this century. The projected rise in sea level is about
18–____ cm (0.6–______ feet), but higher amounts are possible.
D. Global warming could alter ocean ________________ and cause excessive warming in some parts of the
world and severe _______________ in others.
E. A warmer troposphere can decrease the ability of the ocean to remove and store ____________ dioxide by
decreasing the nutrient supply for phytoplankton and increasing the ______________ of ocean water.
F. Global warming will lead to prolonged heat waves and ________________ in some areas and prolonged
heavy rains and increased ________________ in other areas.
G. A warmer troposphere will change the distribution and population sizes of wild species, shift locations of
____________________, and threaten some protected reserves and coral reefs.
H. Global warming will increase deaths from heat and disruption of ________ supplies in some areas, spread
some tropical ________________ to temperate areas, and greatly increase the number of environmental
________________ from drought and flooding.
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19-3 What can we do to slow climate change?
A. Climate change is hard to deal with because it has many causes, its effects are ____________ and longterm, and there is disagreement over what should be done.
1. The problem is ____________.
2. The effects will last a ________ time.
3. The problem is a long-term ___________________ issue.
4. The harmful and beneficial ______________ of climate change are not spread evenly.
5. Many actions that might reduce the threat of climate change, such as phasing out fossil fuels, are
controversial because they can disrupt _____________________ and lifestyle.
6. These characteristics confront us with difficult scientific, economic, political, and _________ questions.
B. There is disagreement over what we should do about the threat of global warming. There are two basic
ways to deal with global warming; one is ______________________, the other is adaptation.
C. The solutions offered for slowing the rate and degree of global warming come down to three major
strategies: improve energy ____________________ to reduce fossil fuel use, shift from carbon-based fossil
fuels to a mix of carbon-free ____________________ energy resources, and sequester or __________ as
much CO2 as possible in soil, in vegetation, underground, and in the deep ocean.
D. We can remove and store some CO2 we produce as shown in figure 19-15. List the ways:
E. Governments can ______ emissions and energy use, increase __________________ and tax breaks for
saving energy and using renewable energy, and decrease subsidies and tax ____________ for fossil fuels.
F. It will probably cost less to help slow and __________ to global warming now than to deal with its harmful
effects later. Projected costs of global warming will cost the world $300 billion annually by 2050.
G. The __________ Protocol, developed in 1997, would require 38 developed countries to cut emissions of
some gases by about 5.2% below ________ levels by 2012.
CASE STUDY: California ________________ reductions. Many countries, states, cities, companies,
schools, and individuals are ________________ their greenhouse gas emissions, improving energy
efficiency, and increasing their use of ____________-free renewable energy.
19-4 How have we depleted ozone in the ______________________ and what can we do about it?
A. Widespread use of a number of useful and ________-lived chemicals has reduced ozone levels in the
stratosphere. The first, chlorofluorocarbon (______), was discovered in 1930 by Thomas Midgley and
became widely used in ______________ and other industrial applications.
B. CFCs remain in the atmosphere because they are insoluble in water and chemically __________________.
1. Over 11–____ years these chemicals are lifted into the stratosphere, mostly by ___________________
currents and turbulent mixing of air. CFC molecules __________ down under the influence of highenergy ____ radiation. ______________ is released and is highly reactive. Fluorine, bromine, and
iodine are also _______________. This causes ozone to be broken down faster than it is ___________.
SCIENCE FOCUS: Ozone Chemistry, page 525.
C. During four months of each year up to ________ of the ozone in the stratosphere over Antarctica and a
smaller amount over the Arctic is ________________. Ozone loss is often called the ozone hole, but it is
actually ozone ________________. The polar ____________ is a swirling mass of very cold air that is
isolated from the rest of the atmosphere for several months. Ice crystals in this mass ______________
CFCs and other chemicals and set up conditions for formation of ______, the molecule most responsible
for seasonal loss of ozone.
D. Increased ____ radiation reaching the earth’s surface from ozone depletion in the stratosphere is harmful to
human health, crops, forests, animals, and materials such as paints and plastics. List the effects from Figure
20-21 of ozone depletion:_________________________________________________________________
E. Exposure to UV radiation is a major cause of skin ______________. The primary cause of squamous cell
and basal cell skin cancers is years of exposure to UV-__ radiation. Fortunately, 90–95% of these cancers
can be cured if detected __________ enough. Malignant ________________ is a third type of skin cancer
that may occur anywhere on the body. It kills a ____________ of its victims (most under the age of 40)
within five years.
F. Protecting the ozone layer.
1. The goal of the 1987 ______________ Protocol was to cut emissions of CFCs by about ____% between
1989 and 2000. Representatives met again in 1990 and 1992 and adopted the ____________________
Protocol, an amendment that accelerated the __________-out of key ozone-depleting chemicals. These
agreements have now been signed by ______ countries.
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