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NATIONAL RADIO ASTRONOMY OBSERVATORY Observing Summary Spring 2009 A summary of 2008 science highlights, and statistics of telescope operations, users and visitors, and publications. The National Radio Astronomy Observatory is a facility of the National Science Foundation operated under cooperative agreement by Associated Universities, Inc. TABLE OF CONTENTS Summary of 2008 Observing Programs 1 Science Highlights for 2008 Time Allocation on NRAO Facilities 2 3 Table 1. Time Allocation on NRAO Facilities 3 Figure 1. Observing Hours by Calendar Year Figure 2. Distribution of Scheduled Hours by Telescope 4 5 Figure 3. Green Bank Telescope Percentage Total Summary 6 Figure 4. Very Large Array Percentage Total Summary 7 Figure 5. Very Long Baseline Array Percentage Total Summary 8 Table 2. Select Areas of Research Scheduled, Percentage Share 9 The NRAO User Community Table 3. Distribution of Telescope Time by Percentage Table 4. Number of Observers & Inst by Telescope Figure 6. Number of Observers & Inst by Type by Year Figure 7. Number of Types of Students by Year Publication Statistics 10 10 10 11 12 13 Figure 8. Refereed/non-Refereed Publications using NRAO Data 13 Figure 9. Refereed/non-Refereed Publications using NRAO Data *or* were published by NRAO Authors 14 Summary of 2008 Observing Programs NRAO Observing Summary 2008 Institutions Whose Staff used NRAO Telescopes in 2008 Table 5. 3 15 Number of People (incl. students) and Instituions using NRAO Facilities in 2008 15 Student and Visitor Programs 24 Undergraduate Interns Visitors Program 24 24 Student Observing Support (SOS) 25 Front-End Status Reports 26 Robert C. Byrd (GBT) Telescope Expanded Very Large Array (EVLA) 26 27 Very Long Baseline Array 28 Summary of 2008 Observing Programs NRAO Observing Summary 2008 Total Telescope Observing Hours Number Observing Proposals Numbers Observing - Individuals - Students Number of Distinct Institutions Number of Telescope Publications 1 20,139 690 1,223 156 273 516 Table 1. This table provides a snapshot of the 2008 NRAO-wide time allocation, user community, and publication statistics for the 2008 A, B, and C trimesters. Scientific Highlights NRAO Observing Summary 2008 2 This section is to include 4-5 science highlights. At least one high light from each of the NRAO telescopes. A short write-up is needed and, wherever possible, a figure. We can start by looking at the NRAO Newsletters science highlights and the EPO Press Releases for some good examples. PR archive webpage - http://www.nrao.edu/pr/ 08 Quarterly Reports - http://www.nrao.edu/admin/do/docs/janmar2008qr.pdf Time Allocation on NRAO Facilities NRAO Observing Summary 2008 3 This section will focus on how the time is allocated on each telescope. Much of what we have used in the past can be re-used here. Topics and figures include a. Observing Hours by Calendar Year (for 10 years incl. 2008, e.g. Fig 1 2007) i. telescope illustrated in bar ii. Includes observing, testing, calibration, etc. b. Distribution of Scheduled Observing Time by Telescope (10 years, e.g. Fig 2 2007) i. Bars of scheduled observing hours ii. Includes obs by whom (staff, visitors), and testing, calibration c. Green Bank Telescope Summary (10 yrs, Fig 3 2007) i. Percentage of total time shown in line graph ii. Includes observing, testing, and “lost” time. d. Very Large Array Summary (10 yrs, Fig 4 2007) i. Percentage of total time shown in line graph ii. Includes observing, testing, and “lost” time. e. Very Long Baseline Array Summary (10 yrs, Fig 5 2007) i. Percentage of total time shown in line graph ii. Includes observing, testing, and lost time. f. Distribution of Scheduled Observing Programs (4 research areas, Table page 9, 2007) i. Percentage of each telescope’s programs by area ii. Includes overall percentage of program s by area out of total programs. Time Allocation on NRAO Facilities NRAO Observing Summary 2008 4 Figure 1. This figure shows the total observing hours on each telescope during the last 10 years. The hours include astronomical observing, testing, calibration, and commissioning. Time Allocation on NRAO Facilities NRAO Observing Summary 2008 5 Figure 2. These graphs show the number of hours scheduled for testing and calibration, and for observing by the NRAO staff and visitors/students on each telescope system. Time Allocation on NRAO Facilities NRAO Observing Summary 2008 6 Figure 3. This summary for calendar years 2004-2008 shows the percentage of the total time that the Green Bank Telescope was scheduled for astronomical observing; for routine system testing, maintenance, and calibration; and radio interference. The “Observing” and “Testing, Maintenance & Calibration” percentages account for all available time in the year, excluding three days of holiday shutdown time. The “Lost Time” is the percentage of the scheduled “Observing” time lost. Time Allocation on NRAO Facilities NRAO Observing Summary 2008 7 Figure 4. This summary for calendar years 2004-2008 shows the percentage of the total time in the year that the Very Large Array was scheduled for astronomical observing; for routine system testing, maintenance, and calibration; and the percentage of astronomical observing time lost due to equipment failure, bad weather, and radio interference. “Observing” and “Testing, Maintenance, & Calibration” percentages account for all available time in the year, excluding three days of holiday shutdown time. “Lost Time” is the percentage of the scheduled observing time lost. Time Allocation on NRAO Facilities NRAO Observing Summary 2008 8 Figure 5. This summary for calendar years 2004-2008 shows the percentage of the total time in the year that the Very Long Baseline Array was scheduled for astronomical observing; for routine calibration, maintenance, and installation of new experiments; and the percentage of scheduled observing time lost due to equipment failure, bad weather, and/or radio interference. It should be noted that about ten percent of the time on the VLBA cannot be scheduled due to the time difference across the array; this is reflected in the time between the end of one program and the start of the next. Time Allocation on NRAO Facilities NRAO Observing Summary 2008 9 GBT VLA VLBA Overall I. SOLAR SYSTEM — Sun, Planet, Satellites, and Comets II. STELLAR — Pulsars, X-ray Sources, Planetary Nebulae, Circumstellar Shells, Supernova Remnants, Masers, Novae, Supernovae, and Stars III. GALACTIC — Galactic Structure, Center, Molecular Clouds, H II Regions, Star Formation, Molecules, and Interstellar Medium IV. EXTRAGALACTIC — Normal and Active Galaxies, Radio Galaxies, Clusters, Quasars, VLBA Studies, Extragalactic Molecules, and Cosmology 4 1 6 3 12 17 13 14 40 20 7 26 44 62 73 57 Table 2. This table shows a variety of research areas scheduled during the 2008 calendar year and their particular percentage share of all observing programs that were scheduled on NRAO instruments. . The NRAO User Community NRAO Observing Summary 2008 Visitors (U.S.) Visitors (Foreign) Students NRAO Staff Postdoctoral Staff at NRAO Test and Calibration Maintenance and Installation Holidays and Unscheduled 10 GBT VLA VLBA 2008 Summary 37 27 20 28 17 27 16 20 9 6 3 6 14 7 4 9 4 2 0 2 5 19 14 13 12 10 10 11 1 1 32 11 Table 3. This table shows the distribution of telescope time by percentage. Institutions Visitors Students Postdoctorals at NRAO NRAO Permanent Staff Number of Unique Proposals GBT 152 351 64 13 39 222 VLA 224 661 93 19 37 131 VLBA 125 297 36 2 25 337 Total 273 996 156 19 52 690 Table 4. This table shows the number of observers and institutions by telescope. The NRAO User Community NRAO Observing Summary 2008 11 Figure 6. This bar chart shows for the calendar years 1999-2008 the number of NRAO research staff, research associates, and postdocs that used the NRAO telescopes. In addition, it shows the total number of visitor-users of NRAO telescopes and the number of institutions from which the NRAO visitors came. The NRAO User Community NRAO Observing Summary 2008 12 Figure 7. This figure shows for the calendar years 1999-2008, the number of PhD students (salaried at NRAO and non-salaried), co-op students, and summer undergraduate and graduate students who observed or worked at the NRAO during that year. Note that beginning in 1987, the majority of the undergraduate summer students were funded by a separate NSF grant, Research Experience for Undergraduates (REU). Publication Statistics NRAO Obseving Summary 2008 13 Figure 8. This graph shows the number of refereed and non-refereed publications that were written using NRAO telescope data each calendar year back to 1999. There were 516 during the 2008 calendar year. Publication Statistics NRAO Obseving Summary 2008 14 Figure 9. This graph shows the total number of refereed and non-refereed publications that included NRAO telescope data or were published by NRAO authors during the past 10 years. Institutions Whose Staff used NRAO Telescopes in 2008 NRAO Observing Summary 2008 INSTITUTION Aerospace Corporation Agnes Scott College Alabama, University of Arizona State University Birminghan-Southern College Boston University Brandeis University Bryn Mawr College California at Berkeley, University of California at Davis, University of California at Los Angeles., University of California at San Diego, University of California at Santa Barbara, University of California at Santa Cruz, University of California Institute of Technology Canada-French-Hawaii Telescope Carnegie Institute of Washington Carnegie Mellon University Center for Astrophyics Chicago, University of Colgate University Columbia University Cornell University Dartmouth College Delaware, University of Denison University DePaul University Drexel University Eureka Scientific Florida International University Florida, University of 15 COUNTRY United United United United United United United United United United United United United United United United United United United United United United United United United United United United United United United States States States States States States States States States States States States States States States States States States States States States States States States States States States States States States States State GBT VLA CA GA AL AZ AL MA MA PA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA HI DC PA MA IL NY NY NY NH DE OH IL PA CA FL FL X X X VLBA X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Institutions Whose Staff used NRAO Telescopes in 2008 NRAO Observing Summary 2008 INSTITUTION Franklin and Marshall College George Mason University Georgia Southern University Georgia State University Hampden-Sydney College Haverford College Hawaii at Manoa, University of Haystack Observatory - NEROC IBM T.J. Watson Research Ctr Illinois, University of Indiana, University of Institute for Advanced Studies Iowa State University Iowa, University of Jet Propulsion Laboratory Johns Hopkins University Kentucky, University of Lehigh University Los Alamos National Lab. Lowell Observatory Macalester College Manchester College Marquette University Marshall Space Flight Center Maryland, University of Massachusetts Institute of Technology Massachusetts, University of Michigan, University of Minnesota, University of National Aeronautics and Space Administration National Astronomy & Ionopheric Center 16 COUNTRY United United United United United United United United United United United United United United United United United United United United United United United United United United United United United United United States States States States States States States States States States States States States States States States States States States States States States States States States States States States States States States State GBT PA VA GA GA VA PA HI MA NY IL IN NJ IA IA CA MD KY PA NM AZ MN IA WI AL MD MA MA MI MN DC NY X VLA VLBA X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Institutions Whose Staff used NRAO Telescopes in 2008 NRAO Observing Summary 2008 INSTITUTION National National National National Ecological Observatory Institute of Standards and Technology Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Optical Astronomy Observatory 17 COUNTRY United United United United States States States States National Radio Astronomy Observatory United States National Science Foundation Naval Research Laboratory New Mexico Institute of Mining Technology New Mexico State University New Mexico, University of New York University North Carolina State U. North Carolina, U. of Northern Arizona University Northwestern University Ohio State University Penn State University Pennsylvania, University of Princeton University Purdue University Rice University Rochester Institute of Technology Rutgers University Saint Paul's School Smithsonian Institution Space Science Institute Space Telescope Science Institute Stanford University State University of New York, Stony Brook Sweet Briar College United United United United United United United United United United United United United United United United United United United United United United United United United States States States States States States States States States States States States States States States States States States States States States States States States States State CO MD CO AZ NM, VA, WV, AZ DC DC NM NM NM NY NC NC AZ IL OH PA PA NJ IN TX NY NJ NH DC CO MD CA NY VA GBT VLA VLBA X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Institutions Whose Staff used NRAO Telescopes in 2008 NRAO Observing Summary 2008 INSTITUTION Texas A&M University Texas, University of Trinity University United States Naval Observatory University of Arizona University of Central Florida University of Colorado at Boulder Vanderbilt University Virginia Tech Virginia, University of Wartburg College Washington State University Washington, University of Wellesley College West Virginia University Whittier College Wisconsin at Madison, University of Wisconsin at Whitewater, University of Yale University La Plata, Universidad Nacional de Anglo Australian Observatory Australian National University Australian Telescope National Facility CSIRO iVEC Macquarie University Melbourne, University of Swinburne University Sydney, University of University of New South Wales University of Western Australia 18 COUNTRY State GBT VLA United States United States United States United States United States United States United States United States United States United States United States United States United States United States United States United States United States United States United States Argentina Australia Australia Australia Australia Australia Australia Australia Australia Australia Australia Australia TX TX TX DC AZ FL CO TN VA VA IA WA WA MA WV CA WI WI CT X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X VLBA X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Institutions Whose Staff used NRAO Telescopes in 2008 NRAO Observing Summary 2008 INSTITUTION Innsbruck, Universitat British Columbia at Okanagan, University of British Columbia, University of Canadian Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics Laval University Manitoba, University of National Research Council of Canada Royal Military College University of Calgary University of McGill University of Prince Edward Island University of Toronto University of Waterloo Victoria, University of York University Catolica del Norte, Universidad Chile, Universidad de Pontifica Universidad Catolica de Chile Chinese Academy of Sciences Nanjing University Purple Mountain Observatory Shanghi Observatory University of Hong Kong Helsinki University Turku University Astrophysique de Paris, Institute d' Bordeaux University Centre National de la Recherches Scientifique Commissariat a L'Energie Atomique European Space Agency - Headquarters Grenoble, Observatoire de 19 COUNTRY Austria Canada Canada Canada Canada Canada Canada Canada Canada Canada Canada Canada Canada Canada Canada Chile Chile Chile China China China China China Finland Finland France France France France France France State GBT X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X VLA VLBA X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Institutions Whose Staff used NRAO Telescopes in 2008 NRAO Observing Summary 2008 INSTITUTION Marseille, Observatoire de Midi-Pyrenes, Observatoire de Nice Sophia Antipoli University Paris, Observatoire de Paris-Meudon Observatory Radio Astronomique Millmetrique, Institut de Spatiale des Rayonnements, Centr d'Etudes Toulouse, Observatiore de Universite Joseph Fourier University of Lyon University of Montpellier II Bonn, University of Cologne, University of Dr. Karl Remis Observatory Erlangen-Nurnberg University European Southern Observatory European Space Agency - ESOC Ghent, University of Gottingen, Georg-August-Universitat Heidelberg University Institute of Astrophysics Potsdam Jacobs University Koln, Universitat zu Max-Planck Institut fur extraterrestrische Physik Max-Planck Institute for Radioastronomy Max-Planck-Institut fur Astronomy Ruhr-Universitat, Bochum University of Wurzburg Academy of Athens National Observatory of Athens Geodetic Observatory 20 COUNTRY France France France France France France France France France France France Germany Germany Germany Germany Germany Germany Germany Germany Germany Germany Germany Germany Germany Germany Germany Germany Germany Greece Greece Hungary State GBT VLA X X X X X X X X X X X X X X VLBA X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Institutions Whose Staff used NRAO Telescopes in 2008 NRAO Observing Summary 2008 INSTITUTION Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophyics Raman Research Institute S.N. Bose National Center for Basic Sciences Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Cork, University College Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies National University of Ireland, Galway Technion-Israel Institute of Technology Tel-Aviv University Brera, Osservatorio Astronomico di Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche European Souther Observatory Firenzi, Universita degli Studi Di Institute of Radio Astronomy Instituto Nationale di Astrofisica Instituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare International School for Advanced Studies Roma, Osservatoria Astronomico di Sardinia Radio Telescope, Cagliari Torino, Osservatorio Astronomico di Kagoshima University Kanagawa Institute of Technology Kyoto University National Astronomical Observatory of Japan Riken's Institute Space and Astronautical Science, Institute of Tohoku University University of Tokyo Korea Astronomical Observatory Korea Institute for Advanced Study Taeduk Radio Astronomy Observatory 21 COUNTRY India India India India Ireland Ireland Ireland Israel Israel Italy Italy Italy Italy Italy Italy Italy Italy Italy Italy Italy Japan Japan Japan Japan Japan Japan Japan Japan Korea Korea Korea State GBT VLA VLBA X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Institutions Whose Staff used NRAO Telescopes in 2008 NRAO Observing Summary 2008 22 INSTITUTION COUNTRY Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico University of Guanajuato Amsterdam, University of Joint Institute for VLBI in Europe Kapteyn Astronomical Institute Katholieke Universeit Nijmegen NFRA Space Research Organization of the Netherlands University of Groningen University of Leiden Copernicus University Jagellonian University Lebedev Physical Institute St. Petersburg State University Sternberg Astronomical Institute Hartesbeesthoek Radio Astronomy Observatory Andalucia, Instituto de Astrofisica de Barcelona, University of Canarias, Instituto de Astrofisica de Cantabria, Universidad de, Consejo Superior de Investigaiones Cientificas European Space Agency - VILSPA Geografica Nacional, Instituto Isaac Newton Group of Telescopes Laboratorio de Astrofisica Especial y Fisica Fundamental University of Jaen Valencia, Universidad de Chalmers University of Technology Stockholm Observatory Institute of Astronomy, ETH Zurich Observatoire de Geneve Mexico Mexico Netherlands Netherlands Netherlands Netherlands Netherlands Netherlands Netherlands Netherlands Poland Poland Russia Russia Russia South Africa Spain Spain Spain Spain Spain Spain Spain Spain Spain Spain Spain Sweden Sweden Switzerland Switzerland State GBT VLA VLBA X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Institutions Whose Staff used NRAO Telescopes in 2008 NRAO Observing Summary 2008 23 INSTITUTION COUNTRY Paul Scherrer Institute University of Geneva Zurich, University of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Insitute of, Academia Sinica Armagh Observatory Cambridge, University of Cardiff University Central Lancashire, University of Edinburgh, University of Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine Lancaster University Liverpool John Moores University London University of Manchester, University of Mullard Space Science Laboratory Newcastle, University of Oxford, University of Queens University Belfast Sheffield, University of Southampton, University of St. Andrews, University of University of Bristol University of Durham University of Hertfordshire University of Leeds University of Nottingham Switzerland Switzerland Switzerland Taiwan United Kingdom United Kingdom United Kingdom United Kingdom United Kingdom United Kingdom United Kingdom United Kingdom United Kingdom United Kingdom United Kingdom United Kingdom United Kingdom United Kingdom United Kingdom United Kingdom United Kingdom United Kingdom United Kingdom United Kingdom United Kingdom United Kingdom State GBT VLA X X X X X X X X X X X X X VLBA X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Table 5. All told, 1,152 people, including 156 students, from 273 institutions (111 U.S.), used the facilities of the NRAO during the 2008 calendar year. These numbers exclude NRAO scientific staff observers. Student and Visitor Programs NRAO Observing Summary 2008 24 Undergraduate Interns The NRAO recently created the Undergraduate Student Internship Program. This program is intended for students enrolled in an undergraduate program at a US university and who are interested in pursuing research in radio astronomy, instrumentation development for radio astronomy, or areas of electrical engineering or computer science that are closely related to radio astronomy observing techniques or data analysis. Each NRAO undergraduate student intern will work part-time, usually during the academic year, under the supervision of an NRAO staff member at the Socorro, New Mexico; Green Bank, West Virginia; or Charlottesville, Virginia, site. The NRAO Visitors Program The Office of Science and Academic Affairs (OSAA) oversees the NRAO Visitors Program. The program provides Ph.D. scientists and engineers in radio astronomy and related fields the opportunity to visit any of our sites at times other than while observing in order to interact with NRAO staff and carry out research programs, e.g., during sabbatical or summer leave from their home institutes. During the period January to December 2008, the Observatory welcomed the following scientists to our program: • Jose Afonso (Lisbon) visited Socorro to work with Nissim Kanekar on a project to obtain a deep 325MHz image of the Chandra Deep Field (South). • Shuvra Battacharyya and Andrew Harris (University of Maryland) were awarded appointments at Green Bank to work with John Ford on digital processing for radio spectroscopy. • Gabriella De Lucia (Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics ) visited Socorro to work with Veronica Strazzullo and Maurilio Pannella this month on the comparison of her models of galaxy evolution including AGN feedback with our observations, especially for the work on the deep VLA survey in the SWIRE Lockman Hole field. • Dr. Malcolm Gray (University of Manchester, U.K.) spent his sabbatical in Socorro working on theory and computational models associated with astrophysical masers. • Amanda Kepley (University of Virginia) is working in Charlottesville with Kelsey Johnson on leading observational efforts at radio and millimeter wavelengths to study extragalactic star formation. • Dongliang Liu (National Astronomical Observatory of China) visiting NRAO in Charlottesville and Green Bank working with Scott Ransom to learn about pulsar data processing Student and Visitor Programs NRAO Observing Summary 2008 25 • Duncan Lorimer and Maura McLaughlin (West Virginia University) came to Green Bank to work on follow-up observations of rotating radio transients and new pulsars discovered in the 350-MHz drift-scan survey with the GBT. • Glen Morrison (CFHT) visited Socorro to work with Frazer Owen on the multi-frequency follow-up to the SWIRE deep radio survey and on the deep Abell 851 and GOOS-N radio surveys. • Stacey Palen (Weber State University) working with Gustaaf van Moorsel on EVLA/CASA user documentation and a software audit. • Patrick Palmer (University of Chicago) visited SO to work with Miller Goss on parallax and proper motion studies of excited state OH masers in DR21. • Vernesa Smolcic (California Institute of Technology) visiting SO to work with Chris Carilli on VLA data. Student Observing Support (SOS) The NRAO Student Observing Support Committee met in April and again in August 2008 to discuss the proposals which were submitted during the previous trimesters. The SOS committee (composed of five faculty members from US universities) discussed the science case and student support application for each proposal. You will see below those that were selected to receive funding. • Loren Anderson (Boston U, Supervisor: T. Bania) was awarded $12,820 for work related to the GBT proposal 08C-007 “How Many HII Regions are in the Milky Way?” • Fonda Day (U. New Mexico, Supervisor: Y. Pihlstrom) will receive $32,200 for work related to the VLBA proposal (BP150) “Parallax and OH and H2O studies of Water Fountain PPNe.” • Julia Deneva (Cornell, Supervisor: J. Cordes) will receive $13,000 for work related to the GBT proposal (08B-017) “Uncovering the Galactic Center Pulsar Population: Spectrum Estimation and Timing of Two New Pulsars.” • Jackie Hodges (UC, Berkeley, Supervisor: R. Becker) was awarded $35,000 for work related to the VLA Large proposal AR685 “Deep VLA Observations of SDSS Stripe 82.” • Ryan Lynch (U Virginia, Supervisor: S. Ransom) was awarded $27,400 for work related to the GBT proposal 08C-076 “Long Term Timing of 55 Recycled Pulsars in Bulge Globular Clusters.” • Steve Warren (U. Minnesota, Supervisor: E. Skillman) will receive $29,000 for work related to the VLA Large proposal (AO215) “VLA and HST: Star Formation History and ISM Feedback in Nearby Galaxies.” • Kyle Willet (U. Colorado, Supervisor: J. Darling) will receive $35,000 for work related to the GBT proposal (08B-035) “A High Redshift OH Megamaser Survey.” • Stephanie Zonak (U Maryland, Supervisor: A. Harris) was awarded $18,000 for work related to the GBT proposal 08C-070 “Deep Zpectrometer Integration toward the Cloverleaf Galaxy.” Front-End Status – Robert C. Byrd (GBT) Telescope NRAO Observing Summary 2008 26 Front-End Status – Expanded Very Large Array (EVLA) NRAO Observing Summary 2008 27 Front-End Status – Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA) NRAO Observing Summary 2008 28