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Blood Type Learning Goals I CAN … …identify how blood types are determined …explain which blood transfusions are safe …explain which blood transfusions would be life threatening …explain why Rh-negative mothers need prophylactic treatments to protect their fetus Determining Blood Types I. How Blood Types are Determined A. The different blood types are determined by a n t i g e n s found on the surface of red blood cells. Antigens – s u b s t a n c e t h a t , w h e n introduced to the body, causes the formation of antibodies against it. 1. Usually antigens are found on foreign substances but our body’s cells have p e r s o n a l i z e d a n t i g e n s as well 2. The purpose of antigens i s t o a l l o w t h e b o d y to tell the difference between tissues that belong and tissues that need to be attacked by the immune system Determining Blood Types B.Once the body detects a foreign antigen i t produces antibodies to stop the antigen from causing further damage in the body. Antibodies – s u b s t a n c e s p r o d u c e d b y the body that destroys or inactivates a specific substance (antigens) that have entered the body. 1. Amazing the body i s a b l e t o d e v e l o p antibodies to every antigen known to man. 2. Tissue/organ rejection occurs w h e n t h e immune system of the recipient makes antibodies against the transplanted organ. Determining Blood Types C.The antigens on the surface of your red blood cells are determined g e n e t i c a l l y . 1. The pattern of inheritance is c o d o m i n a n c e , which means that there are no recessive alleles; h e t e r o z y g o u s individuals express both traits simultaneously. Determining Blood Types 2. Some examples of how these blood types could be inherited are: Possible Allele Combinations Blood Type Type A IAIA, IAi Type B IBIB, IBi Type AB IAIB Type O* ii * Type O alleles code for no antigens. If this allele is inherited with an allele for antigen A or antigen B then the blood type reflects the presence of those antigens. Determining Blood Types 3.When a person inherits the antigens, they automatically inherit the antibodies for the antigens they don’t have. If your Blood type is… Then you have … Type A B antibodies Type B A antibodies Type AB NO antibodies Type O A and B Antibodies Blood Types Blood Transfusions II.Blood Transfusions A. The first transfusions were unsuccessful because they knew nothing of antigens and antibodies. B. Doctors first started “typing” patients by t a k i n g small samples from both donor and recipient, combining them outside the body, and observing for agglutination. C. Now that we understand how the antigenantibody complex works, we have developed ways t o t y p e b l o o d b e f o r e t h e r e i s blood contact between donors and recipients. Blood Transfusions Universal donors – p e o p l e w i t h T y p e O blood that contains no antigens to interact with anti-A or anti-B antibodies Universal recipients – p e o p l e w i t h T y p e AB blood than contain no antibodies to interact with either donate Type A or Type B blood D. When blood types mix and the result is that antigens are present with their antibodies, a g g l u t i n a t i o n occurs. Agglutination – p r o c e s s i n w h i c h antibodies cause antigens to clump or stick together Blood Types Rh Factor III.The Rh System A. Another type of antigen was discovered in the blood of the Rhesus monkey and then our blood. Rh-positive – r b c ’ s t h a t c o n t a i n a n antigen called Rh factor A+, B+, AB+, and O+ blood types Rh-negative – r b c ’ s t h a t d o n o t contain the antigen called Rh factor A-, B-, AB-, and O- blood types Rh Factor B. The difference between the Rh antigens and the AB antigens is that t h e b o d y doesn’t naturally make anti-Rh antibodies 1. If Rh antigens are introduced into a Rhnegative person t h e b o d y w i l l m a k e anti-Rh antibodies 2. During pregnancy if a f e t u s i s R h p o s i t i v e ( d u e t o i t s g e n e t i c s ) and the m o t h e r i s R h n e g a t i v e problems MAY occur during future pregnancies. Rh Factor a.The first pregnancy when a f e t u s i s R h p o s i t i v e and the m o t h e r i s R h negative: the baby’s Rh antigens will stimulate its mother’s blood to make Rh antibodies b.Subsequent pregnancies when the f e t u s i s R h - n e g a t i v e the antibodies in the mother’s blood will have no effect on the fetus c.Subsequent pregnancies when the f e t u s i s R h - p o s i t i v e the a n t i b o d i e s t h a t developed in the mother’s blood will agglutinate the fetus’ blood and cause erythroblastosis fetalis. Rh Factor Rh Factor Erythroblastosis fetalis – c o n d i t i o n o f a fetus or infant caused by the mother’s Rh antibodies reacting with the baby’s Rh antigens. Characterized by mass agglutination and resulting in life threatening (for the fetus) circulation problems 3. Erthryoblastosis can be avoided i f during a first pregnancy a Rh negative mother is treated with RhoGAM, which keeps her from producing Rh antibodies.