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Written Elements
Words:
Phrases:
Clauses:
Sentences:
Paragraphs:
“Atomic” level
Related words
Subject and verb
Independent expression
Unity and coherence
The atmospheric CO2 concentration
will continue to increase for many
decades into the future because it
would be very disruptive to
rapidly terminate use of fossil
fuels around the world.
http://www.usgcrp.gov/usgcrp/nacc/default.htm
The Consumer Product Safety Commission
is aware that more than 30 deaths involving
functionally identical worm probes have
occurred when consumers were electrocuted
by contacting the exposed metal shafts and
shocked by touching the ground in the
vicinity of the world.
The Consumer Product Safety Commission
is aware that more than 30 deaths involving
functionally identical worm probes have
occurred when consumers were electrocuted
by contacting the exposed metal shafts and
shocked by touching the ground in the
vicinity around the world.
The Consumer Product Safety Commission
is aware that more than 30 deaths involving
functionally identical worm probes have
occurred when consumers were electrocuted
by contacting the exposed metal shafts and
shocked by touching the ground use of
fossil fuels around the world.
The Consumer Product Safety Commission
is aware that more than 30 deaths involving
functionally identical worm probes have
occurred when consumers were electrocuted
by contacting the exposed metal shafts and
would be very disruptive to rapidly
terminate use of fossil fuels around the
world.
• The Consumer Product Safety Commission
is aware that more than 30 deaths involving
functionally identical worm probes have
occurred because it would be very
disruptive to rapidly terminate use of fossil
fuels around the world.
• The Consumer Product Safety Commission
is aware that more than 30 deaths involving
functionally identical worm probes have
Because it would be very disruptive to
rapidly terminate use of fossil fuels around
the world.
The atmospheric CO2 concentration will
continue to increase for many decades into
the future because it would be very
disruptive to rapidly terminate use of fossil
fuels around the world.
Eight Parts of Speech
Nouns:
Pronouns:
Verbs:
Adjectives:
Adverbs:
Prepositions:
Conjunctions:
Interjections:
Name things, persons, events, concepts
Replace nouns
Express doing or being
Modify nouns or pronouns
Modify verbs, adjective, or adverbs
Relate a noun to rest of sentence
Connect other words
Express emotion directly
The atmospheric CO2 concentration will
continue to increase for many decades
into the future because it would be very
disruptive to rapidly terminate use of
fossil fuels around the world.
Nouns
Pronouns
Verbs
Adjectives
Adverbs
Prepositions
Conjunctions
Interjections
The atmospheric CO2 concentration will
continue to increase for many decades
into the future because it would be very
disruptive to rapidly terminate use of
fossil fuels around the world.
Nouns
Pronouns
Verbs
Adjectives
Adverbs
Prepositions
Conjunctions
Interjections
The atmospheric CO2 concentration will
continue to increase for many decades
into the future because it would be very
disruptive to rapidly terminate use of
fossil fuels around the world.
Nouns
Pronouns
Verbs
Adjectives
Adverbs
Prepositions
Conjunctions
Interjections
The atmospheric CO2 concentration will
continue to increase for many decades
into the future because it would be very
disruptive to rapidly terminate use of
fossil fuels around the world.
Nouns
Pronouns
Verbs
Adjectives
Adverbs
Prepositions
Conjunctions
Interjections
The atmospheric CO2 concentration will
continue to increase for many decades
into the future because it would be very
disruptive to rapidly terminate use of
fossil fuels around the world.
Nouns
Pronouns
Verbs
Adjectives
Adverbs
Prepositions
Conjunctions
Interjections
The atmospheric CO2 concentration will
continue to increase for many decades
into the future because it would be very
disruptive to rapidly terminate use of
fossil fuels around the world.
Nouns
Pronouns
Verbs
Adjectives
Adverbs
Prepositions
Conjunctions
Interjections
The atmospheric CO2 concentration will
continue to increase for many decades
into the future because it would be very
disruptive to rapidly terminate use of
fossil fuels around the world.
Nouns
Pronouns
Verbs
Adjectives
Adverbs
Prepositions
Conjunctions
Interjections
The atmospheric CO2 concentration will
continue to increase for many decades
into the future because it would be very
disruptive to rapidly terminate use of
fossil fuels around the world.
Nouns
Pronouns
Verbs
Adjectives
Adverbs
Prepositions
Conjunctions
Interjections
The atmospheric CO2 concentration will
continue to increase for many decades
into the future because it would be very
disruptive to rapidly terminate use of
fossil fuels around the world. Damn!
Nouns
Pronouns
Verbs
Adjectives
Adverbs
Prepositions
Conjunctions
Interjections
Using Nouns
Subject:
Complement:
Object:
Appositive:
Direct address:
Identifies who or what the sentence is about
Says something about the subject
Identifies who or what is acted on
Explains or identifies other nouns
Identifies who or what is being addressed
Noun as subject
The atmospheric CO2 concentration will
continue to increase .
Noun as complement
Any plan to rapidly terminate the use of fossil
fuels would be a disruption to the world
economy.
Noun as object
It would be very disruptive to rapidly
terminate the use of fossil fuels around the
world.
Noun as appositive
The concentration of atmospheric CO2,
pollution, according to United States
Supreme Court opinion Massachusetts v.
EPA, will continue to increase for many
decades into the future.
Noun as direct address
Dear Consumer:
Get ready for electric cars.
Using Pronouns
• Kinds (personal, interrogative, relative,
demonstrative, indefinite, reflexive,
intensive)
• Cases (subjective, possessive, objective)
Using Verbs
•
•
•
•
•
•
Agreement
Transitive vs. intransitive
Tense
Voice
Mood
Verbals
Agreement
Singular: The rising level of atmospheric
CO2 is…
Plural: The rising levels of atmospheric CO2
are…
Transitive vs. Intransitive Verbs
Intransitive: The atmospheric CO2
concentration will rise for many decades.
Transitive: The continued use of fossil fuels
around the world will raise the atmospheric
CO2 concentration.
Verb Tense
Present: The rising level of atmospheric CO2 is…
Past: The rising level of atmospheric CO2 was…
Future: The rising level of atmospheric CO2 will be…
Perfect: The rising level of atmospheric CO2 has been…
Past perfect: The rising level of atmospheric CO2 had been…
Future perfect: The rising level of atmospheric CO2 will have
been…
Verb Voice
Active: The continued use of fossil fuels
around the world will raise the atmospheric
CO2 concentration.
Passive: The atmospheric CO2 concentration
will be raised by the continued use of fossil
fuels around the world .
Verb Mood
Indicative: The atmospheric CO2 concentration will
rise for many decades.
Imperative: Stop the use of fossil fuels around the
world.
Conditional: If the world were to rapidly terminate
use of fossil fuels, the global economy would be
disrupted.
Verbals
Participle: Rising levels of atmospheric CO2 may
be contributing to global warming.
Infinitive: It would be very disruptive to terminate
use of fossil fuels.
Gerund: Terminating the use of fossil fuels around
the world would disrupt the global economy.
Using Adjectives and Adverbs
• Adjectives vs. adverbs
• Positive, comparative, superlative
Adjectives and adverbs
Adjectives: The atmospheric CO2
concentration will continue to increase for
many decades.
Adverbs: It would be severely disruptive to
very rapidly terminate use of fossil fuels
around the world.
Degrees of Adjectives and adverbs
Positive: To rapidly terminate the use of fossil fuels
is a bad policy because it would be disruptive for
the global economy.
Comparative: To rapidly terminate the use of fossil
fuels is a worse policy because it would be more
disruptive for the global economy.
Superlative: To rapidly terminate the use of fossil
fuels is the worst policy because it would be the
most disruptive for the global economy.
Using Conjunctions
• Coordinating (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so)
• Subordinating (if, because, although, etc.)
• Independent vs. dependent clauses
Coordinating Conjunction: The atmospheric
CO2 concentration will continue to increase
for many decades into the future, for it
would be very disruptive to rapidly
terminate the use of fossil fuels around the
world.
Subordinating Conjunction: The
atmospheric CO2 concentration will
continue to increase for many decades into
the future because it would be very
disruptive to rapidly terminate the use of
fossil fuels around the world.