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Pet Food
Three basic physical forms or food are dry semi moist,
wet (or canned or moist)
Dry contains less than 12% water. Dry, crunchy foods can
be helpful in keeping teeth clean. This type can be stored
for the longest period of time.
Semi-moist typically contains 23 – 38 % water. These foods
taste good, but are sold in single servings and can’t be
stored for very long
Canned or wet foods contain about 75% moisture.
These foods taste the best but can’t be stored for very
long. Usually after one day, you should throw it away
Shelf life… what is it?
Shelf life is how long you can keep something on the shelf
and still have it be good
What can change the shelf life?
Temperature
Fungus and Mold
Rodents
Bugs
All packages should be inspected for
Signs that rodents
have gotten into it
Rusty cans
Any damage to the packaging should lead to it
being removed from the shelf.
Swollen cans
Storing pet food
• Never store food directly on the
floor
• Rotate the bags so the oldest ones
are closest to the front.
• Don’t store foods with toxic
chemicals
• The storage room should be well
ventilated, have regular
temperature, and be easily cleaned.
Any time you open a pet food for a patient, make sure to write the date
you opened it so it can be thrown away before it goes bad.
Anatomy and Physiology
Study of the structure of the animal body
Macroscopic study: also called gross anatomy, this is the
study of the structures you can see with your eyes. Eg,
organs.
Microscopic study: this is the study of things you can’t
see without a microscope. Eg, cells
Integumentary System
The skin
1st line of defense
Maintains temperature
Maintains water balance
Recognition
Stimulus
3 layers
Epidermis (epi = outer dermis = skin – this is the outer layer
of skin. (The layer you can see right now)
Dermis – located below the epidermis
Hypodermis (hypo = below dermis = skin The inner most
layer that contains fat
The epidermis is made of cells called stratified
squamous epithelial cells. These are dead cells infused
with fibrous material.
The musculoskeletal system
Bones and muscles
Joints are the junctions when 2 or more bones
meet
Where are some of your joints?
Ligaments join a bone to another bone
Tendons attach muscles to a bone
This system provides protection for organs,
support for movement
There are three different types of muscles
• Smooth muscle – found in organs (involuntary)
• Skeletal – used for movement (voluntary)
• Cardiac – the special muscle of the heart (involuntary)
Smooth muscle : mononucleated (mono = one) non
striated (no stripes)
Skeletal muscle : striated and multinucleated
Cardiac muscle : mononucleated, striated
Bones types:
Long
Short
Flat
Irregular
Bones help to support the body, protect vital organs ,
regulates calcium, and help create blood cells
(hematopoiesis : hemat = blood poiesis = formation
Long bone
Short bone
Flat bone
Irregular bone
Muscles are elongated cells that can contract or
elongate to produce movement. They can flex, or
extend
Cardiovascular system
Heart and blood vessels
The heart is located in the thoracic cavity and pumps blood
around the body. Arteries take oxygenated blood away from
the heart and veins take de oxygenated blood towards the
heart. The largest artery is the aorta and the largest vein is
the vena cava
Tiny vessels called capillaries allow oxygen and nutrients
to exit the blood and enter the tissues.
The circulatory system is like a highway and the blood cells
are like 18 wheeler trucks carrying goods and wastes.
The truck picks up oxygen and hormones and transports
them to the tissues using the highway of blood vessels. Once
it has dropped off that load, it can pick up a load of waste
and garbage from the tissue for disposal.
The heart has four chambers. The upper chambers are
called atria and the lower chambers are called ventricles.
The right atrium receives deoxygenated blood and passes
in to the right ventricle.
From the right ventricles the blood travels to the lungs
to pick up a shipment of oxygen.
Once the shipment of oxygen is picked up, the blood returns
to the left atrium of the heart.
The blood enters the left ventricle and is then pumped out
of the heart to deliver the shipment of oxygen all over the
body.. From your head to your pinkie toe.. Then it picks up
the waste and does it all over again!
The lymphatic system
Once the tanker trucks have picked up their
shipment of waste and garbage.. this is the
highway they use to get it to the dump
The lymphatic system includes, the thymus,
the spleen, the tonsils, the lymph nodes and it
has it’s own highway separate from the road
used to deliver oxygen.
Antibodies identify what kind of waste it is.
Lymphocytes determine how to get rid of the waste
Macrophages eat the waste and get rid of it.
The lymph system also filters out toxins.
The spleen is like an old age home for blood cells. It is
responsible for identifying the cells that are reaching
retirement age and removing them from the workforce.
The Digestive System
The digestive system includes everything needed to chew,
swallow, digest and eliminate the food that we eat.
The process of digestion begins in the mouth. Chewing,
lubricating and swallowing the food starts our body
converting food into energy. Different species have
different functions of the lips and mouth.
Once food is swallowed it travels down the esophagus
into the stomach.
Dogs, cats, horses and humans are examples of
monogastric animals
Gastric means stomach.
What did mono mean?
Once food passes through the stomach, it reaches the
small intestine. This is where food is converted into the
energy we use to live.
Anything the body doesn’t use is moved to the large intestine
and removed from the body.
Cows, sheep and goats are examples of polygastric animals.
Poly means many.
So what does polygastric mean?
The rumen and reticulum help to break down food. The cow
regurgitates food so that it can rechew it.
The omasum helps regulate that water balance
The abomasum is the true stomach and this is where food is
converted to energy.
Horses are at risk for colic (a blockage or twisting of the
gut) They are monogastric but have a large cecum (the
areas that attaches the small and large intestines
together)
Respiratory system
All animals must take in oxygen and expel carbon dioxide.
The respiratory system is responsible for this exchange. We
take in oxygen (inspiration) and get rid of carbon dioxide
(expiration) This exchange is completed in the aveolar sacs.
In addition to gas exchange, the respiratory system also
warms and humidifies air, aids in smell and sound.
Breathing is involuntary.
The chest cavity contains the lungs and the heart. The
diaphragm is a muscle that helps the chest cavity expand and
contract. It also keeps the intestines out.
Once air enters the lungs, it is the transferred to the blood
vessels. The red blood cells transport the oxygen to the
tissues and pick up carbon dioxide to be removed.
Reproductive System.
The reproductive system includes the organs used to
reproduce.
This includes internal and external organs, fluids, hormones
and pheromones
Urinary System
The urinary system includes the kidneys, ureters,
bladder and urethra
This system regulates water and helps remove waste. When
proteins are broken down, they produce a waste called urea,
this is filtered by the kidneys and removed from the body in
the urine.
The kidneys also help regulate blood pressure and create a
hormone that signals the body to produce more red blood
cells.
Endocrine System
The endocrine system creates hormones that circulate
throughout the body via the blood stream. These hormones
regulate things like:
Metabolism (the speed that the body breaks down and uses
energy)
Growth and Development
Mood
Different hormones are intended for different cells (target cells)
Once the hormone reaches the target cell they bond together.
The Nervous System
The nervous system includes the central nervous system
(brain and spinal cord) and the peripheral nervous system
(all other nerves)
It controls the organs, muscles and sensory input and
output.
The peripheral nervous system takes the messages
from the central nervous system and takes that
message to the muscles or organs.
The messages can be outgoing (efferent) or incoming
(afferent)
Outgoing messages tell you body what to do,
incoming messages give information back to the
brain.
If you put your hand on the stove, the afferent message sent to
the brain is “ouch, that’s hot”. The efferent message sent from
the brain is “take your hand off of there you silly monkey!!”
Somatic nerves control voluntary actions and autonomic
nerves control involuntary actions.
Neurons are cells that spread the message. They have and
axon body, and dendrites (fingerlike projections)
Many of these neurons have a sheath called a Schwann
sheath. This simply transmits the message faster.
The brain has several parts as well.
*cerebrum
*cerebellum
*medulla oblongata
The cerebrum makes you who you are. It controls your
thoughts, reaction to stimulus and helps you reason
The cerebellum (your little brain) coordinates muscle
movement and gives you spatial awareness.
The medulla oblongata controls respiration and circulation
and is part of your brain stem.