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SUBJECT INDEX AA (Alcoholics Anonymous), 698 Absent-mindedness, forgetting and, 376 Absolute thresholds, 199 Abu Ghraib prison, 728, 729 Abuse during childhood, 158—159 repressed or constructed memories of, 387—390 Acceptance, 610, 689 Accommodation, 148, 149 of eye, 205 Accreditation, A—4 Acetyicholine (ACh), 58 Achievement motivation, 504 Achievement tests, 444—445 Acoustic encoding, 356—357 Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), 190 stress and, 558—559 Acquisition, 318—319 Acronyms, 360 Action potential, 55 Activation-synthesis theory, of dreaming, 287—288 Active listening, 689 Acuity, visual, 206 Adaptation learning and, 323 perceptual, 256—257 Adaptation-level phenomenon, 542-543 Addiction, misconceptions about, 297—298 Additive color mixing, 212 Adenosine, circadian rhythm and, 276 ADHD (attention-deficit hyperactivity disor der), 640, 641 Adolescence, 164—175 cognitive development in, 167-170 physical development in, 165—167 sexuality in, 485—493 social development in, 170—173 Adoption studies, 100-101 Adrenal glands, 66 Adrenaline, 66 Adulthood, 175 —191 ages and stages of~ 185—186 cognitive development during, 181—185 commitments in, 186—189 emerging, 173—174 physical development in, 175 —181 social development during, 18 5—191 Aerobic exercise, stress management and, 568 —570 Afterimages, 213 Aggression, 749—756. See also Violence biology of, 749-750 gender and, 127 psychology of, 751—754 video games and, 754—756 Aging biopsychosocial perspective on, 190 intelligence and, 183 —185 memory and, 181—183 physical changes and, 177—181 Agonists, 59 Agoraphobia, 650 AIDS, 190 stress and, 558—559 Alarm reaction, 552 Alcohol, 298-300 aggression and, 750 contraception and, 486 prenatal development and, 142 Alcoholics Anonymous (AA), 698 Algorithms, 397—398 All-or-none response, 56 Alternative medicine, 580—581 Altruism, 764—767 bystander intervention and, 765—766 norms for helping and, 766—767 Alzheimer’s disease, 180—181 American Psychological Association, 8 American Sign Language (ASL), 220 Amnesia, 367 infantile, 388 source, 384 Amphetamines, 300 Amygdala, 72-73 anxiety disorders and, 655 emotion and, 522 Analytical intelligence, 435 Anger, 535—537 limbic system and, 72 Angular gyrus, 81 Animal(s) same-sex attraction in, 489 thinking by, 422-424 The Animal Mind (Washburn), 6 Animal research, 46—47 ethics and, 47—48 naturalistic observation in, 29 Anna Karenina (Tolstoy), 164 Anorexia nervosa, 478-480 Antagonists, 59—60 Antianxiety drugs, 712 Antidepressant drugs, 713—715 Antipsychotic drugs, 711—712 Antisocial personality disorder, 677—679 Anvil (bone), 217 Anxiety, stranger, 155 Anxiety disorders, 649—658 biological perspective on, 654—65 5 dissociative identity disorder, 656—657 drug therapy for, 712 generalized, 649—650 learning perspective on, 654 obsessive-compulsive disorder, 651—652 panic disorder, 650 phobias, 650—651 posttraumatic stress disorder, 652—653 Aphasia, 80—81 Applied research, 13 Aptitude tests, 444-44 5, 446 Arousal optimum, 471—472 performance and, 517 ASL (American Sign Language), 220 Asperger syndrome, 152 Assessment. See also Intelligence tests; Test(s) of self, 610—611 Assimilation, 148, 149 Assistive listening technologies, 263 Association areas, 79—80 Associative learning, 314. See also Classical conditioning; Conditioning; Operant conditioning Astrology, 616—617 Attachment deprivation of, 158—161 differences in, 156—158 disruption of, 159-160 origins of, 155—156 Attention, selective, 237—240 Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), 640, 641 Attitudes, 726—730 effect of actions on, 728—730 effect on actions, 726—728 scientific, 23—24 Attraction, 758—764 psychology of, 758—762 romantic love and, 762—764 Attributional style, 627—629 Attribution theory, 724-726 Audition, 215. See also Hearing Authoritarian parents, 162 Authoritative parents, 162 Autism, 152 Automatic processing, encoding and, 353—354 s-I. S—2 SUBJECT INDEX Autonomic nervous system, 62 emotion and, 516-517 personality and, 615 Autonomy vs. shame and doubt stage, 170 Availability heuristic, 402—403 Aversive conditioning, 692—693 Aversive events, aggression and, 751 Avoidant personality disorder, 677 Axons, 55 Babbling stage, 412 Bachelor’s degrees, A—1—A—2 Barbiturates, 300 Bar graphs, 40 Barnum effect, 617 Basal metabolic rate, 476 Basic research, 12, 13 Basic trust, 158 Behavior assessing in situations, 629—630 cultural influences on, 45—46 gender and, 46 inappropriate, in schizophrenia, 670—671 Behavioral medicine, 549 Behavioral perspective, 11 Behavior genetics, 95, 96—107 adoption studies and, 100-101 gene-environment interaction and, 104 genes and. See Gene(s) heritability and, 102—104 molecular genetics and, 105—106 temperament studies and, 102 twin studies and, 97-100 Behavior genetics perspective, 11 Behaviorism, 7, 271, 316 Behavior rating scales, for performance appraisal, 503 Behavior therapy, 690- 694 classical conditioning techniques in, 690- 693 operant conditioning techniques in, 693—6 94 Belief bias, 406—409 Belief perseverance, 407 Belonging, need for, 495—498 Bias belief, 406—409 confirmation, 399 hindsight, 20—21 ingroup, 746—747 in intelligence testing, 464—466 memory and, 376 self-serving, 633—636 Biased samples, 42 Big Five personality factors, 618—619 Bioelectromagnetic applications, 581 Biofeedback, stress management and, 570 Biological influences, 10, 46, 54. See also Behavior genetics; Biopsychosocial perspective; Evolutionary psychology; Gene(s); Genetic influences; levels of analysis; Levels of analysis; Naturenurture debate; specific biological influences on aggression, 749—750 on anxiety disorders, 654—655 on drug use, 305—306, 306 on emotion, 516-523 in fear, 534—535 on hunger, 480 on hypnosis, 295 on learning, 321—323 medical model and, 642— 643 on memory, 390 on mood disorders, 662— 663, 662—665 on pain, 226—228 on perception, 261 on personality, 615, 624 psychological influences related to, 53—54 response to stress and, 551—553 on sexual activity, 483 on sexual orientation, 489—493 Biological predispositions classical conditioning and, 321—323 operant conditioning and, 335—336 Biological psychology, 12, 54 Biological rhythms, 274—275 Biological sex, 126 gender and, 129—130 Biomedical therapy, 686, 711—719 alternative medicine, 580—581 brain stimulation, 715—717 pharmacologic, 711—715 psychosurgical, 717—718 Biopsychosocial approach, 10. See also Biological influences; Psychological influences; Social-cultural influences; specific factors to aggression, 756 to aging, 190 to antisocial personality disorder, 679 to depression, 665 to development, 134—135 to drug use, 306 to gender, 129 to health, 561. See also Health entries; Illness to hunger, 480 to hypnosis, 295 interaction of components of, 54 to memory, 390 nature-nurture debate and. See Naturenurture debate to pain, 226—228 to perception, 261 to personality, 623, 624 to preventing psychological disorders, 719 —720 to psychological disorders, 561, 643 to sexual activity, 483 to stress. See Stress to therapy, 686, 720 therapy and, 720 Bipolar cells, retinal, 206 Bipolar disorder, 659—660 Birth control, 485-486 Blindness change, 239 choice, 239 choice-blindness, 239 inattentional, 238 restored vision and, 255—256 Blindsight, 211 Blind spot, 206, 207 Blocking, forgetting and, 376 Blood-brain barrier, 60 B lymphocytes, 557 Body contact, attachment and, 155—156 Body position sense, 233-234 Body weight. See Obesity Borderline personality disorder, 677 Bottom-up processing, 197, 198 Botulin, 59 Brain, 67—92 aging and, 179—180 Alzheimer’s disease and, 180—181 anxiety disorders and, 655 cerebral cortex of. See Cerebral cortex circadian rhythm and, 275—276 clinical observation of, 68 development of. See Brain development dreaming and, 287—288 early experience and, 114—115, 116 electrical activity of, recording, 68 emotion and, 522 fissures in, 76 hemispheric specialization of. See Hemispheric specialization hunger and, 475 intelligence and, 439—441 lesioning, 68 lobes of, 76, 77, 80, 81 mood disorders and, 664—66 5 neural networks and, 64—65 older structures of, 70—74 personality and, 615 plasticity of, 82—83 in schizophrenia, 79, 672—674 sexual behavior and, 484—485 sexual orientation and, 489—490 sleep and, 282—283 split-brain research and, 83—86 stimulation of, in research, 68 stimulation of, therapeutic, 715—717 storage in, 363—369 study methods for, 68-70 synaptic changes in, 365—366 Brain development in adolescence, 166—167 early experiences and, 114—115, 116 in infancy and childhood, 144—145 Brain lateralization. See Hemispheric specialization Brainstem, 71 Brave New World (Huxley), 106 Brightness constancy, 253 Broca’s area, 81 Bulimia nervosa, 478—480 Bystander effect, 765 —766 Cancer, stress and, 5 59—560 Cannon-Bard theory, 514 Careers in psychology, A—1—A—9 graduate study and, A—8 —A—9 preparing for, A—1—A—4 subfields and, A-4—A-8 Case study, 26-27 Catastrophes, stress and, 553—554 Catatonic schizophrenia, 671 Categorization, 747—748 Catharsis, 536, 537 SUBJECT INDEX Catharsis hypothesis, 756 Causation, correlation and, 32—3 3 Central executive, 352—353 Central nervous system (CNS), 61, 63—65. See also Brain; Spinal cord Central tendency measures, 41 Cerebellum, 72 memory and, 369 Cerebral cortex, 74—82 functions of, 77—80 language and, 80—82 structure of, 75—76 Chameleon effect, 731 Chance encounters, 186 Change blindness, 239 Change deafness, 239 Checklists, for performance appraisal, 503 Child rearing aggression and, 752 culture and, 124, 161 gender identity and, 132—13 3 parenting styles and, 161—163 Children abuse of, 158—159 cognitive development of, 147—154 egocentrism in, 150—151 eyewitness recall of, 386—387 parental influence on development of, 116 —117 physical development of, 145-146 self-concept development in, 161 social development of, 160—163 Choice blindness, 239 Choice-blindness blindness, 239 Chromosomes, 96, 97 sex, 129—130 Chunking, 359-360 Cingulate cortex, anterior, anxiety disorders and, 655 Circadian rhythm, 275—276 Clairvoyance, 265 Clarity, relative, as monocular cue, 247 Classical conditioning, 314, 315—326 applications of, 324 in behavior therapy, 690—693 biological predispositions and, 321—323 cognitive processes and, 321 operant conditioning contrasted with, 339 Pavlov’s experiments on, 316—320 trauma as, 325 Client-centered therapy, 689—690 Clinical psychology, ‘13, A-4 Clinical trials, randomized, 703 Closure, 244, 253 CNS (central nervous system), 61, 63—6 5. See also Brain; Spinal cord Cocaine, 301—302 Cochlea, 217 Cochlear implants, 221—222 Cocktail party effect, 238 Cognition, 148, 149, 395—410. See also Social-cognitive perspective; Thinking belief bias and, 406—40 9 concepts and, 396—397 decision making and, 401—403 emotion and, 520—523 Judgment formation and, 401-406 prejudice and, 747—748 problem solving and, 397—400 Cognitive-behavior therapy, 697 Cognitive development in adolescence, 167—170 in adulthood, 181—185 of children, 147—154 dreaming and, 288—289 Piaget’s theory of, 148—154 Cognitive dissonance theory, 728—730 Cognitive maps, 334 Cognitive neuroscience, 7 Cognitive perspective, 11, 12 Cognitive processes. See also Thinking in classical conditioning, 321 in operant conditioning, 334—335 Cognitive psychology, 7, 12, 395, A—6 Cognitive revolution, 7, 694 Cognitive therapy, 694—697 for depression, 69 5—697 Collective unconscious, 601 Collectivism, 121, 122—124 Color constancy, 213—214, 253 Color vision, 212-214 Common sense, limits of, 19—22 Communication neural, 54—61 nonverbal, 524-526 peacemaking and, 769 Community psychology, A-6 Companionate love, 763—764 Competence vs. inferiority stage, 170 Complementary and alternative medicine, 580— 581 Concept(s), 396—397 Conception, 139—140 Conciliation, 769—770 Concrete operational stage, 148, 153 Conditioned reinforcers, 330 Conditioned response (CR), 316, 317 Conditioned stimulus (US), 316, 317 Conditioning, 3 14-340 classical. See Classical conditioning of fear, 654 of immune system, 560—561 operant. See Operant conditioning Conduction hearing loss, 220 Cones, retinal, 206—207, 208 Confirmation bias, 399 Conflict, 756—758 enemy perceptions and, 758 social traps and, 756—757 Conformity, 732—734, 737 Connectedness, 244 Consciousness, 271—311. See also Unconscious processes divided, hypnosis as, 294—295 dreams and. See Dreams drugs and. See Psychoactive drugs hypnosis and. See Hypnosis information processing and, 271—273 near-death experiences and, 309—310 sleep and. See Sleep Conservation, 150 Content validity, 448 Context, perception and, 260—261 Context effect, retrieval and, 372—374 S-3 Continuity, 244 Continuous reinforcement, 330 Contraception, 485-486 Control perceived, coping with stress and, 563—564 personal. See Personal control social, 741 Control condition, 37 Conventional morality, 168 Convergence, 246 Convergent thinking, 438 Cooperation, 767—768 Coping with stress, 562—5 67 emotion-focused, 563 explanatory style and, 564—565 perceived control and, 563—564 problem-focused, 563 social support and, 565—567 Cornea, 205 Coronary heart disease, stress and, 555—556 Correlation, 30—36 causation and, 32—33 illusory, 3 3—34 perception of order in random events and, 34—3 5 Correlation coefficient, 30 Cortisol, 551 Counseling psychology, 13, A-6 Counterconditioning, 690, 691 CR (conditioned response), 316, 317 Creative intelligence, 435 Creativity, 437—439 CREB protein, 365—366 Crime antisocial personality disorder and, 678— 679 insanity defense and, 646—647 Criterion, 448 Critical periods, 156, 256 language development and, 416 Critical thinking, scientific attitude and, 24 Cross-sectional studies, 183 Crystallized intelligence, 184 Culture, 119—126. See also Social-cultural influences aggression and, 752 attractiveness and, 761 behavior related to, 4 5—46 child rearing and, 124, 161 context effects and, 260—261 deaf, 220—22 1 developmental similarities across, 125 eating disorders and, 479—480 emotional expression and, 528—529 gender differences in communication and, 128 —129 globalization of psychology and, 9 happiness and wealth and, 541 individualist versus collectivist, 121—124 intelligence and, 459—461 perception and, 252 prenatal development and, 142 psychotherapy and, 708—710 self-esteem and, 633 speech sounds and, 412—413 taste preferences and, 477—478 variations across, 120—121 S—4 SUBJECT INDEX Curare, 59—60 Curious skepticism, 23 Daily hassles, stress and, 554—55 5 Day care, attachment and, 160—161 Deaf culture, 220—221 Deafness, 220—223 change, 239 cochlear implants for, 221—222 nerve, 220—221 sensory compensation and, 223 Death and dying, 190—191 Death penalty, 50 social science and, 50 Decibels, 216 Deep structure, of language, 414 Defense mechanisms, 599—600 Deindividuation, 739 Déjà vu, 373 Delayed reinforcers, 330 Delay of gratification, 170 Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), 303 Delta waves, 277 Delusions, in schizophrenia, 669—670 Dementia, 180—181 Dendrites, 55 Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), 96—97 stress and, 553 Dependent variable, 38, 39 Depolarization, 56 Depressants, 298—300 Depression. See also Mood disorders cognitive therapy for, 69 5—697 drug therapy for, 713—715 electroconvulsive therapy for, 715—716 major depressive disorder, 659 religion, decline in commitment to, and, 666 suicide and, 662-663 vicious cycle of~ 667—668 Deprivation of attachment, 158—161 of sleep, 280—282 Depth perception, 245—249 binocular cues and, 245—246 monocular cues and, 246—249 Description, 26—30 case study method and, 26—27 naturalistic observation and, 28, 29-30 survey method and, 27-29 Desegregation, 50 social science and, 50 Desensitization, to violence, 346 Development, 139 —195 in adolescence, 164—175 in adulthood, 175 —191 biopsychosocial perspective on, 134—135 of brain. See Brain development continuity and stages in, 139, 193 in infancy and childhood, 144-164 nature versus nurture and, 139 of newborn, 142—14 3 prenatal, 140—142 similarities across cultures, 125 stability and change and, 139, 193 —194 Developmental psychology, 12, 139, A-6. See also Development Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV), 644 DID (dissociative identity disorder), 656—6 57 Difference thresholds, 201—202 Discrimination, 320, 743 Discriminative stimulus, 328—329 Disease. See Health entries; Illness Disorganized schizophrenia, 671 Displacement, 600, 601 Dispositional attribution, 724 Dissertation, A—3 Dissociation, 293 Dissociative disorders, 656—657 Dissociative identity disorder (DID), 656—657 Distraction, for pain control, 229 Distributions, 40-42 central tendency measures and, 41 normal, 446, 447 skewed, 41 variation and, 41—42 Divergent thinking, 438 Divorce, 187 DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), 96—97 stress and, 553 Doctoral degrees, A—3—A—4 L-Dopa, 60 Dopamine, 58 antipsychotic drugs and, 712 schizophrenia and, 672 Dopamine reward circuit, 306 Double-blind technique, 37, 711 Down syndrome, 452 Draw-a-Person test, 603 Dreams, 285—289 content of, 285—287 interpretation of latent content of, 687 lucid, 285 reasons for, 287—289 sexual imagery in, 484 Drive-reduction theory, 471 Drugs. See Psychoactive drugs; Psychopharmacology DSM-IV (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition), 644 Dualism, 310 Dying, 190—191 Dysthymic disorder, 659 Ear, 217—220 pitch perception and, 219 sound localization and, 219-220 vestibular sense and, 234 Eardrum, 217 Early experiences, 114—115 brain development and, 114—115, 116 prenatal, 114 Early intervention, intelligence and, 457—458 Eating disorders, 478—480 Echoic memory, 362 Eclectic approach, 686 Ecstasy (drug), 302, 303 Education, for careers in psychology, A-1—A-4, A-8—A-9 Educational psychology, A—6 EEG (electroencephalogram), 68 Effortful processing, encoding and, 354—356 Ego, 598 Egocentrism, in children, 150—151 Electra complex, 599 Electrical activity, of brain, 68 Electroconvulsive therapy, 715—716 Electroencephalogram (EEG), 68 Electromagnetic spectrum, 204 Embryo, 141 EMDR (eye movement desensitization and reprocessing), 706 Emotion, 513-547 autonomic nervous system and, 516-517 cognition and, 520—523 culture and expression of, 528—529 detecting and computing, 526—528 effects of facial expressions and, 530—531 experienced, 532—546. See also specific emotions inappropriate, in schizophrenia, 670—671 nonverbal communication of, 524-526 physiological differences among emotions and, 518—520 physiological similarities among emotions and, 517—518 prejudice and, 747 theories of, 513—515 Emotional intelligence, 436—437 gender differences in, 464 Emotional stability-instability, 614, 615 Emotion-focused coping, 563 Empathy, 170 in humanistic therapy, 610, 689 psychotherapy and, 707—708 Empirically derived tests, 617 Empiricism, 3 Employee engagement, 505—506 Employee satisfaction, 505—506 Employee selection, 500—503 Empty nest, 188 Encoding, 351, 353—361 acoustic, 356—357 failure of, 376 —377 of meaning, 356—358 organizing information for, 359—360 process of, 353—356 semantic, 356 visual, 356, 358—359 Endocrine system, 65—67 Endorphins, 59-60 Environment, prenatal, 114 Environmental influences, 96. See also Nature-nurture debate; specific influences adoption studies and, 100-101 on intelligence, 457—459 interaction with genetic factors, 104 Epinephrine, 66 Equity, love and, 764 Erectile disorder, 482 Erogenous zones, 598 Errors, in performance appraisal, 504 ESP. See Extrasensory perception (ESP) An Essay Concerning Human Understanding (Locke), 3 Estrogen, 482, 483 Ethnicity, intelligence and, 459—461 SUBJECT INDEX Evolutionary perspective, 11 Evolutionary psychology, 107-113 critique of, 112—113 human sexuality and, 110—111, 112 motivation and, 470—471 natural selection and, 107—109 Excitatory signals, 56 Excitement phase, of sexual response cycle, 481 Exercise body weight and, 587 health and, 570 mood and, 568—569 Exhaustion, in general adaptation syndrome, 552 Experiment(s), 36—39 animal, 46—48 ethics and, 47—48 evaluating therapies using, 37—38 human, 48 independent and dependent variables and, 38—39 real life related to, 45 Experimental condition, 37 Experimental psychology, A-6—A—7 Explanatory style, coping with stress and, 564—56 5 Explicit memory, 367—368 Explicit prejudice, 744 Exposure therapies, 690, 691—692 Expressive style, consistency of, 621—622 External locus of control, 625 Extinction, 319 Extrasensory perception (ESP), 264—268 claims of, 264—265 experimental tests of, 266—268 premonitions and pretensions and, 265 —266 Extraversion, 614, 615 Extrinsic motivation, 335 Eye, 205—208 Eye movement desensitization and reprocess ing (EMDR), 706 Eyewitness recall, of children, 386—387 Eysenck Personality Questionnaire, 614 Feature detectors, visual, 209—210 Feedback system, endocrine, 66—67 Feel-good, do-good phenomenon, 537 Females. See Gender entries; Sex; Sexuality; Sexual orientation Fertility, in middle adulthood, 176—177 Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS), 142 Fetus, 141 Fight-or-flight reaction, 551 Figure-ground relationship, 242, 243 Fissures, of brain, 76 Fixation, 399—400, 598, 599 Fixed-interval schedules, 332 Fixed-ratio schedules, 331 Flashbulb memories, 351 Flow, motivation and, 498 Fluid intelligence, 184 Flynn effect, 447—448, 459, 461 fMRI. See functional magnetic resonance imaging. Foot-in-the-door phenomenon, 727 Forensic psychology, A-7 Forgetting, 375—381 encoding failure and, 376—377 motivated, 380—381 retrieval failure and, 378—381 storage decay and, 377—378 Formal operations stage, 148, 154, 167—168 Form perception, 243 -244 Fovea, 206, 207 The Fragile Species (Thomas), 136 Framing, 406 Fraternal twins, 98 temperament of, 102 Free association, 597, 687 Frequency, of sound waves, 216, 217 Frequency theory, 219 Frontal lobes, 76, 77, 80, 81 Frustration-aggression principle, 751 Functional fixedness, 400 Functionalism, 5—6 Functional magnetic resonance imaging (IMRI), 69—70, 79, 82, 166—167, 209, 421, 482, 484, 521, 522, 655 Fundamental attribution error, 724 Facial expressions, 526—531 culture and, 526—529 effects of, 530—531 Factor analysis, 432, 433, 614, 615 Faith communities, stress management and, 572-574 False consensus effect, 28, 606 Familiarity, attachment and, 156 Families. See also Parent(s) adoption studies and, 100—101 cultural differences in, 124 Family therapy, 697—698 Farsightedness, 206 FAS (fetal alcohol syndrome), 142 Fat cells, 585 Fear, 404—405, 533—535 biology of, 534—535 conditioning of, 654 learning, 533—534 limbic system and, 72 observational learning of, 654 GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid), 58 Ganglion cells, retinal, 206—207 GAS (general adaptation syndrome), 552—553 Gate-control theory, 226—227 Gay men. See Sexual orientation Gender, 126—134 aggression and, 127 behavior related to, 46 biological sex and, 129—130 biopsychosocial perspective on, 129 child rearing and, 132—133 differences in sexuality and, 110—111 eating disorders and, 479 emotion and, 525—526 genetic testing for sex of offspring and, 106 intelligence and, 461—464 nonverbal behavior and, 525—526 prejudice and discrimination based on, 745 roles and, 131—132 social connectedness and, 128—129 social power and, 127—128 S—S Gender identity, 599 child rearing and, 132—133 Gende roles, 131—132 Gender schema theory, 132—133 Gender-typing, 132, 133 Gene(s), 96—97 interaction with environment, 104 Gene complexes, 97 General adaptation syndrome (GAS), 5 52—5 53 General intelligence (g), 432—433 Generalization, 319—320 Generalized anxiety disorders, 649—650 Generativity vs. stagnation stage, 170 Genetic influences on aggression, 749—750 on anxiety disorders, 655 on body weight, 586—587 on eating disorders, 479 on handedness, 88 on intelligence, 455—457 on mood disorders, 663—664 on schizophrenia, 674—675 on sexual orientation, 490-491 Genetics, behavioral. See Behavior genetics Genetic tests, 105—106 Genome, 96—97 Genuineness, 610, 689 Gestalt, 242—243 Gestures, 528 Ghrelin, 476 Giftedness, 453-454 Glial cells, 75—76 Glucocorticoid stress hormones, 551 Glucose, 475 Glutamate, 58 Goals specific and challenging, 508 superordinate, 767 Graduate Record Examination (GRE), 449, 451 Graduate study, preparing for, A—8—A—9 Grammar, 411 Graphic rating scales, for performance appraisal, 503 Graphologists, 616 Gratification, delay of, 170 GRE (Graduate Record Examination), 449, 451 GRIT strategy, 769 Group differences, 103 Group influence, 737—741 effects of group interaction and, 739—741 individual behavior in the presence of oth ers and, 738—739 power of individuals and, 741 Grouping, 242, 243 -244 Group polarization, 739—740, 741 Group therapy, 697 Groupthink, 740-741 Guilty knowledge test, 519 Habituation, 143 Hair cells, of ear, 217—218 Hallucinations, 277 Hallucinogens, 302—304, 303 Halo errors, in performance appraisal, 504 S—6 SUBJECT INDEX Hammer (bone), 217 Handbook of Psychotherapy and Behavior Change (Ellis and Bergin), 709 Handedness, 88—91 Happiness, 537—544 adaptation and, 542—543 comparison and, 543 emotional ups and dowi~s and, 538—539 increasing, 545 predictors of, 543—544 wealth and, 539—542 Harvard Brain Bank, 68 Health. See also Illness exercise and, 570 in late adulthood, 179—180 Health promotion, 562—593 coping with stress and. See Coping managing stress and, 568—574 modi1~ring illness-related behaviors and, 574—591 Health psychology, 549, A—7. See also Health promotion; Stress Hearing, 215—224 assistive listening technologies and, 263 capture and, 242 ear and, 217—220 localization of, 219—220 loss of, 220—223, 263 sound waves and, 215-126 Heart disease, stress and, 555—556 Height, relative, as monocular cue, 247 Helplessness, learned, 625—626 mood disorders and, 665—667 Hemispheric specialization, 83—91 handedness and, 88—91 left- versus right-brained people and, 87 split-brain research and, 84—86 study in intact brain, 86, 88 Herbal medicine, 581 Heritability, 102—104 group differences and, 103 of intelligence, 456 interaction of nature and nurture and, 103 Heterosexuality. See Sexual orientation Heuristics, 397, 398, 401—403 Hierarchies encoding and, 360, 361 of needs, 472—473 Hindsight bias, 20—21 Hippocampus, 72 memory and, 368-369 Histrionic personality disorder, 677 Homeostasis, 471 Homosexuality. See Sexual orientation Hope, psychotherapy and, 707 Hormones, 65—67 aggression and, 750 emotion and, 521 hunger and, 475, 476 memory and, 366—367 obesity and, 586 sex, 129, 130 sexual behavior and, 482-483 sexual orientation and, 491—493 stress and, 366—367, 551 Hue, of light, 205 Human experiments, ethics and, 48 Human factors psychology, 261—263, 499 Humanistic perspective, 609—612 assessment of self and, 610—611 evaluation of, 611—612 on personality, 609—612 person-centered perspective and, 610 self-actualization and, 609—610 Humanistic psychology, 7 Humanistic therapy, 689—690 Hunger, 473-480 physiology of, 474—477 psychology of, 47 7—480 Hypnosis, 290—296 as altered state of consciousness, 294 —295 facts and falsehoods about, 291—293 Hypothalamus, 66, 73-74 hunger and, 475 sexual orientation and, 490 Hypotheses, 25 lCD-b (International Classification of Diseases), 644 Iconic memory, 362 Id, 598 Identical twins, 97, 98—99 parental influence on development of, 116 —117 prenatal environment of, 114 separated, 99—100 temperament of, 102 Identification, 598, 599 Identity, 171 formation of, 171—172 Identity vs. role confusion stage, 170 I-knew-it-all-along phenomenon, 20—21 Illness. See also Health entries coronary heart disease, 555—556 emotional. See Psychological disorders infectious, 485, 486—487, 673—674 psychophysiological, 557 stress and. See Stress susceptibility to, 557—561 Illusions, perceptual, 240-242, 251—252 Illusory correlation, 33—34 Image(s), thinking in, 420—422 Imagery, 358 Imagination, memory and, 383 —384 Imitation, violence and, 345—346 Immediate reinforcers, 330 Immune system conditioning of, 560-561 stress and, 5 57—558 Implicit memory, 367 Implicit prejudice, 744 Imprinting, 156 Inattentional blindness, 238 Incentives, 471 Independence, child rearing and, 124 Independent variable, 38, 39 Individualism, 121—124 Industrial/organizational (I/O) psychology, 13, 499, A—7. See also Human factors psychology; Personnel psychology Infant(s) brain development in, 114—115 depth perception in, 245 habituation in, 143 memory in, 146 newborn, development of, 142-143 physical development of, 144—145 social development of, 15 5—160, 161 temperament of, 102 Infantile amnesia, 388—389 Infections, 486—487 sexually transmitted, 190, 485, 558—559 viral, during pregnancy, schizophrenia and, 673-674 Inferences, 42—44 Influence. See Social influence Informational social influence, 733 Information processing consciousness and, 271—273 memory and, 351—353 parallel, 210—211 serial, 210 visual, 208 —211 Ingroup, 746-747 Ingroup bias, 746—747 Inhibitory signals, 56 Initiative vs. guilt stage, 170 Inner ear, 217 Insanity defense, 646—647 Insecure attachment, 156 Insight, 398—399, 687 Insomnia, 283 Instincts, 470—471 Insulin, 475 Integrity vs. despair stage, 170 Intelligence, 431—467 aging and, 183 —185 analytical, 435 assessment of. See Intelligence tests contemporary theories of, 433—436 creative, 435 creativity and, 437—439 crystallized, 184 definition of, 431 emotional, 436-437, 464 environmental influences on, 457—459 extremes of, 452—454 fluid, 184 general, 432—433 genetic influences on, 45 5—457 multiple, 433—436 neurological measurement of, 439 -441 practical, 435 stability versus change and, 450—452 Intelligence and Experience (Hunt), 458 Intelligence quotient (IQ), 442, 443 —444 Intelligence tests, 431, 442—450 applications of, 444, 445 bias and, 464—466 ethnic differences and similarities in scores and, 459—461 gender differences and similarities in scores and, 461—464 modern, 444-445, 446 origins of, 442-444 test construction for, 446—449 Intensity, of light, 205 Interactions gene-environment, 104 of nature and nurture, 103, 166 SUBJECT INDEX Interference proactive, 379 retrieval failure and, 378—380 retroactive, 379—380 Intermittent reinforcement, 331 Internal locus of control, 625 International Classification of Diseases (lCD-b), 644 Interneurons, 62 Interpersonal psychotherapy, 688 Interposition, as monocular cue, 246 Interpretation, 686, 687 The Interpretation of Dreams (Freud), 287, 596 Interviewer illusion, 502 Intimacy, 172. See also Love Intimacy vs. isolation stage, 170 Intrinsic motivation, 335 Introspection, 4 Introversion, 614, 615 Intuition, 407-409 limits of, 19—22 Ions, 55—56 I/O (industrial/organizational) psychology, 13, 499, A—7. See also Human factors psychology; Personnel psychology IQ (intelligence quotient), 442, 443—444 Iris, of eye, 205 james-Lange theory, 514 Job interviews, 501—503 Just noticeable difference (md), 201—202 Just-world phenomenon, 748 Kinesthesis, 233—234 Knee-jerk reflex, 63, 64 Labeling, of psychological disorders, 645—647 Lamaze childbirth method, 229, 293 Language, 410—418 in animals, 424, 42 5-428 brain and, 80—82 development of. See Language development influence on thinking, 418-420 structure of, 410-411 Language development inborn universal grammar and, 414-415 operant learning and, 413 —414 statistical learning and critical periods and, 415 —417 timing of, 412—413 Late adulthood. See Aging Latent content, of dreams, 287, 687 Latent learning, 334 Lateral hypothalamus, hunger and, 475 Law of effect, 327 Leadership style, 508—510 Learned helplessness, 62 5—626 mood disorders and, 66 5—667 Learning, 313 —347 aggression and, 752—754 associative, 314. See also Classical condition ing; Conditioning; Operant conditioning of fear, 533—534 of language. See Language development latent, 334 observational. See Observational learning process of, 313—315 The Left-Hander Syndrome (Coren), 87 Leniency, in performance appraisal, 504 Lens, of eye, 205 Leptin, 586 Lesbians. See Sexual orientation Lesions, 68 Levels of analysis, 10—12, 54. See also Biological influences; Biopsychosocial entries; Psychological influences; Socialcultural influences of hunger, 480 of learning, 323 of memory, 363 of perception, 261 of personality, 624 of psychological disorder prevention, 686— 687 of sexual activity, 483 Lie detection, 518—519 Life events, 186 stressful, 553—555 Life expectancy, 177—178 Light, as monocular cue, 248 Light energy, 204—205 Light exposure therapy, 706—707 Lightness constancy, 253 Limbic system, 72—74 Linear perspective, as monocular cue, 248 Linguistic determinism, 418—420 Listening, active, 689 “Little Albert” experiment, 324 Lobotomy, 71 7—718 Longitudinal studies, 183 Long-term memory, 351—352, 363 Long-term potentiation (LTP), 365, 366 Loudness, 216 Love, 187—188 companionate, 763 -764 passionate, 763 romantic, 762-764 LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide), 302—303 LTP (long-term potentiation), 365, 366 Luminance, relative, 253 Lymphocytes, 557 Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), 302—303 Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 69, 70, 73, 79, 83, 181, 229, 299, 440, 553, 665, 673, 718 Mainstreaming, 453 Major depressive disorder, 659 Male(s). See Gender entries; Sexuality; Sex; Sexual orientation Male answer syndrome, 128 Management, effective, 507—510 Mania, 659 Manic depressive disorder, 659—660 Manifest content, of dreams, 286 Manual healing, 581 Marijuana, 303 -304 Marriage, 187—188 Master’s degrees, A—2---A—3 Mating preferences, natural selection and, 111, 112 Maturation, 145 infant memory and, 146 McGurk effect, 230 S—7 MDMA (methylenedioxymethamphetamine), 302, 303 Mean, 41 Meaning, encoding, 356—358 Median, 41 Medical model, 642— 643 Meditation, stress management and, 571—572 Medulla, 71 Melatonin, circadian rhythm and, 275 Membranes, selectively permeable, 56 Memes, 341 Memory, 349—393 of abuse, 387—390 aging and, 181—183 amnesia and, 367 children’s eyewitness recall and, 386—387 dreaming and, 287 echoic, 362 encoding and. See Encoding explicit, 367—368 flashbulb, 351 forgetting and, 375 —381 hypnosis and, 292 iconic, 362 implicit, 367 improving, 391—392 in infants, 146 information processing and, 351—353 long-term, 351—3 52, 363 misinformation and imagination effects on, 382—384 mood and, 374—375 of pain, 228 phenomenon of, 349—3 53 prospective, 182 retrieval and, 351, 370—375 sensory, 351, 362 short-term (working), 351, 352, 353, 362—363 sleep and, 283 source amnesia and, 384 storage and. See Storage stress hormones and, 366—367 true versus false memories and, 384—386 working, 352 Men. See Gender entries; Sexuality; Sex; Sexual orientation Menarche, 166 Menopause, 176 Mental age, 442, 443 Mental retardation, 452—453 Mental set, 400 Mere exposure effect, 759 Meta-analysis, 703 Metabolism, obesity and, 58 5—586 Methamphetamines, 300 Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), 302, 303 Middle ear, 217 Mind, 67 study of brain-mind connections and, 68 theory of, 151—153, 342 unconscious. See Unconscious entries Mind-body control, 581 Mind-body interaction, 718 Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), 616—618 S—8 SUBJECT INDEX Minority influence, 741 Mirror-image perceptions, 758 Mirror neurons, 341 Misattribution memory and, 376 source, 384 Misinformation effect, memory and, 381—383 Missionary Travels (Livingstone), 59 MMPI (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory), 616—618 Mnemonics, 358—359 Mode, 41 Modeling, 341 aggression and, 752—754 Molecular genetics, 105—106 Monocular cues, 246—249 Mood, exercise and, 568—569 Mood-congruent memories, 374—375 Mood disorders, 658—659 biological perspective on, 662—665 bipolar disorder, 659—660 major depressive disorder, 659 social-cognitive perspective on, 665—668 Mood-stabilizing drugs, 715 Moon illusion, 251 Moral action, 170 Moral development, 168-170 Moral feeling, 168—170 Moral reasoning, 168, 169 Moral thinking, 168 Morphemes, 411 Mother Care/Other Care (Scarr), 160 Motion, relative, as monocular cue, 248 Motion perception, 249-250 Motivated forgetting, 380—381 Motivation, 469—511 achievement, 504 drives and incentives and, 471 extrinsic, 335 flow and, 498 hierarchy of motives and, 472—473 hunger and. See Hunger instincts and, 470—471 intrinsic, 335 need to belong and, 495—498 optimum arousal and, 471-472 sexual. See Sexuality in workplace, 498—510. See also Organizational psychology; Personnel psychology Motor cortex, 77—78 Motor development, in infancy and child hood, 145—146 Motor neurons, 62 Movement sense, 233—234 MRI. See magnetic resonance imaging Muller-Lyer illusion, 240, 251, 252 Multiple intelligences, 433—436 Mutations, 108 Myelin sheath, 55 Narcissistic personality disorder, 677 Narcolepsy, 284 National Association of the Deaf, 220 Naturalistic observation, 28, 29—30 Natural mapping, 261, 262 Natural selection, 8, 9, 107—109 anxiety disorders and, 655 mating preferences and, 111, 112 Nature-nurture debate, 8, 9—10, 134—137. See also Behavior genetics; Culture; Environmental influence; Evolutionary psychology; Gender entries; Gene(s) development and, 139 interaction of nature and nurture and, 103 The Nature of Prejudice (Allport), 746 Near-death experiences, 309—310 Nearsightedness, 206 Needs to belong, 495—498 hierarchy of, 472—473 Negative reinforcement, 329 Neo-Freudian theories of personality, 601 Nerve(s), 62 Nerve deafness, 220—221 Nervous system, 61—6 5 central, 61 peripheral, 61—62 Neural communication, 54—61 neurons and, 5 5-56 neurotransmitters and, 58—60 process of, 57—58 Neural networks, 64—65 Neural prosthetics, 78 Neuroimaging, 69—70 Neurological speed, intelligence and, 441 Neurons, 54, 55—56 communication between, 57—58. See also Neurotransmitters; specific nei~rotransmitters glial cells and, 75—76 interneurons, 62 mirror, 341 motor, 62 sensory, 62 Neuropsychology, A-7 Neuroscience, 53—93 endocrine system and, 65—67 nervous system and, 61—65. See also Brain neural communication and. See Neural communication Neuroscience perspective, 11 Neurotransmission, drug and chemical effects on, 5 9—60 Neurotransmitters, 57—60. See also specific neurotransmitters influence of, 58-60 learning and, 365 mood disorders and, 664 Newborn, development of, 142—143 Next-in-line effect, 355 Nicotine. See Smoking Night terrors, 284 Noise, negative effects of, 218 Nondirective therapy, 689—690 Nonverbal communication, 524—526 Norepinephrine (noradrenaline), 58, 66 mood disorders and, 664 Norm(s), 120 for helping, 766—767 Normal curve, 446, 447 Normative social influence, 733 Obedience, 734—737 Obesity, 582—591 physiology of, 585—588 social effects of, 583—584 weight control and, 582—583, 584 weight loss and, 588—591 Object permanence, 149 Observation as brain study method, 68 naturalistic, 28, 29—30 Observational learning, 315, 341—346 applications of, 343 —346 Bandura’s experiments on, 343 of fear, 654 positive, 343 —344 television and, 344—346 Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), 651—6 52 Occipital lobes, 76, 77 OCD (obsessive-compulsive disorder), 651—6 52 Oedipus complex, 598, 599 Old age, physical changes in, 177—181 Olfaction. See Smell sense One-word stage, 413 On the Origin of Species (Darwin), 9, 109 Operant behavior, 326 Operant chamber, 327 Operant conditioning, 314, 326—340 applications of, 336—338 in behavior therapy, 693—694 biological predispositions and, 335—336 classical conditioning contrasted with, 339 cognition and, 334—335 language development and, 413 -414 Skinner’s experiments and, 327—333 Operational definitions, 25 Opiates, 300 Opponent colors, 213 Opponent-process theory, 213 Optic nerve, 206, 207 Optimism, 627—629 Organizational psychology, 499, 504—510 effective management and, 507—510 satisfaction and engagement and, 505—506 Orgasm, 481—482 Orgasmic disorder, 482 Ostracism, 496—497 Outcome research, on psychotherapy, 702-704 Outer ear, 217 Outgroup, 746-747 Ovaries, 66 Overconfidence, 22, 403 Overlearning, 16 Pace of life, cultural differences in, 120—121 Pain, 226—229 biological, psychological, and socialcultural influences on, 226—228 biopsychosocial perspective on, 226—228 control of, 228—229 hypnosis to alleviate, 293 Pain reflex, 63 Palm readers, 616—617 Pancreas, 66 Panic disorder, 650 SUBJECT INDEX Paradoxical sleep, 276, 277, 278, 279, 287, 288—289 Parallel processing, visual, 210—211 Paranoid schizophrenia, 671 Paraprofessionals, 708 Parapsychology, 264. See also Extrasensory perception (ESP) Parasympathetic nervous system, 62 Parathyroid glands, 66 Parent(s). See also Child rearing abusive, 158—159 adolescent development and, 172 adoption studies and, 100—101 influence on children’s development, 116—117 parenting st:yles and, 161—163 Parietal lobes, 76, 77, 80 Parkinson’s disease, 60 Partial reinforcement, 331 Passionate love, 763 Peacemaking, 767—770 communication and, 769 conciliation and, 769—770 cooperation and, 767—768 Peer(s), adolescent development and, 172 Peer influence, 117—118 Perception(s), 197, 198, 237—269 depth, 245 —249 disturbed, in schizophrenia, 670 extrasensory, 264—268 form, 243—244 illusions and, 240—242 interpretation of. See Perceptual interpretation mirror-image, 758 motion, 249—250 perceptual organization and. See Perceptual organization selective attention and, 237—240 Perceptual adaptation, 256—257 Perceptual constancy, 250—253 Perceptual illusions, 240-242, 251—252 Perceptual interpretation, 254—264 human factor and, 261—263 perceptual adaptation and, 256—257 perceptual set and, 257—261 sensory deprivation and restored vision and, 255—256 Perceptual organization, 242—254 depth perception and, 245 —249 form perception and, 243—244 gestalt and, 242—243 motion perception and, 249—250 perceptual constancy and, 250—253 Perceptual set, 2 57—261 Perceptual speed, intelligence and, 440—441 Performance appraisal, 503 —504 Peripheral nervous system (PNS), 61—62 Permissive parents, 162 Persistence, memory and, 376 Personal control, 62 5—629 internal versus external locus of, 625 learned helplessness versus, 625—626 optimism versus pessimism and, 627— 629 Personality, 595—637 development of, 598—599 dissociative identity disorder and, 656—657 heart disease and, 555—556 humanistic perspective on, 609—612 neo-Freudian theories of, 601 psychoanalytic perspective on, 596—609 self and, 631—636 social-cognitive perspective on, 623—631 structure of, 598 trait perspective on, 613—623 Personality disorders, 677—679 Personality inventories, 615—618 Personality psychology, 12 Personal space, 120 Person-centered perspective, 610 Personnel psychology, 499, 500—504 employee selection and, 500—503 performance appraisal and, 503 —504 Person-situation controversy, 619—621 Pessimism, 627— 629 PET (positron emission tomography), 69 Pets, 568 Phallic stage, 599 Phantom limb sensations, 226-227 Phi phenomenon, 250 Phobias, 535, 650—651 Phonemes, 410-411 Phrenology, 53 Physical attractiveness, attraction and, 759—762 Physical dependence, on drugs, 297 Physical development in adolescence, 165—167 in adulthood, 175-181 of children, 145—146 of infants, 144—14 5 Pitch, 216, 217 perception of, 219 Pituitary gland, 66 Placebo effect, 37, 701 Place theory, 219 Plasticity, of brain, 82—8 3 Plateau phase, of sexual response cycle, 481 Pleasure principle, 598 PNS (peripheral nervous system), 61—62 Polygraph, 518—519 Ponzo illusion, 251 Population, 28 Positive observational learning, 343—344 Positive psychology, 538, 628 Positive reinforcement, 329 Positive transfer, 380 Positron emission tomography (PET), 69 Postconventional morality, 168 Posthypnotic suggestions, 292—293 Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 652—653 Practical intelligence, 435 Precognition, 265 Preconscious, 597 Preconventional morality, 168 Predictive validity, 448—449 Prejudice, 743—748 automatic, 744 cognitive roots of, 747—748 emotional roots of, 747 levels of, 743—745 social roots of, 746—747 Premature ejaculation, 482 5—9 Prenatal development, 140-142 sexual orientation and, 491—493 viral infection during, schizophrenia and, 673—674 Prenatal environment, 114 Preoperational stage, 148, 150—153 Primary reinforcers, 330 Primary sex characteristics, 165 Priming, 200-201, 372 Principles of Psychology (James), 6, 631 Prior experience, happiness and, 542—543 Proactive interference, 379 Problem-focused coping, 563 Problem solving, 397—400 obstacles to, 399—400 Progressive relaxation, 692 Projection, 600, 601 Projective tests, 602—603 Prosocial models, 343—344 Prospective memory, 182 Prototypes, 396—397 Proximity, 244 attraction and, 758—759 Psychiatry, 13 Psychoactive drugs, 296—308 dependence and addiction to, 296—298 depressant, 298—300 hallucinogenic, 302—304 influences on use of, 304-308 stimulant, 300-302 Psychoanalysis, 597, 686—687 aims of, 686 methods of, 687 psychodynamic, 688 Psychoanalytic perspective, 596—609 evaluation of, 604—607 neo-Freudian and psychodynamic theorists and, 601-602 projective tests and, 602—603 unconscious and, 597-600 Psychodynamic perspective, 11, 602 Psychodynamic therapy, 601—602, 688, 708 Psychological dependence, on drugs, 297 Psychological disorders, 639—683 anxiety disorders, 649—6 58 biopsychosocial perspective on, 643 classification of, 644, 645 cultural influences on, 643 definition of, 640, 642 labeling, 645—647 medical perspective on, 642—643 mood disorders, 658—669 personality disorders, 677—679 prevention of, 719—720 rates of, 680—682 schizophrenia, 669—677 Psychological influences, 10, 54. See also Biopsychosocial perspective; Levels of analysis; specific psychological influences on aggression, 751—754 biological influences related to, 53—54 on drug use, 306 —308 on hunger, 480 on hypnosis, 295 on memory, 389-390 on pain, 226—228 on perception, 261 S—tO SUBJECT INDEX Psychological influences (cont.) on personality, 624 on schizophrenia, 675—676 on sexual activity, 483 Psychological science birth of, 3-6 correlation and, 30—36 description and, 2 6—30 experimentation and, 36—39 need for, 19—26 statistical reasoning and, 3 9—44 Psychology contemporary, 8-14 definition of, 2 globalization of, 9 levels of analysis of. See Levels of analysis potential danger of, 49 prescientific, 2—3 questions frequently asked about, 44—49 roots of, 2—8 subfields of, 12—14 Psychometric psychology, A—7 Psychopaths, 677 Psychopharmacology, 711—715 antianxiety drugs and, 712 antidepressant drugs and, 713—715 antipsychotic drugs and, 711—712 mood-stabilizing drugs and, 715 Psychophysics, 199 Psychophysiological illnesses, 557 Psychosexual stages, 598—599 Psychosocial development, Erikson’s stages of, 170 Psychosurgery, 717—718 Psychotherapists, 709 Psychotherapy, 685, 686—699 alternative, evaluation of, 705—707 behavioral, 690-694 cognitive, 694—697 commonalities among approaches, 707-708 culture and values in, 708—710 effectiveness of, 700—704 family, 697—698 group, 697 humanistic, 689—690 interpersonal, 688 psychoanalysis, 686-688 psychodynamic, 688 relative effectiveness of approaches, 704-705 Psychotherapy integration, 686 FISD (posttraumatic stress disorder), 652- 653 Puberty, 165—166 Punishment, 332-333 Pupil, of eye, 205 Quantitative psychology, A—7 Race, intelligence and, 460 Random assignment, 37—38 Random events, perception of order in, 34—35 Randomized clinical trials, 703 Random sample, 28 Random sampling, 28—29 Range, 42, 43 Rationalization, 600, 601 Reaction formation, 600, 601 Reality principle, 598 Reasoning, moral, 168, 169 Reasoning power, development of, 167—168 Recall, 182, 370 hypnosis and, 292 Recency errors, in performance appraisal, 504 Reciprocal determinism, 623—624 Reciprocity norm, 766—767 Recognition, 182, 370 Reflexes, 63—64 rooting, 142 Refractory period, 56, 482 Regression, 600, 601 Regression toward the mean, 701 Rehabilitation psychology, A—7 Rehearsal, 354 Reification, 431 Reinforcement, 329—330, 654 continuous, 330 negative, 329 partial (intermittent), 331 positive, 329 Reinforcement schedules, 330—332 Reinforcers conditioned, 330 delayed, 330 immediate, 330 primary, 330 Relative clarity, as monocular cue, 247 Relative deprivation, 543 Relative height, as monocular cue, 247 Relative luminance, 253 Relative motion, as monocular cue, 248 Relative size, as monocular cue, 246 Relaxation, stress management and, 570—571 Relearning, 370 Reliability, 448 of observed differences, 42—43 of Rorschach Inkblot test, 603 Religion in adolescence, 167—168, 171 decline in commitment to and depression, 666 happiness and, 544, 545 science and, 135—136 self-serving bias and, 633 social responsibility norm and, 767 stress management and, 572—574 therapists’ values and, 709 Remembrance of Things Past (Proust), 233 REM rebound, 288-289 REM sleep, 276, 277, 278, 279, 287, 288—289 Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), 716—717 Replication, 25 Representativeness heuristic, 401—402 Representative samples, 42 Repression, 381, 600, 604—605 of memories of abuse, 387—390 Research applied, 13 basic, 12, 13 correlation and, 30—3 6 cross-sectional, 183 descriptive, 26—30 experimental, 36—39, 45, 46—48 longitudinal, 183 randomized clinical trials in, 703 scientific method and, 24—26 statistics and, 39—44 Research psychology, A-6—A—7 Residual schizophrenia, 671 Resistance, 686, 687 in general adaptation syndrome, 552 Resolution phase, of sexual response cycle, 482 Respondent behavior, 326 Responses all-or-none, 56 conditioned, 316, 317 unconditioned, 316, 317 Resting potentials, 56 Reticular formation, 71 Retina, 205—208 Retinal disparity, 246 Retrieval, 351, 370—375 cues for, 371—375 failure of, 378—381 Retroactive interference, 379—380 Reward centers, 74 Reward deficiency syndrome, 74 Reward theory of attraction, 762 Risk, 404-405 Rods, retinal, 206—208 Role(s), 131 gender, 131—132 Role playing, attitudes and, 727—728 Romantic love, 762—764 Rooting reflex, 142 Rorschach Inkblot test, 602— 603 Rosy retrospection, 358, 359 rTMS (repetitive transcranial magnetic stim ulation), 716—717 Rubber-hand illusion, 225 Sample(s) random, 28 representative, 42 Sampling, random, 28-29 SAT (Scholastic Achievement Test), 449, 451 Satisfaction, employee, 505—506 Savant syndrome, 433 Scapegoat theory, 747 Scatterplots, 30, 31, 32 Schemas, 147, 258 Schizoid personality disorder, 677 Schizophrenia, 669—677 brain abnormalities in, 672—674 brain in, 79 drug therapy for, 711-712 genetic factors in, 674—675 psychological factors in, 675—676 subtypes of, 671 symptoms of, 669—671 Scholastic Achievement Test (SAT), 449, 451 School(s) operant conditioning applications in, 336—3 37 violence in, 344-345 Schooling, intelligence and, 458—459 SUBJECT INDEX School psychology, A-8 Science, religion and, 135—136 Scientific attitude, 23—24 Scientific method, 24—26 Seasonal affective disorder, 274, 706—707 Secondary sex characteristics, 165 Selective attention, 237-240 Selective permeability, 56 Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), 713 Self, 631—636 assessment of, 610—611 personality and, 631—636 Self-actualization, 609—610 Self-concept, 610 development of, 161 Self-disclosure, love and, 764 Self-esteem benefits of, 632—633 culture and, 633 Self-help groups, 698 Self-reference effect, 358 Self-serving bias, 633—636 Semantic encoding, 356 Semantics, 411 Semicircular canals, 234 Sensation, 197—235, 237 auditory. See Hearing kinesthetic, 233—234 sensory adaptation and, 202—203 smell, 231—233 taste, 229—231 thresholds and, 199—202 touch, 224—229 visual. See Vision Sensorimotor stage, 148, 149, 150 Sensorineural hearing loss, 220—221 Sensory adaptation, 202—203 Sensory changes, in late adulthood, 178—179 Sensory compensation, hearing loss and, 223 Sensory cortex, 77, 78—79 Sensory deprivation, 255—256 Sensory interaction, 230—231 Sensory memory, 351, 362 Sensory neurons, 62 Serial position effect, 356 Serial processing, 210 Serotonin, 58 learning and, 365 mood disorders and, 664 Set point, 476, 585—586 Severity errors, in performance appraisal, 504 Sex. See also Gender biological, 126, 129—130 life expectancy and, 178 Sex characteristics primary, 165 secondary, 165 Sex chromosomes, 129—130 Sex hormones, 129, 130 Sexual disorders, 482, 483 Sexuality, 481—49 5 adolescent, 485—493 contraception and, 485—486 gender differences in, 110—111 hormones and, 482—483 psychology of, 483-48 5 sexually transmitted infections and, 486 —487 sexual orientation and, 487—493 sexual response cycle and, 481—482 values and, 493 -494 Sexually transmitted infections (STIs), 190, 485, 486—487, 558-5 59 Sexual orientation, 487—493 brain and, 489-490 genetics of, 490—491 origins of, 488—493 statistics on, 487—488 Sexual response cycle, 481—482 Shadow, as monocular cue, 248 Shape constancy, 250 Shaping, 328—329 Short-term memory, 351, 352, 353, 362—363 Signal detection theory, 199—200 Sign language, 220, 411 hemispheric specialization and, 86, 88 Sign Language Structure (Stokoe), 220 Similarity, 244 attraction and, 762 Situation(s), assessing behavior in, 629—630 Situational attribution, 724 Size, relative, as monocular cue, 246 Size constancy, 250—252 Skepticism, curious, 23 Skewed distribution, 41 Skinner box, 327 Sleep, 275—289 dreaming and, 28 5-289 need for, 279 —283 REM (paradoxical), 276, 277, 278, 279, 287, 288—289 rhythm of, 275—279 stages of, 276 —279 theories of, 282—283 Sleep apnea, 284 Sleep deprivation, effects of, 280—282 Sleep rhythm of, disorders of, 283—28 5 Sleep spindles, 277 Sleepwalking, 285 Smell sense, 231—233 Smoking, 575—582 failure to stop, 577—578 nicotine withdrawal and, 577 preventing, 580—582 quitting, 578—580 reasons and timing of starting, 576—577 risks of, 575—576 Social clock, 186 Social-cognitive perspective, 623—631 assessing behavior in situations and, 629— 630 evaluation of, 630 on mood disorders, 665—668 personal control and, 62 5—629 on personality, 623—631 reciprocal influences and, 623—624 Social connectedness, gender and, 128—129 Social control, 741 Social-cultural influences, 10, 54, 754—756. See also Biopsychosocial perspective; Culture; Levels of analysis; specific socialcultural influences on drug use, 306—308 s-i. I on hunger, 480 on hypnosis, 295 on memory, 390 on pain, 226-228 on perception, 261 on personality, 624 on prejudice, 746—747 on sexual activity, 483 Social-cultural perspective, 11, 12 Social development in adolescence, 170—173 in adulthood, 185—191 of children, 160—163 of infants, 155—160, 161 Social exchange theory, 766—767 Social facilitation, 738, 739 Social identities, prejudice and, 746—747 Social inequalities, prejudice and, 746 Social influence, 730—742 aggression and, 752 conformity and, 732—734, 737 group influence and, 737—741 individual influence and, 741 informational, 733 normative, 733 obedience and, 734—73 7 Social influence theory, of hypnosis, 294 Social leadership, 508 Social learning theory, 132 Social loafing, 738—739 Social phobia, 651 Social power, gender and, 127—128 Social psychology, 12, 723—771, A—8. See also Social influence; Social relations; Social thinking Social relations, 742—771 aggression and. See Aggression altruism and, 764-767 attraction and. See Attraction conflict and, 756—758 peacemaking and, 767-770 prejudice and. See Prejudice Social-responsibility norm, 767 Social scripts, 754 Social support coping with stress and, 565—567 faith and, 573 Social thinking, 723 -730 attitudes and actions and, 726—730 attributions and, 724—726 Sociopaths, 677 Somatic nervous system, 62 Sound waves, 215—216 Source amnesia, 384 Spacing effect, 355 Spermarche, 166 Spinal cord, 63—64 Spirituality, stress management and, 572— 574 Split-brain research, 84—8 6 Split-half reliability, 448 Spontaneous recovery, 319, 714 Sports psychology, A-8 Spotlight effect, 632 SQ3R study method, 15, 391 SSRIs (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors), 713 S—12 SUBJECT INDEX Stability emotional, 614, 615 of intelligence, 450—452 Standard deviation, 42, 43 Standardization, 446—448 Stanford-Binet test, 442, 443 Stanford Prison Experiment, 728 Statistical reasoning, 3 9—44 central tendency measures and, 41 inferences and, 42-44 variation measures and, 41—42, 43 Statistical significance, 43—44 Stereotypes, 743 Stereotype threat, 465—466 Stigmatization, labeling and, 646—647 Stimulants, 300—302 Stimulus(i) conditioned, 316, 317 discriminative, 328—329 sexual, 484—485 Stimulus generalization, 654 Stirrup (bone), 217 STIs (sexually transmitted infections), 190, 485, 486—487, 558—559 Storage, 351, 361—370 in brain, 363 —369 decay of, 377—378 long-term memory and, 363 sensory memory and, 362 working/short-term memory and, 351, 362—363 Stranger anxiety, 155 Strengths employee selection and, 500—503 identifying, 501 job-relevant, harnessing, 507—508 Stress, 550—562 coping with. See Coping with stress heart and, 555—556 managing, 568—574 response to, 551—553 stressors and, 550—555 susceptibility to disease and, 557—561 Stress hormones, memory and, 366—367 Stress inoculation training, 696 Stroboscopic movement, 250 Structuralism, 4—5 Structured interviews, 502—503 Study techniques, 15—16, 391—392 Subjective well-being, 538 Subliminal stimulation, 200 -201 Subtractive color mixing, 212 Successive approximations, 328—329 Suggestibility, memory and, 376 Suicide, 662— 663 Superego, 598 Superordinate goals, 767 Support groups, 698 Suprachiasmatic nucleus, circadian rhythm and, 275 Surface structure, of language, 413 —414 Survey method, 27-29 random sampling and, 28—29 wording effects on, 28 Sympathetic nervous system, 62 Synapses, 57 storage and, 365—366 Synaptic gap (cleft), 57 Syntax, 411 Systematic desensitization, 692 Taijin-kyofusho, 643 Tardive dyskinesia, 712 Task leadership, 508 Taste preferences, 477—478 Taste sense, 229—231 TAT (Thematic Apperception Test), 602 Telegraphic speech, 413 Telepathy, 265 Television, observational learning and, 344-346 Telomeres, 553 Temperament, 102, 615 attachment and, 157 Temporal lobes, 76, 77, 81 Teratogens, 141 Terror-management theory, 606 Test(s) achievement, 444-445 aptitude, 444-445, 446 construction of, 446-449 empirically derived, 617 genetic, 105—106 guilty knowledge, 519 intelligence. See Intelligence tests projective, 602—603 Testes, 66 Testosterone, 130, 482, 483 Test-retest reliability, 448 Test-taking tips, 16 Texture gradient, 247 Thalamus, 72 THC (delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol), 303 Thematic Apperception Test (TAT), 602 Theory, 24—26 Theory of mind, 151—153, 342 Therapeutic alliance, 708 Therapeutic relationship, 707—708 Therapists, 709 Therapy, 68 5—721 biomedical. See Biomedical therapy evaluating, 37—38 hypnosis for, 292—293 medical, alternative, 580—581 neurotransmitter research and, 60 psychological. See Psychotherapy Thinking. See also Cognition; Cognitive entries by animals, 422-424 critical. See Critical thinking disorganized, in schizophrenia, 669-670 in images, 420-422 influence of language on, 418-420 language in, 424, 425—428 moral, 168 social. See Social thinking 360-degree feedback, 503 Thresholds, 56, 199—202 absolute, 199 difference, 201—202 signal detection and, 199—200 subliminal stimulation and, 200—201 T lymphocytes, 557 Token economy, 693-694 Tolerance, to drugs, 297 Top-down processing, 197, 198 Touch sense, 224-229 pain and, 226—229 Trait(s), 613 Big Five, 618—619 Trait perspective, 613—623 assessment of traits and, 615—618 Big Five personality factors and, 618—619 biology and, 615 evaluation of, 619—622 factor analysis and, 614, 615 on personality, 613—623 Transduction, 204 Transference, 686, 687 Transformational leadership, 509 Transience, forgetting and, 376 Trauma, as classical conditioning, 325 Treatise of Man (Descartes), 3 Triarchic theory of intelligence, 435—436 Trust, basic, 158 Trust vs. mistrust stage, 170 Twin studies, 97-100 intelligence and, 455 Two-factor theory of emotion, 514 Two-word stage, 413 Type A personality, 555—556 Type B personality, 555—5 56 Umami, 229 Unconditional positive regard, 610, 689, 690 Unconditioned response (UR), 316, 317 Unconditioned stimulus (US), 316, 317 Unconscious, 597-600 assessment of, 602— 603 collective, 601 modern view of, 605—606 Unconscious patronization, 744 Unconscious processes, 86, 271 in amnesia, 367 automatic processing, 353—354 closure and, 244, 253 in déjà vu, 373 false memories, 384—386 Freud’s emphasis on, 7 in hypnosis. See Hypnosis information processing and, 272 misinformation and imagination effects, 382—284 prejudice and, 743, 744 in psychoanalytic perspective. See Psychoanalysis; Psychoanalytic per spective repression, 380, 381, 387—390 in selective attention, 237—240 in sleep. See Dreams; Sleep source amnesia, 384 Undifferentiated schizophrenia, 671 Unweaving the Rainbow (Dawkins), 135 UR (unconditioned response), 316, 317 US (unconditioned stimulus), 316, 317 Validity, 448-449 of Rorschach Inkblot test, 603 Value(s) psychotherapy and, 708—710 sexual behavior and, 493—494 SUBJECT INDEX Value judgments, 48—49 Variable(s), independent and dependent, 38—39 Variable-interval schedules, 332 Variable-ratio schedules, 332 Variation, measures of, 41—42, 43 Ventromedial hypothalamus, hunger and, Visual capture, 242 Visual cliff, 245 Visual encoding, 356, 358—359 Visual information processing, 208—211 feature detection and, 209—210 parallel, 210—211 Volley principle, 219 475 Vestibular sacs, 234 Vestibular sense, 234 Video games, violence related to, 754—756 Violence. See also Aggression observational learning and, 344—346 Viral infection, during pregnancy, schizo phrenia and, 673—674 Virtual reality exposure therapy, 692, 693 Vision, 204—215. See also Blindness color, 212—214 depth perception and, 245 —249 eye and, 205 —208 light energy and, 204 —205 restored, 25 5—256 visual information processing and, 208 —211 WAIS (Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale), 444, 445 Wavelength, of light, 204—20 5 Wealth, well-being and, 539—542 The Wealth of Nations (Smith), 756 Weber’s law, 202 Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS), 444, 445 Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC), 445 Weight loss, 588—591 Well-being across life span, 189—190 subjective, 538 wealth and, 539—542 Wernicke’s area, 81 S—1.3 WISC (Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children), 445 Withdrawal from drugs, 297 from nicotine, 577 Women. See Gender entries; Sexuality; Sex; Sexual orientation Work, 188—189 Working memory, 351, 352, 353, 362—363 Workplace. See also Industrial/organizational (I/O) psychology motivation in, 498—510. See also Organizational psychology; Personnel psychology operant conditioning applications in, 3 37—338 X chromosome, 129 Y chromosome, 129—130 Young-Helmholtz trichromatic (three-color) theory, 212, 213 Zygotes, 140