Download Respiratory System Notes

CELLULAR RESPIRATION
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Cellular Respiration vs. Respiration
 Cellular Respiration is the
utilization of O2 and the
production of CO2 at the
cellular level in the process of
making energy (ATP).
 Respiration is gas exchange
between the atmosphere and
body cells.
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Functions of the Respiratory System
 Gas exchanges between the
blood and external environment
 Occurs in the alveoli of the
lungs
 Passageways to the lungs purify
(cleanse), humidify (moisten),
and warm the incoming air
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Organs of the Respiratory System
 Nose
 Pharynx
 Larynx
 Trachea
 Bronchi
 Lungs—alveoli
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Organs of the Respiratory System
 Pharynx – passageway for food from the
mouth to the esophagus
 Larynx – conducts air in and out of the
trachea
 Responsible for voice production
 Trachea – C-shaped hyaline cartilage that
makes a flexible tube in front of the
esophagus
 Air passageway AKA “windpipe”
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Organs of the Respiratory System
Figure 13.1
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The Nose
 Only externally visible part of the respiratory
system
 Air enters the nose through the external nostrils
(external nares)
 Interior of the nose consists of a nasal cavity
divided by a nasal septum
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Anatomy of the Nasal Cavity
 Lateral walls have projections called conchae
 Fleshy lobes that increase surface area
 Palate separates the nasal cavity from the oral
cavity
 Anterior hard palate (bone)
 Posterior soft palate (muscle)
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Upper Respiratory Tract – Label page 1
Figure 13.2
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Paranasal Sinuses
 Cavities within bones surrounding the
nasal cavity are called sinuses
 Sinuses are located in the following
bones:
 Frontal bone
 Sphenoid bone
 Ethmoid bone
 Maxillary bone
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Upper Respiratory Tract—Paranasal Sinuses - Page 1
Figure 13.2
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Pharynx (Throat)
 Muscular passage from nasal cavity to larynx
 Three regions of the pharynx
 Nasopharynx —superior region behind nasal
cavity
 Oropharynx —middle region behind mouth
 Laryngopharynx —inferior region attached to
larynx
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Upper Respiratory Tract: Pharynx - Label page 1
Figure 13.2
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Larynx (Voice Box)
 Routes air and food into proper channels
 Plays a role in speech
 Made of eight rigid hyaline cartilages and a
spoon-shaped flap of elastic cartilage called the
epiglottis
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Structures of the Larynx
 Thyroid cartilage
 Largest of the hyaline cartilages
 AKA Adam’s apple
 Epiglottis
 Routes food to esophagus & air toward trachea
 When swallowing, the epiglottis rises and forms a lid
over the opening of the larynx
 Vocal folds (true vocal cords)
 Vibrate with expelled air to create sound (speech)
 Glottis —opening between vocal cords (lumen of the
larynx)
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Esophagus & Trachea
 Esophagus
 Food passageway posterior to the trachea
 Trachea
 Four-inch-long air passageway that connects
larynx with bronchi
 Walls are reinforced with C-shaped hyaline
cartilage
 Lined with ciliated mucosa that beat continuously
in the opposite direction of incoming air
 Expel mucus loaded with dust and other debris
away from lungs
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Upper Respiratory Tract: Larynx - Label page 1
Figure 13.2
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Trachea (Windpipe)
Figure 13.3a
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Trachea (Windpipe)
Figure 13.3b
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Main (Primary) Bronchi
 Formed by division of the trachea
 Right bronchus is wider, shorter, and straighter
than left
 Bronchi subdivide into smaller and smaller
branches
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Main Bronchi
Figure 13.1
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Lungs
 Occupy most of the thoracic cavity
 Heart occupies central portion called
mediastinum
 Apex is near the clavicle (top portion of lung)
 Base rests on the diaphragm (bottom portion)
 Each lung is divided into lobes by fissures
 Left lung —two lobes
 Cardiac impression from the heart apex
 Right lung —three lobes
 Larger of the two lungs
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Lungs
Figure 13.4a
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Main Bronchi
Figure 13.4b
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Coverings of the Lungs
 Serosa covers the outer surface of the lungs
 Visceral pleura covers the lung surface
 Parietal pleura lines the walls of the thoracic
cavity
 Pleural fluid fills the area between layers of pleura
to allow gliding
 These two pleural layers resist being pulled apart
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Lungs
Figure 13.4a
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Bronchial (Respiratory) Tree Divisions
 All but the smallest of these passageways have
reinforcing cartilage in their walls
 Primary bronchi
 Secondary bronchi
 Tertiary bronchi
 Terminal bronchioles
 Respiratory Bronchioles
 Smallest of the respiratory passageways
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Page 4 – Label & color
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Respiratory Zone
 Structures
 Respiratory bronchioles
 Alveolar ducts
 Alveolar sacs
 Alveoli (air sacs)
 Site of gas exchange in the lungs = Alveoli
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Bronchial (Respiratory) Tree Divisions
Figure 13.5a
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Bronchial (Respiratory) Tree Divisions
Figure 13.5b
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Respiratory Membrane (Air-Blood Barrier)
 Alveolar Epithelium
 Thin squamous layer that lines alveolar walls
 Pulmonary capillaries cover external surfaces of
alveoli
 On one side of the membrane is air and on the
other side is blood flowing past
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Respiratory Membrane (Air-Blood Barrier)
Figure 13.6 (2 of 2)
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Gas Exchange
 Gas crosses the respiratory membrane by
diffusion
 Oxygen enters the blood
 Carbon dioxide enters the alveoli
 Alveolar macrophages (“dust cells”) add
protection by picking up bacteria, carbon
particles, and other debris
 Surfactant
 Fluid that coats gas-exposed alveolar surfaces
 This reduces surface tension in the lungs to
prevent alveolar collapse between breaths
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Respiratory Membrane (Air-Blood Barrier)
Figure 13.6 (1 of 2)
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Page 3 – Label & color
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Nonrespiratory Air (Gas) Movements
Table 13.1
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Pathway of oxygen through respiratory system
 External nares (nostrils)
 Nasal cavity
 Nasopharynx
 Oropharnyx
 Laryngopharynx
 Glottis
 Trachea
 Primary/Main bronchus
 Secondary bronchus
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Pathway of oxygen through respiratory system
 Tertiary bronchus
 Bronchiole
 Terminal bronchiole
 Respiratory bronchiole
 Alveolus
 Erthyrocyte (red blood cell)
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