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Napoleon - 1789-1815
Napoleon Forges an Empire –
Learning Targets
1. Who was Napoleon and why was he
considered a hero in France?
2. How did Napoleon rise to power?
3. Specifically, how did Napoleon restore
order in France?
4. What impact did Napoleon’s conquests
have on Europe?
French Revolution – Old Regime
Class of People
Occupation
% of
Population
Special Privileges
– of lack of
privileges
Did they pay
taxes?
First Estate
Pg. 217
Catholic Church Clergy
Own 10% of
the land,
less than
1% of Pop
Help the poor,
education, relief
services, help top
offices in France
No-tax exempt,
gave 2% of annual
income to gov’t as
a “gift”
Second Estate
Pg. 217
Nobles-wealthy.
Occupied the top position
in gov’t, courts, and
military
2% of Pop,
20% of the
land
No taxes, wealthy,
powerful, owned
land, high society
No.
Third Estate
Pgs. 217-218
1. Bourgeoisie
cullotes
Bankers, Merchants,
factory owners, skilled
artisans, professionals
97% overall
7%
Barred for top
positions due to
social class
YES!
2. Urban
Workers/Lower
class
Trades people, domestic
servants, laborers,
apprentaces
10%
Paid low wages,
bread, went
hungry,
Oh YES!!
3. Peasant
Farmers
Farmers, rural laborers
80%
Very poor, lost half
income in taxes
HECK YES!!
-tithes, feudal
dues, taxes to the
gov’t
Napoleon’s Rise to Power
a Earlier military career  the Italian Campaigns:
 1796-1797  he conquered most of northern
Italy for France, and had
developed a taste for governing.
 In northern Italy, he moved to suppress religious
orders, end serfdom, and limit age-old noble
privilege.
Napoleon’s Rise to Power
a Earlier military career  the Egyptian Campaign:
 1798  he
was defeated by a British navy under
Admiral Horatio Nelson, who destroyed the French
fleet at the Battle of the Nile.
 Abandoning his troops in Egypt, Napoleon returned
to France and received a hero’s welcome!
Napoleon as “First Consul”
a With the government in
disarray, Napoleon launched a
successful coup d’ etat on
November 9, 1799.
a He proclaimed himself “First
Consul” [Julius Caesar’s title]
and did away with the
elected Assembly [appointing
a Senate instead].

In 1802, he made himself sole
“Consul for Life.”

Two years later he proclaimed
himself “Emperor.”
French Revolution-Pendulum
Republic
Absolute
Monarchy
3rd Estate-National Assembly
National Convention
(Republic/Democracy)
Napoleon
Legislative Assembly
(Limited Constitution Monarchy)
Directory
Radical
Left
Moderate
Center
Conservative
Right
Napoleon Restores Order
Read Ch. 7.3, pgs. 229231:
What was done to
restore order?
What social class
would this appeal to?
Economic Order
Tax collection
Est. national banking
system
Bourgeoisie, urban
workers, peasant
farmers
Social Order
Corrupt officials fired,
trained officials hired,
lycee-public schools,
Bourgeoisie, urban
workers, farmers
Religious Order
Concordat-restore
church and state
relationship; Catholics
majority, but freedom of
religion for all
Everyone, but mostly
clergy and 3rd estate,
Legal Order
Napoleonic Code1. Appointment by Merit
2. Religious Toleration
3. Equality before the law
Napoleon Restores Order
What was done to
restore order?
What social class
would this appeal to?
Economic Order
Tax collection
National bank
Bourgeoisie, farmers,
urban workers
Social Order
Fired corrupt officials
Lycees-schools
Hired qualified officals
Bourgeoisie,
Religious Order
Concordat with Pope
-Catholic church largest
group
-freedom of religion
Protestants, peasants
Legal Order
Napoleonic Code1. Appointment by Merit
2. Religious Toleration
3. Equality before the law
Napoleon Restores Order
What was done to
restore order?
Economic Order
Social Order
Religious Order
Legal Order
What social class
would this appeal to?
Europe in 1800
Napoleon Established the
Banque de France, 1800
Concordat of 1801
a Napoleon wanted to heal
the divisions within the
Catholic Church that had
developed after the
confiscation of Church
property and the Civil
Constitution of the Clergy.
a But, Napoleon’s clear intent
was to use the clergy to
prop up his regime.
Concordat of 1801
a
Catholicism was declared the religion of the majority
of Frenchmen.
a
Papal acceptance of church lands lost
during the Revolution.
a
Bishops subservient to the regime.
a
Eventually, Pope Pius VII renounced
the Concordat, and Napoleon had him
brought to France and placed under
house arrest.
Lycee System of Education
a
Established by Napoleon in 1801 as an educational reform.
a
Lycées initially enrolled the nation’s most talented students
[they had to pay tuition, although there was some financial help
available for poorer student].
a
Lycées trained the nation’s future bureaucrats.
Legion of Honor, 1802
Palace of the Legion of Honor,
Paris
Code Napoleon, 1804
a
It divides civil law into:



Personal status.
Property.
The acquisition of
property.
a
Its purpose was to reform the
French legal code to reflect the
principles of the Fr. Revolution.
a
Create one law code for France.
Napoleon and His Code
The Influence of the Napoleonic Code
Wherever it was implemented [in the conquered territories],
the Code Napoleon swept away feudal property relations.
Napoleon’s Empire by 1810
Napoleon Crowned Himself as
Emperor - 1804
Emperor Napoleon I
Napoleonic Europe
Napoleon’s Decline
What happened?
Include specifics
How hurt Napoleon
Include specifics
Continental System
Pgs. 234-235
France tried to cut off
Britain from the rest of
continental Europe
-France set up blockade
against Britain.
-Britain smuggled
products into Europe
-Britain counter
blockaided France
-Britain had most
powerful navy in the
world.
-hurts the economies of
France and countries
that were part of empire
Peninsula Campaign
(Invasion of Spain)
Pgs. 235
-Invaded Spain to get to
Portugal. Wanted
Portugal to follow the
continental system
-Spanish used guerrilla
warfare to attack France.
Conquered countries
start to dislike Napoleon,
lost 300,000 troops,
nationalism spreads
throughout empire
Invasion of Russia
Pgs. 235-236
-France invades Russia for
trading with Britain.
-Russia used scorched-earth
policy
-scorched-earth policy
and brutal Russian
winter destroy the
French army.
The Continental System
British Cartoon
Peninsular Campaign: 1807-1810
1806: France 
Continental
System
 Spain
Portugal
e Portugal did not comply with the Continental System.
e France wanted Spain’s support to invade Portugal.
e Spain refused, so Napoleon invaded Spain as well!
“The Spanish Ulcer”
a
Napoleon tricked the Spanish
king and prince to come to
France, where he imprisoned
them.
a
He proclaimed his brother,
Joseph, to be the new king of
Spain.
a
He stationed over 100,000 Fr
troops in Madrid.
a
On May 2, 1808 [Dos de
Mayo] the Spanish rose up in
rebellion.
a
Fr troops fired on the crowd
in Madrid the next day [Tres
de Mayo].
“Third of May, 1808” by Goya (1810)
“The Spanish Ulcer”
a
Napoleon now poured 500,00
troops into Spain over the next
few years.
a
But, the Fr generals still had
trouble subduing the Spanish
population.
a
The British viewed this uprising
as an opportunity to weaken
Napoleon.

a
They moved an army into
Portugal to protect that country
and to aid the Spanish guerillas.
The Surrender of Madrid
May, 1809
by Goya
After 5 long years of savage fighting, Fr troops were finally
pushed back across the Pyrennes Mountains out of Spain.
Napoleon’s Empire in 1810
Napoleon’s Family Rules!
Jerome Bonaparte  King of Westphalia.
Joseph Bonaparte  King of Spain
Louise Bonaparte  King of Holland
Pauline Bonaparte  Princess of Italy
Napoléon Francis Joseph
Charles (son) King of
Rome
e Elisa Bonaparte  Grand
Duchess of Tuscany
e Caroline Bonaparte  Queen
of Naples
e
e
e
e
e
Napoleon’s Family & Friends/Allies
The “Big Blunder” -- Russia
a
The retreat from Spain came
on the heels of Napoleon’s
disastrous Russian Campaign
(1812-1813).
a
In July, 1812 Napoleon led his
Grand Armee of 614,000 men
eastward across central Europe
and into Russia.

The Russians avoided a direct
confrontation with Napoleon.

They retreated to Moscow, drawing the French into the
interior of Russia [hoping that it’s size and the weather would
act as “support” for the Russian cause].

The Russian nobles abandoned their estates and burned their
crops to the ground, leaving the French to operate far from
their supply bases in territory stripped of food.
Napoleon’s Troops at the Gates of Moscow
a
September 14, 1812  Napoleon reached Moscow,
but the city had largely been abandoned.
a
The Russians had set fire to the city.
Moscow Is On Fire!
Russian General Kutuzov
The Russian army defeated the French at Borodino.
Napoleon’s Retreat
from Moscow (Early 1813)
100,000 French troops retreat—40,000 survive!
Napoleon’s Abdication
Napoleon in Exile on Elba
Louis XVIII (r. 1814-1824)
th
“The War of the 7 Coalition”
1815: France 
Napoleon’s
“100 Days”
 Britain, Russia.
Prussia, Austria,
Sweden, smaller
German states
e
Napoléon escaped Elba and landed in France on
March 1, 1815  the beginning of his 100 Days.
e
Marie Louise & his son were in the hands of the
Austrians.
Napoleon’s Defeat at Waterloo
(June 18, 1815)
Duke
of
Wellington
Prussian
General
Blücher
Napoleon
on His Way
to His
Final Exile on
St. Helena
Napoleon’s Residence on St. Helena
Napoleon’s Tomb
Hitler Visits Napoleon’s Tomb
June 28, 1940
What is
Napoleon’s
Legacy?