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Global Regents Multiple Choice Review Term Islam Definition/Key Words -monotheistic religion -5 Pillars -Koran (Qu’ran) = holy book -pilgrimage to Mecca (holy place in the Middle East) Multiple Choice 1. Which belief system requires fasting during Ramadan, praying five times daily, and making a pilgrimage to Mecca? 1. 2. 3. 4. Judaism Christianity Islam Hinduism 2. The Koran, jihad, and the hegira are most closely associated with the practice of 1. 2. 3. 4. Islam Judaism Shinto Buddhism 3. The Five Pillars of Faith of Islam, the Ten Commandments of Judaism and Christianity, and the Eightfold Path of Buddhism are similar in that they all 1. 2. 3. 4. Monotheistic -belief in one god were set forth by the founder of the particular religion offer a happy and easy life for those who follow their teachings serve as guidelines to follow in personal conduct indicate exactly how to achieve salvation 1. Which belief system is considered monotheistic? 1. 2. 3. 4. Judaism Shinto Confucianism Animism 2. The religions of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam share a common belief in 1. 2. 3. 4. nirvana monotheism reincarnation animism 3. Islam, Judaism, and Christianity are similar in that they all 1. 2. 3. place great value on having many statues and images of holy people believe in Mohammed as the Prophet of God are monotheistic in belief 4. Shinto -religion in Japan -belief in spirits in nature require their members to settle in the Holy Land 1. A person who practices the Shinto faith would be most likely to 1. 2. 3. 4. visit a shrine placed on the shore of a lake pray five times a day bathe in the Ganges River make a pilgrimage to Jerusalem 2. The belief systems of Daoism, Shinto, and animism stress 1. 2. 3. 4. Buddhism -Eightfold Path -4 Noble Truths -following the teachings of Siddhartha Gautama (Buddha) harmony with nature to live in peace acceptance of monotheism to achieve salvation proper behavior to maintain social order obedience to caste rules to achieve moksha 1. In the practice of religion, the Ten Commandments are to Christianity as the Eightfold Path is to 1. 2. 3. 4. Buddhism Daoism Islam Shinto 2. Which religion includes the Four Noble Truths, the Eightfold Path, and nirvana? 1. 2. 3. 4. Buddhism Hinduism Judaism Christianity 3. Which belief is most closely associated with the teachings of Siddhartha Gautama (Buddha)? 1. 2. 3. 4. Hinduism -polytheistic -holy book = Vedas -reincarnation -karma -dharma -caste system People are born into a specific caste. Believers must follow the Ten Commandments. Followers must fast during Ramadan. People can overcome their desires by following the Eight-Fold Path. 1. A person who practices Hinduism would most likely 1. 2. 3. 4. believe the Vedas are sacred worship in a synagogue pray facing Mecca make a pilgrimage to Jerusalem 2. Believers of Hinduism are expected to 1. 2. 3. 4. fulfill their dharma for a favorable reincarnation complete a pilgrimage to Mecca obey the Ten Commandments follow the Eightfold Path to achieve enlightenment 3. “It is better to do the work of your own caste poorly than to do the work of another caste well.” This statement best expresses the idea that in traditional India 1. 2. 3. 4. Animism -religion in Africa -belief in spirits in nature each person could choose his or her occupation skilled workers were needed little social or occupational mobility existed between castes some castes do better work than other castes 1. Traditional animistic beliefs in Africa, Asia, and Latin America are based on 1. 2. 3. 4. a desire for wealth a written tradition an appreciation of the forces of nature a willingness to accept Christianity 2. A similarity between Shinto in Japan and animism in African societies is that both 1. 2. 3. 4. Confucianism -filial piety -5 Relationships -respect for elders -civil service exam -the Analects use the Torah to establish law codes stress the importance of the Eightfold Path believe that spirits exist in nature base social rank on a caste system 1. Filial piety and the five relationships are most often associated with 1. 2. 3. 4. Hinduism Daoism animism Confucianism 2. The philosophy of Confucius (K'ung-fu-tzu) stresses the importance of 1. 2. 3. 4. respect for authority religious beliefs a classless society owning land 3. Confucianism had a strong impact on the development of China mainly because this philosophy 1. 2. 3. 4. Neolithic Revolution -switch from hunting and gathering to farming and domestication of animals -leads to permanent settlements -establishes civilizations established a basic structure for military rule provided a basis for social order contained the framework for a communist government stressed the importance of the individual 1. The Neolithic Revolution is seen as a turning point in human history mainly because 1. 2. 3. 4. farming led to settled communities people started using animal skins for clothing copper was first used to improve stone tools cave paintings recorded the activities of nomadic groups 2. Which description best fits the Neolithic Revolution? 1. 2. 3. 4. moving from urban centers to rural centers using petrochemical fertilizers and pesticides to increase production replacing human laborers with machines shifting from hunting and gathering to farming as a way of life 3. The Neolithic Revolution is most closely associated with 1. 2. 3. 4. Code of Hammurabi -written laws -not equal to everyone (based on social class) -”an eye for an eye using child labor in factories domesticating plants and animals learning to control fire developing iron technology 1. The Code of Hammurabi and the Twelve Tables of Rome are examples of 1. 2. 3. 4. written laws religious rules of conduct economic sanctions early constitutions 2. …“If a man has knocked out the teeth of a man of the same rank, his own teeth shall be knocked out. If he has knocked out the teeth of a plebeian (commoner), he shall pay one-third of a mina of silver.”… — Code of Hammurabi Which statement is supported by this excerpt from Hammurabi’s code of laws? 1. 2. All men are equal under the law. Fines are preferable to physical punishment. 3. 4. Law sometimes distinguishes between social classes. Violence must always be punished with violence. 3. The Code of Hammurabi was a major contribution to the development of civilization because it 1. 2. 3. 4. Cultural Diffusion -the spreading or blending of multiple cultures treated citizens and slaves equally ended all physical punishment recorded existing laws for all to see rejected the principle of filial piety 1. The Hellenistic culture, associated with the rule of Alexander the Great, developed as a result of 1. 2. 3. 4. ethnocentrism cultural diffusion direct democracy embargoes Kushites adapted Egyptian art and architecture. Greeks adopted Phoenician characters for an alphabet. Arabs used the Indian mathematical concept of zero. 2. These actions are examples of 1. 2. 3. 4. filial piety cultural diffusion scientific research ethnocentrism 3. Which term is used to describe the spread of Buddhism from India through Southeast Asia? 1. 2. 3. 4. Gupta Empire -Golden Age of India -advancements in math, science, medicine etc. -concept of zero ethnocentrism isolation imperialism cultural diffusion 1. In India, for which achievement is the Gupta Golden Age best known? 1. 2. 3. 4. adoption of the printing press invention of the iron foot stirrup use of gunpowder development of the concept of zero Art and literature flourished during the Gupta Empire. Indian scholars developed the concept of zero. Indian provinces were united after 200 years of civil war. 2. The information in these statements refers to 1. 2. 3. 4. effects of European involvement in India India’s Golden Age effects of isolationism Islamic achievements in India 3. Which statement about the Gupta Empire is a fact rather than an opinion? 1. 2. 3. 4. Isolation -to be separated (usually by geographic barriers) -leads to ethnocentrism -leads to traditional cultures (no cultural diffusion) India’s strongest leaders came from the Gupta Empire. The Gupta Empire developed advancements in the areas of mathematics and science. The achievements of the Gupta Empire surpassed those of the Tang dynasty in China. Gupta paintings found on the walls of the Ajanta caves were superior to the art produced during the Mauryan Empire. 1. The geographic isolation of a society most often leads to the 1. 2. 3. 4. development of trade strengthening of traditional culture promotion of cultural diffusion growth of international alliances 2. The ethnocentric attitudes of various Chinese emperors can be attributed to the 1. 2. 3. 4. cultural isolation of China failure of other nations to become interested in China interest of Chinese scholars in other civilizations great cultural diversity within China’s borders 3. Which is least likely to result in cultural diffusion? 1. 2. 3. 4. Tang -Golden Age of China -advancements in literature & art (porcelain) migration trade war isolation 1. One way in which the Tang dynasty, the Gupta Empire, and the European Renaissance are similar is that they all included periods of 1. 2. 3. 4. religious unity democratic reforms economic isolation cultural achievements 2. The Tang dynasty contributed to the development of Chinese culture by 1. 2. 3. 4. creating a shogunate producing porcelain and block printing introducing Hinduism as a major philosophy devising a set of laws and carving them on rocks and pillars The Gupta Dynasty – A.D. 320-550 in India The Tang Dynasty – A.D. 618-907 in China 3. In what way are these dynasties similar? 1. 2. 3. 4. Silk Road -spread of culture -spread of goods/disease Both promoted equality for women. Both made advances in arts, sciences, and mathematics. Both gained overseas colonies in the New World. Both developed a democratic government. 1. Trade along the Silk Roads and the transSaharan trade routes resulted in 1. 2. 3. 4. elimination of all traditional beliefs a movement toward decolonization the Columbian exchange cultural diffusion between different societies 2. Which two major regions were directly connected by the Silk Road? 1. 2. 3. 4. Europe and South America Central America and Africa Asia and Africa Asia and Europe 3. The Silk Road was important because it allowed for the 1. 2. 3. 4. Ibn Battuta -Muslim explorer who traveled throughout the Middle East and Asia exploration of China by the Roman Army development of agriculture by the nomadic people of Central Asia movement of Chinese armies through Southeast Asia exchange of goods between Asia and the Middle East 1. The writings of both Marco Polo and Ibn Battuta inspired 1. 2. 3. exploration and trade important military expeditions movements for political freedom 4. the spread of Islam to Southeast Asia 2. Both Ibn Battuta and Mansa Musa demonstrated their religious values by 1. 2. 3. 4. meditating along the banks of the Ganges River converting Africans to Christianity making a pilgrimage to Mecca visiting the wailing wall in Jerusalem 3. Ibn Battuta and Marco Polo were similar in that both 1. 2. 3. 4. Byzantine Empire -the eastern part of the Roman Empire -Hagia Sophia -Eastern Orthodox Religion -cultural diffusion with Russia ruled over vast empires that included diverse peoples produced written records of their extensive travels converted thousands of people to Christianity fought to free their people from Mongol rule 1. Which region had the greatest influence on the historical and cultural development of the Byzantine Empire? 1. 2. 3. 4. Mesoamerica India Rome Egypt 2. Which development is most closely associated with the beginning of the Byzantine Empire? 1. 2. 3. 4. emergence of the Russian Orthodox Church division of the Roman Empire building of the Hagia Sophia fall of Constantinople Justinian issues a new code of laws. Greek culture is preserved. A split develops in Christianity between the Roman Catholics and Orthodox Christians. 3. Which empire is most closely associated with these statements? 1. 2. 3. 4. Justinian’s Code -set of laws (written by Emperor Justinian) Byzantine Persian Mughal British 1. One way in which the Justinian Code and the Napoleonic Code are similar is that both 1. made slavery unacceptable 2. 3. 4. gave people a set of rules to follow treated all equally under the law provided for religious freedom 2. The Code of Hammurabi, the Twelve Tables, and the Justinian Code are examples of 1. 2. 3. 4. religious edicts written laws epic poems democratic constitutions 3. One way in which the Twelve Tables of Rome, the Code of Hammurabi, and the Justinian Code were similar is that they established 1. 2. 3. 4. Mali -West African trading kingdom -gold & salt trade -Trans-Saharan trade routes -camel caravans trade agreements with neighboring countries tolerance for the different religions of their people written legal systems social class equality 1. The kingdoms of Ghana and Mali became prosperous and powerful because of 1. 2. 3. 4. their participation in the gold and salt trade the military protection provided to them by the Egyptians their dependence on legalism to enforce social control the tax revenue they collected from Christian missionaries Conquered Ghana Experienced a golden age under Mansa Musa Built mosques and schools in Timbuktu 2. Which civilization is most directly associated with these descriptions? 1. 2. 3. 4. Axum Benin Kush Mali 3. The kingdoms of Ghana, Mali, and Songhai prospered primarily due to their 1. 2. 3. 4. Ghana -West African trading kingdom -gold & salt trade -Trans-Saharan trade routes exchanges with Indian ports direct access to the Arabian Sea control of trade routes abundance of diamonds 1. One way in which the African kingdoms of Ghana and Mali are similar is that they -camel caravans 1. 2. 3. 4. established their wealth through trade improved their military strength with the use of gunpowder opened trade routes to the Americas adopted Christianity as their major religion 2. The economies of the western African civilizations of Ghana, Mali, and Songhai relied on 1. 2. 3. 4. industrial growth shipbuilding textile production trans-Saharan trade routes 3. Much of the wealth of the West African kingdoms of Ghana and Mali was gained from the 1. 2. 3. 4. Mansa Musa -king of the Mali empire -made a pilgrimage to Mecca -known for the spread of Islam sale of slaves to Europeans creation of colonies on the Mediterranean coast taxation on goods brought by Indian merchants control of the trans-Saharan trade in gold and salt 1. Mansa Musa’s pilgrimage to Mecca demonstrates that he practiced 1. 2. 3. 4. animism Sikhism Islam Buddhism 2. The leader of the ancient kingdom of Mali was 1. 2. 3. 4. Alexander the Great Julius Caesar Mansa Musa Ramses II 3. What was a significant effect of Mansa Musa’s pilgrimage to Mecca? 1. 2. 3. 4. Crusades -series of holy wars between Christians & Muslims -fought over the holy land (Jerusalem) The African written language spread to southwest Asia. Military leaders eventually controlled Mali. Islamic learning and culture expanded in Mali. The trading of gold for salt ended 1. Which statement accurately describes the actions of Muslims during the Crusades? 1. 2. Most Muslims converted to Christianity. Muslims attacked and conquered Constantinople. 3. 4. Muslims defended Jerusalem because it was sacred to them. Many Muslims visited Europe for the first time to obtain luxury goods. 2. What were two indirect results of the Crusades? 1. 2. 3. 4. Trade and commerce increased and the feudal system was strengthened. Trade and commerce declined and the feudal system was weakened. Trade and commerce increased and the feudal system was weakened. Trade and commerce declined and the feudal system was strengthened. 3. Which is the most valid generalization about the Crusades? 1. 2. 3. 4. Feudalism -a political system where land was exchange for loyalty & services -king-> lords (nobles) -> knights -> serfs The Crusades strengthened the power of the serfs in Europe. The Crusades increased trade between Europe and Asia. The Crusades brought European influence to Africa. The Crusades supported the idea of religious tolerance. 1. What was a characteristic of feudalism? 1. 2. 3. 4. Land was exchanged for military service and obligations. Government was provided by a bureaucracy of civil servants. Power rested in the hands of a strong central government. Unified national court systems were developed. 2. Feudal societies are generally characterized by 1. 2. 3. 4. an emphasis on social order a representative government many economic opportunities the protection of political rights 3. In western Europe, feudalism developed after the 1. 2. 3. 4. Mongols -technological advancement of the stirrup & bow and arrow -expansive empire due to military conquest (rule each area differently) -Genghis Khan, Kublai Khan Roman Empire collapsed Renaissance began city of Constantinople fell Mongols invade 1. Which group used the stirrup, skilled horsemanship, and siege warfare techniques to conquer much of Asia and part of Europe in the 12th and 13th centuries? -isolated Russia 1. 2. 3. 4. Japanese Vikings Persians Mongols 2. Which factor contributed to the success of the vast empire created by the Mongols? 1. 2. 3. 4. avoiding contacts with the West paying monetary tribute to local rulers employing superior military skills converting conquered peoples to Confucianism 3. Which statement describes the situation in Russia during the 200 years when the Mongols ruled? 1. 2. 3. 4. Mercantilism -the trade of raw materials from the colony to the mother country in exchange for manufactured goods -colonies are to provide a favorable balance of trade for the mother country (Europe) Russia experienced a cultural Renaissance. Russia was isolated and paid tribute to the Khans. Westernization and industrialization began in Russia. Democratic reforms were encouraged in Russian society. 1. Which statement best describes a key aspect of mercantilism? 1. 2. 3. 4. removing tariffs to increase free trade between empires acquiring colonies to provide a favorable balance of trade eliminating private ownership of the means of production encouraging subsistence agriculture 2. Which policy is a country using when it regulates its colonies’ imports and exports to produce a favorable balance of trade? 1. 2. 3. 4. embargo outsourcing mercantilism transmigration 3. Which idea is most closely associated with the economic concept of mercantilism? 1. 2. 3. 4. Colonies exist to provide raw materials and markets for a colonial power. Wealth and power are based on land exchanged between nobles. Goods and services are traded without government interference. Property is owned collectively and administered by the state. Renaissance -rebirth of Greek and Roman culture -Considered a golden age (advancements in art, literature, science) -increase in secular (non-religious) ideas -humanism emphasizes the importance of the individual 1. Pax Romana, the Golden Age of Islam, and the Renaissance were all periods of 1. 2. 3. 4. cultural isolationism censorship and regulation advancements in arts and in knowledge decreasing influence of religion on cultural practices 2. Which philosophy that was developed during the Renaissance is associated with a shift in focus away from religious subjects toward more secular subjects? 1. 2. 3. 4. humanism absolutism communism scholasticism Focus on individual achievement Use of classical Greek and Roman ideas Artistic works of Leonardo da Vinci 3. Which time period is most closely associated with these characteristics? 1. 2. 3. 4. Commercial Revolution -favorable balance of trade -rise of capitalism -mercantilism -joint-stock companies Hellenistic Golden Age Early Middle Ages European Renaissance Scientific Revolution 1. What was one result of the European Commercial Revolution? 1. 2. 3. 4. a decline in the spice trade the destruction of the papacy the development of capitalism an increased reliance on bartering 2. During the Commercial Revolution, where did trading centers most often develop? 1. 2. 3. 4. in the mountains near grasslands along waterways on the tundra 3. Which was a result of the Commercial Revolution? 1. 2. 3. 4. decline in population growth in Europe shift of power from western Europe to eastern Europe spread of feudalism throughout western Europe expansion of European influence overseas Reformation -a movement designed to address the corruption within the Catholic Church 1. An immediate result of the Protestant Reformation was the 1. 2. 3. 4. breaking of the religious unity of Europe strengthening of the political power of the Pope increase in the influence of the Roman Catholic Church restoration of political unity to western Europe 2. What was one cause of the Protestant Reformation? 1. 2. 3. 4. revolt by the Moors in Spain passage of the Act of Supremacy in England call for the Council of Trent by Pope Paul III corruption among high officials of the Catholic Church 3. Which technological development contributed most directly to the success of the Protestant Reformation? 1. 2. 3. 4. Martin Luther -author of the 95 Theses (spread through the use of the printing press) -against the sale of indulgences astrolabe compass wheel printing press 1. Which leader started the Protestant Reformation by speaking out against papal abuses and the sale of indulgences in the Ninety-five Theses? 1. 2. 3. 4. John Calvin Henry VIII John Wycliffe Martin Luther 2. Martin Luther’s Ninety-five Theses were a call for 1. 2. 3. 4. religious revolt against the German princes reforms within the Roman Catholic Church greater Papal authority crusades to spread Christianity 3. One way Martin Luther, John Calvin, and Henry VIII were similar is that they all were A. B. C. D. Latin American revolutionary leaders Reformation leaders Impressionist painters divine right monarchs Inca -Andes Mountains (South America) -terrace farming to adapt to their environment -extensive road network (& bridges) 1. Which development is most closely associated with early Inca achievements? 1. 2. 3. 4. inventing the wheel as a transportation device improving iron weapons expanding global trade adapting a mountainous environment 2. What was an important strategy used by both the Romans and the Incas to unify their empires? 1. 2. 3. 4. building a large network of roads and bridges using powerful navies to protect sea trade routes supporting free-market economies by minting silver coins granting citizenship and voting rights to conquered peoples 3. A major agricultural advancement of the Incas was the 1. 2. 3. 4. Age of Exploration -a period from the 1400’s - 1600’s -European ships were traveled around the world to search for new trading routes domestication of cattle use of a steel plow terracing of mountains for farming development of floating gardens 1. The Age of Exploration led directly to the 1. 2. 3. 4. establishment of European colonies start of the Puritan Revolution invention of the magnetic compass failure of the Congress of Vienna 2. Which statement best illustrates the concept of European mercantilism during the Age of Exploration? 1. 2. 3. 4. England encouraged free trade among its colonies. Spain reduced exports to its South American colonies. Portugal sought trade benefits from its colonial possessions. France refused to give financial support to weak national industries. Invention of the compass and astrolabe European dependence on spices from Asia Rise of nation-states in Europe 3. These developments influenced the start of the 1. 2. 3. Crusades Renaissance Reformation 4. Aztec -MesoAmerican civilization -Tenochtitlan (Aztec capital located on Lake Texcoco) -chinampas (floating gardens) to adapt to their environment Age of Exploration 1. What was one reason the Spanish conquistadors were able to conquer the Aztec Empire? 1. 2. 3. 4. The Spanish soldiers made effective use of their military technology against the Aztecs. Aztec religious beliefs promoted nonviolence. Spain joined the Incas in their fight against the Aztecs. The Spanish cavalry outnumbered the Aztec warriors. 2. Inca terrace farming and Aztec floating gardens are examples of 1. 2. 3. 4. the ability of civilizations to adapt to their region’s physical geography slash-and-burn farming techniques Mesoamerican art forms symbolizing the importance of agriculture colonial economic policies that harmed Latin American civilizations 3. The civilizations of the Aztecs, Incas, and Mayas were similar in that all 1. 2. 3. 4. Marco Polo -Italian explorer -travels the Silk Road and writes about his travels -stimulated travel and trade spoke the same language followed a monotheistic religion developed cities and complex governments used a complex system of writing 1. The writings of both Marco Polo and Ibn Battuta inspired 1. 2. 3. 4. exploration and trade important military expeditions movements for political freedom the spread of Islam to Southeast Asia 2. The travels of Marco Polo and of Ibn Battuta were similar in that these travels 1. 2. 3. 4. led to nationalistic movements helped to spread the ideas of religious leaders stimulated the expansion of trade supported democratic forms of government 3. Ibn Battuta and Marco Polo were similar in that both 1. ruled over vast empires that included diverse peoples 2. 3. 4. Absolutism & Absolute Monarch -the belief that a king or queen should have complete & total power produced written records of their extensive travels converted thousands of people to Christianity fought to free their people from Mongol rule 1. Which form of government is associated with the reigns of Suleiman the Magnificent, Akbar the Great, and Peter the Great? 1. 2. 3. 4. constitutional monarchy direct democracy theocracy absolute monarchy 2. Which is a basic characteristic of an absolute monarchy? 1. 2. 3. 4. All power is held by a king or queen. There is an elected legislature. People's liberties are guaranteed in a written constitution. There are many political parties. 3. From the 15th to the 18th centuries, absolute monarchs of Europe and Asia sought to 1. 2. 3. 4. Divine Right -the belief the a king’s power comes from God -similar to the Mandate of Heaven increase the power of the Catholic Church centralize their political power redistribute land to the peasants strengthen feudalism 1. The theory justifying a monarch’s rule by God’s authority is called 1. 2. 3. 4. laissez faire totalitarianism predestination divine right “Kings are God’s lieutenants on earth.” 2. Which type of government is best characterized by this quotation? 1. 2. 3. 4. direct democracy republic rule by divine right limited monarchs 3. The 17th century divine right of monarchs of Western Europe justified their authority in much the same way as the 1. emperors of China who claimed the mandate of heaven 2. 3. 4. Suleiman the Magnificent -aka Suleiman the Lawgiver -ruler of the Ottoman Empire -practiced religious tolerance -absolute monarch colonial governors of the American colonies who claimed parliamentary supremacy 20th century Nazis who believed in racial superiority Russian occupiers of Eastern Europe who based their authority on Socialist doctrine 1. One way in which Suleiman the Magnificent and Louis XIV are similar is that they both 1. 2. 3. 4. centralized political power introduced a new national religion strengthened the authority of the nobility freed peasants from feudal obligations 2. Which characteristic is associated with the rule of both Akbar the Great and Suleiman the Magnificent? 1. 2. 3. 4. promoting equal rights for women expanding the role of legislative bodies forcing the conversion of citizens to Christianity practicing religious tolerance toward members of society 3. One way in which Suleiman the Magnificent and Akbar the Great are similar is that they both brought about periods of 1. 2. 3. 4. Peter the Great -czar of Russia -westernization -modernized Russia political stability and religious tolerance religious conquest and persecution isolationism and cultural stagnation modernization and political disunity 1. Which change is most closely associated with Peter the Great of Russia? 1. 2. 3. 4. establishment of Moscow as the capital city extension of Russia’s borders to the Northern Caucuses and Ukraine westernization and modernization of the country emancipation of the serfs on private estates 2. What happened in Russia as a result of actions taken by Peter the Great? 1. 2. 3. 4. Russia was weakened by French invasions. Catholicism was adopted as the state religion. The Duma was reformed and the serfs were freed. Russia borrowed Western ideas and expanded its territories. 3. Westernization of Russia came about largely through the 1. 2. 3. 4. Catherine the Great -enlightened despot from Russia -gave people more rights -westernization efforts of Peter the Great and his successors invasion of Russia by Sweden desire of the United States to seek new markets acceptance of the policies of the Eastern Orthodox Church 1. Which step did Catherine the Great take that is consistent with Enlightenment ideas? 1. 2. 3. 4. ordering the burning of books strengthening the institution of serfdom expanding Russian territory into Ukraine considering a law code that would treat all citizens equally 2. Peter the Great and Catherine the Great changed Russia by 1. 2. 3. 4. abolishing all social class distinctions becoming constitutional monarchs preventing wars with neighboring nations introducing Western ideas and customs 3. One way in which the reigns of Peter the Great and Catherine the Great are similar is that both leaders 1. 2. 3. 4. Scientific Revolution -questioning spirit derived from the Renaissance -scientific method promoted the emancipation of serfs strengthened the role of the Duma and centralized royal power shared their power with the Russian Orthodox Church pursued a policy of westernization and expansion 1. New scientific knowledge and understandings that developed during the Scientific Revolution were most often based on 1. 2. 3. 4. observation and experimentation church law and faith superstition and ancient practices geometric formulas and astrology 2. Which statement about the Scientific Revolution in Europe is accurate? 1. 2. 3. The existence of natural laws was rejected. Scientists questioned traditional beliefs about the universe. New ideas supported the geocentric theory of Ptolemy. 4. The Bible was used to justify new scientific findings Galileo used the telescope and challenged the teachings of the day. Sir Isaac Newton discovered the laws of gravity. Copernicus determined that the Sun is the center of the universe. 3. Which period is most directly associated with these events? 1. 2. 3. 4. Galileo -invented the telescope -agreed with Copernicus’ heliocentric theory Early Middle Ages Scientific Revolution Protestant Reformation Industrial Revolution 1. One way in which the contributions of Copernicus, Galileo, and Newton are similar is that each 1. 2. 3. 4. challenged the heliocentric theory of the universe based his work on Enlightenment principles of social contract practiced observation and experimentation in his work supported the work of the Inquisition 2. Galileo Galilei and Sir Issac Newton are most closely associated with 1. 2. 3. 4. initiating religious reforms leading political revolutions conducting investigative experiments engaging in foreign conquests 3. Sir Isaac Newton, Galileo Galilei, and Johannes Kepler are all directly associated with the 1. 2. 3. 4. Enlightenment -a time when people started to question their government/what government would work best for their country -laws of nature & reason Industrial Revolution Scientific Revolution English Revolution Agricultural Revolution 1. One way in which the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment are similar is that both 1. 2. 3. 4. led to increased power for royal families in Europe sought to reconcile Christian beliefs and science questioned traditional values and past practices promoted nationalistic revolutions in eastern Europe 2. Why is the Enlightenment considered a turning point in world history? 1. 2. 3. 4. The factory system was used to massproduce goods. Martin Luther broke away from the Roman Catholic Church. Europeans changed their thinking about the role of government. The Columbian exchange occurred. 3. Enlightenment thinkers encouraged the improvement of society through the 1. 2. 3. 4. Magna Carta -a document that limited the power of the monarchy teachings of the church use of reason development of absolutism establishment of a rigid social hierarchy 1. The Magna Carta and the English Bill of Rights both served to 1. 2. 3. 4. extend the voting privileges of commoners abolish the government’s role in levying taxes limit the power of the monarchy support the theory of the divine right of kings 2. The primary purpose of the Magna Carta (1215) was to 1. 2. 3. 4. limit the power of King John install Oliver Cromwell as dictator justify the Glorious Revolution charter the British East India Company 3. The Magna Carta, the Petition of Right, and the English Bill of Rights led the English government to develop a political system in which 1. 2. 3. 4. Glorious Revolution -a bloodless overthrow of King James II by William and Mary -results in a constitutional monarchy rulers were responsible to the people religious authorities controlled the lawmaking process the power of the monarch came from God the individual was denied a trial by jury 1. The signing of the Magna Carta in 1215 and the Glorious Revolution in 1688 were key events in English history because they resulted in 1. 2. 3. 4. creating alliances with France defeating Protestant nobles limiting the power of the monarchy annexing territory Parliament offered the throne to King William and Queen Mary. Catholic King James II fled England for France. Parliament agreed to joint rule with the monarch. 2. These events are most closely associated with the 1. 2. 3. 4. Crusades French Revolution Glorious Revolution Reconquista 3. What was a major result of the Glorious Revolution? 1. 2. 3. 4. John Locke -Life, liberty, and property -Philosopher -Ideas support the French Revolution, American Revolution, and Latin American Revolutions Napoleon was restored to power. England further limited its monarchy. Oliver Cromwell became the leader of England. The Spanish Armada was defeated. 1. The idea that all people are born with the natural rights of life, liberty, and property is most directly associated with the writings of 1. 2. 3. 4. Baron de Montesquieu Thomas Hobbes Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet John Locke 2. Which individual suggested the idea that if a government fails to protect its people’s natural rights of life, liberty, and property, the people have the right to overthrow it? 1. 2. 3. 4. Karl Marx John Locke Thomas Hobbes Niccolò Machiavelli 3. Which idea is central to John Locke’s Two Treatises of Government? 1. 2. 3. 4. French Revolution -Causes: people in the 3rd estate wanted more power, they were hungry and angry -Reign of Terror, radical, Robespierre A government’s power comes from the consent of the people. Predestination will determine who will go to heaven. Famine, disease, and conflict are natural checks on population growth. The have-nots will rise up and overthrow the government of the haves. 1. One way in which Robespierre and Louis XVI of France are similar is that both Effects: Nationalist movements in Latin America 1. 2. 3. 4. were removed from power during the French Revolution adopted ideas of the Congress of Vienna implemented policies of religious tolerance decreased government control of the economy 2. Which issue was a cause of the French Revolution? 1. 2. 3. 4. ineffective rule of Napoleon Bonaparte nationalization of the Church outrage over the use of the guillotine by the Committee of Public Safety demand of the Third Estate for more political power 3. Before the French Revolution, the people of France were divided into three estates based mainly on their 1. 2. 3. 4. Congress of Vienna -puts Europe back to the way it was before Napoleon took over -put monarchs back in power education level geographic region social class religious beliefs 1. One of the main purposes of the Congress of Vienna (1814–1815) was to 1. 2. 3. 4. promote the unification of Italy preserve the German territories gained by Otto von Bismarck restore the power of the Holy Roman Empire establish a balance of power in Europe after the defeat of Napoleon 2. One goal of the Congress of Vienna was to 1. 2. 3. 4. establish a new balance of power in Europe protect Europe from Ottoman advances end abuses within the Catholic Church redraw the boundaries of Africa 3. At the Congress of Vienna (1815), the governments of Europe reacted to the French Revolution and the rule of Napoleon by attempting to 1. 2. 3. 4. Louis XIV -Monarch who built the Palaces of Versailles and bankrupted France restore old regimes to power spread the idea of democracy encourage nationalist movements promote the European free-trade zone 1. Which person is credited with saying “L’état, c’est moi” (I am the state)? 1. 2. 3. 4. Louis XIV John Locke Karl Marx Queen Isabella 2. Louis XIV and Peter the Great would most likely agree with the expression 1. 2. 3. 4. “government should leave businesses alone” “countries should settle differences without war” “do not question government authority” “all men are created with natural rights” 3. A common goal of Philip II of Spain and Louis XIV of France was to 1. 2. 3. 4. Napoleon -leader who unified France after the French Revolution (nationalism) -Led a large land empire spread Calvinism promote political revolutions maintain absolute power isolate their nations 1. What was one factor that caused Napoleon’s invasion of Russia and Hitler’s invasion of Russia to be unsuccessful? 1. 2. 3. 4. poorly trained military forces a lack of alliances harsh winter climate mountainous terrain 2. One way in which the Justinian Code and the Napoleonic Code are similar is that both 1. 2. 3. 4. made slavery unacceptable gave people a set of rules to follow treated all equally under the law provided for religious freedom 3. One major effect of Napoleon’s rule of France was that it led to 1. 2. 3. 4. Simon Bolivar -Nationalist leader who led the independence movements in Latin America an increase in the power of the Roman Catholic Church massive emigration to the Americas trade agreements with Great Britain a restoration of political stability 1. One similarity in the actions of Simón Bolívar and Napoleon Bonaparte is that both leaders 1. 2. 3. 4. encouraged nationalism relied on diplomatic negotiations established a representative form of government rebelled against imperialism 2. Simón Bolívar, Toussaint L’Ouverture, and José de San Martín are all associated with revolutions in 1. 2. 3. 4. Africa Europe South Asia Latin America 3. The Andes Mountains and the Amazon River basin affected Simón Bolívar’s efforts to bring about 1. 2. 3. 4. Laissez-Faire -”hands off” -government should have little to no control over the economics of their country Economic imperialism Political unification Religious solidarity Technological improvements 1. Adam Smith would most likely agree with which statement? 1. 2. 3. 4. Revolution is the only solution to economic problems. Five-year plans are necessary in order to industrialize. All nations would benefit from an agricultural economy. Government should follow a laissez-faire policy. 2. Which statement represents a central idea of laissez-faire economics? 1. 2. 3. 4. Class struggles are based on inequities. Workers should form unions to better their conditions. Prices are best determined by supply and demand. The government should own all means of production. 3. Adam Smith’s laissez-faire theories are most closely associated with 1. 2. 3. 4. Communism -economic system in which everyone is paid the same and everyone is treated the same -no incentives -no private ownership -no competition the separation of church and state minimal government regulation of the economy a command economy high tariffs to protect domestic businesses 1. In which economic system does the government make most major decisions about what to produce, how much to produce, and for whom the goods and services will be produced? 1. 2. 3. traditional mixed command 4. market 2. Capitalism is to private ownership as communism is to 1. 2. 3. 4. supply and demand laissez-faire state control self-determination 3. Under communism in the former Soviet Union, people were required to 1. 2. 3. 4. Socialism -a political and economic theory that states that the means of production, distribution, and exchange should be owned or regulated by the community as a whole reject modern technology limit the size of their families honor their ancestors and religious traditions put the interests of the state before individual gain "…The Communist party of the Soviet Union has been and remains a natural and inalienable part of social forces. Their cooperation will make it possible to attain the ultimate goal of Perestroika: to renew our society within the framework of the socialist choice, along the lines of advance to a humane democratic socialism…." 1. Which leader would most likely have made this statement? 1. 2. 3. 4. Industrial Revolution -change in how goods are made, from goods being made by hand to goods being made in factories -leads to urbanization -leads to pollution -increase in population Kwame Nkrumah Mohandas Gandhi Benito Mussolini Mikhail Gorbachev 1. During the Industrial Revolution, which development resulted from the other three? 1. 2. 3. 4. Factory conditions affected people’s health. Labor unions were formed. Unskilled laborers received low wages. Machinery replaced workers. 2. In the late 1700s, the Industrial Revolution developed in Britain because Britain 1. 2. 3. 4. possessed key factors of production excluded foreign investors suppressed the enclosure movement required a minimum wage be paid to workers 3. One way in which the Industrial Revolution in Great Britain in the 18th century and the potato blight in Ireland in the 19th century are similar is that they both led directly to 1. 2. 3. 4. Karl Marx -father of communism -wrote the Communist Manifesto to lay out the basics for communism -inspires: Josef Stalin and Mao Zedong significant human migrations more equitable distribution of wealth growth in the number of subsistence farmers rapid increases in food production 1. A key idea in the Communist Manifesto by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels is that workers should support the 1. 2. 3. 4. overthrow of the capitalist system establishment of labor unions legislative regulation of wages and working conditions technological changes in production methods 2. What is a major belief associated with Marxism? 1. 2. 3. 4. The proletariat would rise up and overthrow the bourgeoisie. Religion should be more important than political forces. Private ownership of property should be expanded. Peasants would gain control of overseas markets. 3. Which written work criticized the capitalist system during the Industrial Revolution? 1. 2. 3. 4. Imperialism -when a stronger country takes over a weaker country -Stronger countries need new materials and new markets Ex: Great Britain taking over India Communist Manifesto by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels “White Man’s Burden” by Rudyard Kipling The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith The Origin of Species by Charles Darwin 1. The poem “White Man’s Burden” is most directly associated with the concept of 1. 2. 3. 4. neutrality appeasement reparations imperialism 2. Which geographic characteristic of Japan most influenced its decision to engage in imperialism in the early to mid-20th century? 1. 2. 3. 4. mountainous terrain lack of natural resources abundance of rivers island location 3. One major reason European countries engaged in imperialism in the late 19th century was to 1. 2. 3. 4. Meiji Restoration -modernization of Japan after they were imperialized by other countries gain a better understanding of unknown territories ease tensions with their rivals develop treatments for diseases obtain markets for their manufactured goods 1. Which action did Japan take during the Meiji Restoration? 1. 2. 3. 4. established a social system to benefit the samurai sent experts to learn from modern Western nations allowed communist ideas to dominate its government started an ambitious program to expel foreign manufacturers 2. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Japan rapidly industrialized. During which period did this change take place? 1. 2. 3. 4. Heian Court Song dynasty Yuan dynasty Meiji Restoration 3. Which action in Japanese history occurred during the Meiji Restoration? 1. 2. 3. 4. Berlin Conference -Meeting at which European countries divided up Africa without African consent Japan modernized its economy. Mongols invaded the islands of Japan. The Japanese government adopted an isolationist policy. Buddhism became the official religion of Japan. 1. Some of the ethnic strife in Africa today can be traced back to the European division of Africa resulting from the 1. 2. 3. 4. Treaty of Tordesillas Congress of Vienna Berlin Conference Yalta Conference 2. The Berlin Conference is most closely associated with the colonization of 1. 2. 3. 4. South Asia East Asia Latin America Africa 3. Which situation was a result of the 1884 Berlin Conference? 1. 2. 3. 4. Treaty of Versailles -Ended WWI and put harsh restrictions on Germany -Germany was blamed for the loss of WWI -Germany had to pay reparations -Germany had to give up territories -Germany had to limit their army Africa was divided without regard to ethnic groups. Monarchies were restored throughout Europe. The slave trade with South America was eliminated. The League of Nations was formed. 1. Which agreement was labeled by the Nazis as unfair to Germany? 1. 2. 3. 4. Treaty of Versailles Soviet Nonaggression Pact Munich Pact Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 2. Many historians believe that the harsh terms found in the Treaty of Versailles helped lead to 1. 2. 3. 4. Italy’s unification Turkey’s modernization revolutions in Russia World War II 3. The Treaty of Versailles angered many Germans after World War I because the treaty 1. 2. 3. 4. Appeasement -giving in to a country or region to try to keep the peace divided Germany into Communist and non-Communist zones made Germany restore its emperor required all German-speaking Europeans to return to Germany forced Germany to pay large war reparations “The belief that security can be won by throwing a small state to the wolves is a fatal mistake.” – Winston Churchill 1. Which foreign policy is criticized by this quotation? 1. 2. 3. 4. containment détente glasnost appeasement 2. Which event caused the policy of appeasement to be viewed as a failure? 1. 2. 3. 4. creation of the League of Nations (1919) forced famine in Ukraine (1932) invasion of Czechoslovakia (1939) atomic bombing of Hiroshima (1945) 3. Before September 1939, the European response to Hitler’s actions included 1. 2. 3. 4. League of Nations -International organization that was created at the end of WWI to try to keep peace -Was unsuccessful because the US did not join and the organization was not backed by an army following a policy of appeasement blockading the coast of Germany forcing Germany to sign the Versailles Treaty creating alliances under the United Nations Charter 1. One reason for the outbreak of World War II was the 1. 2. 3. 4. ineffectiveness of the League of Nations growing tension between the United States and the Soviet Union conflict between the Hapsburg and the Romanov families refusal of the German government to sign the Treaty of Versailles 2. One major reason the League of Nations failed was that it 1. 2. 3. 4. was not included in the Versailles Treaty was controlled by communist Russia frightened many nations with its large military force lacked the support of many of the major world powers during crises 3. “Mussolini Attacks Ethiopia” (1935) “Germany Takes the Rhineland Back” (1936) “Germany and Russia Divide Poland” (1939) These headlines might be used to illustrate the weakness of the 1. 2. 3. 4. Josef Stalin -Communist leader of the Soviet Union (USSR) after Vladimir Lenin United Nations Congress of Vienna Warsaw Pact League of Nations 1. The primary purpose of Joseph Stalin’s fiveyear plans was to 1. 2. 3. 4. increase agricultural and industrial output limit the wealth of the upper class increase the production of consumer goods limit immigration of ethnic minorities 2. Which condition was a result of Joseph Stalin’s command economy? 1. 2. 3. Peasants were encouraged to sell surplus grain for personal profit. The production of consumer goods increased. National revenue increased allowing for greater individual spending. 4. The government controlled agriculture through collective farms 3. Which goal did Joseph Stalin establish for the Soviet Union? 1. 2. 3. 4. Fascism -an authoritarian ruler who rules through terror, censorship and extreme racism becoming an industrial power creating a golden age of culture instituting a parliamentary monarchy easing tensions using détente 1. After World War I, the rise of Benito Mussolini in Italy and the rise of Adolf Hitler in Germany are most closely associated with 1. 2. 3. 4. the development of fascism the desire for containment an emphasis on democratic traditions a return to conservative religious practices 2. Extreme nationalism, individuals existing for the good of the state, and unquestioning loyalty to the leader are the defining characteristics of 1. 2. 3. 4. fascism liberalism democracy theocracy 3. What was a key cause for the rise of fascism in nations such as Italy and Germany? 1. 2. 3. 4. Adolf Hitler -Fascist dictator of Germany during WWII -leads the Holocaust collectivization economic hardship genocide secret treaties 1. What was one factor that caused Napoleon’s invasion of Russia and Hitler’s invasion of Russia to be unsuccessful? 1. 2. 3. 4. poorly trained military forces a lack of alliances harsh winter climate mountainous terrain 2. Which term is often used to describe the actions of Adolf Hitler in Germany and Pol Pot in Cambodia? 1. 2. 3. 4. nonalignment neocolonialism scorched-earth policy genocide 3. Which action illustrates the concept of genocide? 1. 2. 3. 4. Cold War - War of ideologies between the US (capitalism) and the USSR (communism) the British negotiating peace with Adolf Hitler during the 1938 Munich Conference Adolf Hitler and Joseph Stalin signing a non-aggression pact in 1939 the Nazi armies eliminating the Jews and other groups as part of Adolf Hitler’s Final Solution German generals plotting against Adolf Hitler 1. The destruction of the Berlin Wall and the reunification of Germany in 1990 are events that symbolize the 1. 2. 3. 4. end of the Cold War Era end of democracy in Germany fall of Nazi power in Germany increased influence of the Warsaw Pact 2. Which heading best completes the partial outline below? I. _________________________________ A. Korea remains divided at the 38th parallel. B. East and West Berlin are split by a wall. C. Strategic arms limitation talks begin. 1. 2. 3. 4. Emerging Nations of the World Results of the Cold War Economic Benefits of World War II Ethnic Conflicts in the World 3. The term iron curtain refers to the 1. 2. 3. 4. NATO -North Atlantic Treaty Organization -Set up by the US as an alliance against the USSR scars left on the land by the trenches of World War I no-fly zone in northern Iraq after the Persian Gulf War border established between India and Pakistan after World War II western boundary of Soviet domination in Europe during the Cold War 1. The Soviet Union’s response to the formation of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) was to create the 1. 2. Marshall Plan Warsaw Pact 3. 4. Truman Doctrine European Union 2. The Truman Doctrine and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) were United States responses to the 1. 2. 3. 4. threat of the Nazis in the 1930s fear of economic depression after World War I concern about the partition of India in 1947 communist threat after World War II 3. What was a major reason for the formation of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) in 1949? 1. 2. 3. 4. Containment Marshall Plan -American idea that communism needs to be contained (similar to a disease) in the areas that it already existed and no further -American program to give financial (money) aid to countries throughout the world fighting communism (supports containment) to control European trade to resist Soviet aggression to support the blockade of Berlin to strengthen communist governments 1. The purpose of both the Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan was to 1. 2. 3. 4. support the construction of the Iron Curtain increase membership in the United Nations prevent the spread of communism attempt to solve world hunger 2. The use of the Marshall Plan in Western Europe after World War II strengthened the forces of 1. 2. 3. 4. democracy communism isolationism autocracy 3. The Marshall Plan was designed to stop the spread of communism by providing 1. 2. 3. 4. Non-alignment -The idea that some countries would not align to American or Soviet ideas during the Cold War government housing to refugees military assistance to Vietnam funds for economic recovery in war-torn European nations nuclear weapons to North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) members 1. During the Cold War, India’s decision to support neither the United States nor the Soviet Union was based on its policy of 1. 2. 3. 4. nonalignment isolationism containment separatism 2. During the Cold War, nations that adopted a policy of nonalignment believed they should 1. 2. 3. 4. United Nations -Group created to try to maintain peace after WWII be exempt from United Nations decisions restrict trade with neighboring countries reject international environmental treaties follow a course independent of the superpowers 1. The United Nations was created primarily to 1. 2. 3. 4. prosecute persons accused of war crimes contain the spread of communism channel relief aid to war-torn nations provide a means of solving international problems 2. Which has been a crucial issue facing the United Nations in recent years? 1. 2. 3. 4. illegal immigration into Eastern Europe economic development of poor nations air traffic control disputes disintegration of military alliances 3. Which is the main reason why the United Nations has frequently not been able to solve international disputes? 1. 2. 3. 4. Mikhail Gorbachev -Leader of the USSR in the late 1980’s who brought more capitalist reforms to the USSR -created the programs: glasnost and perestroika There are too many members. It has little money with which to work. The most powerful nations do not belong. The most powerful nations often disagree. 1. Mikhail Gorbachev instituted the policies of glasnost and perestroika to 1. 2. 3. 4. reinforce the basic economic principles of communism bring the Soviet Union into the European Economic Community reform the Soviet Union politically and economically gain acceptance for free political elections 2. One way in which Vladimir Lenin’s New Economic Policy and Mikhail Gorbachev’s policy of perestroika are similar is that both 1. 2. allowed elements of capitalism within a communist economic system strengthened their country’s military defenses 3. 4. supported censorship of news and of personal correspondence increased tensions during the Cold War 3. In the 1980s, Mikhail Gorbachev’s attempts to change the Soviet Union resulted in 1. 2. 3. 4. Fidel Castro -communist leader of Cuba an increase in tensions between India and the Soviet Union a strengthening of the Communist Party a shift from producing consumer goods to producing heavy machinery a series of economic and political reforms 1. One reason Mao Zedong, Ho Chi Minh, and Fidel Castro rose to power was that these leaders 1. 2. 3. 4. promoted capitalism and democracy gained the support of the peasants represented the interests of rich landowners wanted their countries to stress religious values 2. One similarity between Mao Zedong and Fidel Castro is that they 1. 2. 3. 4. Caste System -Hindu based social hierarchy -Strict with no social mobility -Untouchables are the lowest caste achieved their goals through the use of peaceful resistance worked to protect citizens’ rights to freedom of expression considered capitalism to be the best economic system led revolutionary movements that established Communist governments 1. One way in which apartheid in South Africa and the caste system in India are similar is that both systems 1. 2. 3. 4. allowed for educational opportunities determined roles based on gender revolved around central religious beliefs enforced different sets of rules for distinct groups of people 2. “When I go to the office, I put on my shirt and I take off my caste; when I come home, I take off my shirt and I put on my caste.” What is the main idea of this quotation? 1. 2. 3. The caste system continues to influence Indian society. The caste system has been rejected by most Indians. Successful urban workers in India belong to the same caste. 4. The Indian Government officially supports the caste system 3. The caste system in India and apartheid in the Republic of South Africa were similar in that they 1. 2. 3. 4. Mohandas Gandhi -nationalist leader in India who leads the independence movement from Great Britain -believed in civil disobedience -led the Homespun Movement and Salt March reflect democratic ideals promote discrimination encourage social mobility provide economic equality 1. Which description best fits the Salt March conducted by Mohandas Gandhi? 1. 2. 3. 4. an act of civil disobedience against the British a statement of support for dividing India a protest against the Sepoy Mutiny a rally for the British during World War II 2. The purpose of Mohandas Gandhi’s actions such as the Salt March and the textile boycott was to 1. 2. 3. 4. begin a cycle of armed revolution draw attention to critical issues increase the strength of the military resist the power of religious leaders 3. Which leader is most closely associated with the use of civil disobedience in a struggle to end colonial rule? Boxer Rebellion -movement to end foreign influence in China -it was unsuccessful 1. 2. 3. 4. Momar Khadafi Saddam Hussein Ho Chi Minh Mohandas Gandhi Opium War (1839–1842) Taiping Rebellion (1850–1864) Boxer Rebellion (1898–1901) 1. This series of events is most closely associated with the 1. 2. 3. 4. spread of communism to China and Korea growing concerns about the influence of the West in China alliance formed between Vietnam and China increasing expansion of civil and political rights in China 2. A major goal of both the Sepoy Mutiny and the Boxer Rebellion was to 1. remove foreign influences 2. 3. 4. restore parliamentary government improve access to civil service examinations outlaw caste systems 3. A major goal of both the Sepoy Mutiny and the Boxer Rebellion was to 1. 2. 3. 4. Ho Chi Minh -Communist (Nationalist) dictator in North Vietnam -After the US leave Vietnam, Ho Chi Minh will take over the entire country remove foreign influences restore parliamentary government improve access to civil service examinations outlaw caste systems 1. The political ideas of Ho Chi Minh, Fidel Castro, and Pol Pot were strongly influenced by the writings of 1. 2. 3. 4. Confucius (K'ung-fu-tzu) Mohandas Gandhi Desmond Tutu Karl Marx 2. One way in which Toussaint L’Ouverture, Kwame Nkrumah, and Ho Chi Minh are similar is that each leader 1. 2. 3. 4. Deng Xiaoping -Communist leader of China who introduced some elements of capitalism into the economic system in China opposed the role of the Roman Catholic Church in politics established the first democratic government in his country fought to free his country from European control embraced the principles of civil disobedience 1. Deng Xiaoping’s economic reforms in China differed from the previous economic policies of Mao Zedong in that Deng’s reforms 1. 2. 3. 4. discouraged private ownership of businesses promote further collectivization include elements of capitalism decrease trade with the United States 2. Which action was taken by Deng Xiaoping to improve the economy of China? 1. 2. 3. 4. Mao Zedong -Communist leader of China who created the Great Leap Forward and the Cultural Revolution discouraging foreign investment encouraging some capitalist practices organizing the Red Guard practicing glasnost 1. The difficult, year-long journey made by Mao Zedong and his Communist followers in 1934 through China’s mountains, marshes, and rivers was called the 1. 2. 3. 4. Cultural Revolution Great Leap Forward Boxer Rebellion Long March 2. In China, the terms Long March, Little Red Book, and Great Leap Forward are most closely associated with the 1. 2. 3. 4. economic policies of the Kuomintang expulsion of foreigners during the Boxer Rebellion foreign policy under Deng Xiaoping leadership of Mao Zedong 3. During its climb to power in the 1930s and 1940s, the Chinese Communist Party under Mao Zedong developed a strategy that focused on 1. 2. 3. 4. Apartheid -segregation of the black majority from the white majority in South Africa taking over cities building peasant support sponsoring nonviolent protests strengthening traditional Confucian values 1. F. W. de Klerk and Nelson Mandela received the Nobel Peace Prize for their work to end the 1. 2. 3. 4. foreign control of the diamond mines discriminatory policy of apartheid anarchy in Somalia Boer War 2. Which situation existed under the policy of apartheid in South Africa? 1. 2. 3. 4. All people were guaranteed suffrage. The black majority held the most political power. Society was controlled by the white minority. Social inequality was eliminated. 3. The South African government’s policy of racial separation between 1948 and 1994 was called 1. 2. 3. 4. Jomo Kenyatta -Nationalist leader in Kenya who helped lead them to independence Pan-Africanism democratization apartheid suffrage 1. Ho Chi Minh and Jomo Kenyatta were leaders of movements that were attempting to achieve 1. 2. 3. 4. nuclear disarmament self-determination pan-Africanism collective security 2. One way in which Simón Bolívar, Jomo Kenyatta, and Mohandas Gandhi are similar is that each 1. 2. 3. 4. led a nationalist movement used nonviolent tactics supported imperialism opposed communism 3. Jomo Kenyatta and Kwame Nkrumah were African leaders opposed to 1. 2. 3. 4. Nelson Mandela -Nationalist leader in South Africa that helped to end apartheid in South Africa militarism socialism nationalism colonialism 1. The organization of campaigns in South Africa against the policy of racial separation and segregation are most closely associated with 1. 2. 3. 4. Jomo Kenyatta Cecil Rhodes Nelson Mandela Kwame Nkrumah 2. Nelson Mandela and Aung San Suu Kyi are closely associated with movements to 1. 2. 3. 4. establish theocratic rule guarantee rights and liberties introduce socialistic economic principles support military juntas 3. One way in which Aung San Suu Kyi, Lech Walesa, and Nelson Mandela are similar is that they all 1. 2. 3. 4. Kemal Atatürk -Nationalist leader of modern day Turkey who led their independence from the Ottoman Empire supported the use of violence to achieve goals inspired revolutions against autocratic monarchs led movements to end oppression of their people based their actions on the teachings of Karl Marx 1. One way in which Kemal Ataturk of Turkey and Shah Reza Pahlavi of Iran are similar is that both leaders 1. 2. 3. 4. implemented programs to modernize their nations supported increased rights for ethnic minorities adopted policies of nonalignment established theocracies based on Islam 2. The Middle Eastern leaders Kemal Ataturk, David Ben-Gurion, and Yasir Arafat are best known for their support of 1. 2. 3. 4. nationalism fascism colonialism communism 3. One way in which the Middle Eastern leaders Kemal Ataturk, Shah Reza Pahlavi, and Gamal Nasser were similar is that they all 1. 2. 3. 4. Green Revolution -increase in technology that contributes to improvements in agriculture tried to achieve Arab unity founded the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) attempted to modernize their nations demanded the establishment of Islamic fundamentalism 1. The 20th-century term Green Revolution refers to significant advancements made in the field of 1. 2. 3. 4. electronic communication food production zero population growth biological warfare 2. The term Green Revolution refers to 1. 2. 3. 4. Irish Potato Famine -causes mass migration an overthrow of the government by radical parties increased agricultural production based on technological advancements a drastic change in the environment based on global warming decreased food production caused by terrorism 1. What was an immediate result of the mass starvation in Ireland in the late 1840s? 1. 2. 3. 4. expansion of the Green Revolution to Ireland acceptance of British rule by the Irish migration of many Irish to other countries creation of a mixed economy in Ireland