Download The Alimentary System

Splanchnology
Department of Anatomy
王 配 军
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Chapter 4 The General Description

Difinition:means the study
of viscera(alimentary
system,respiratory
system,urinary system and
genital system)
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Association:
morphology
function
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location
origin
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Ⅰ. The general structure of viscera
Ⅰ) The tubular organ
mucosa
submucosa
muscular coats
serosa/adventitia
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Ⅱ)The parenchymatous
organ
hilum/porta
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Ⅱ. The reference line and
abdominal regions
Ⅰ) The comman used
reference lines of the
thorax
Anterior median line
Sternal line
Midclavicular line
Parasternal line
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Anterior axillary line
Posterior axillary line
Midaxillary line
Scapular line
Paravertebral line
Posterior median line
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Ⅱ) Abdominal regions
Quadrants
Nine-area method
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Chapter 5
The Alimentary System
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Composition
Digestive tube
Mouth
• Pharynx
• Esophagus
• Stomach
• Small
Duodenum
intestine Jejunum
•
• Large
intestine
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Ileum
Superior digestive tube
Inferior digestive tube
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Digestive glands
• Major salivary glands
• Liver
• Pancreas
Function: ingestion, digestion,
absorption, egesting
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Section 1
The Oral Cavity
Consists of two parts
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Oral vestibule : between
cheeks and lip and teeth
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Oral cavity proper:
within arch of teeth
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Boundaries
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Anterior and lateral: gum
and teeth
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Posterior: isthmus of fauces
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Roof: palate
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Floor: tongue, muscles and
mucous membrane
Oral vestibule leads, by the
space behind the molar teeth,
into the oral cavity proper
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Ⅰ. Oral lips
Ⅱ. Cheek
Papilla of parotid duct
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Ⅲ. Palate
Two parts
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Hard palate: anterior 2/3,
formed by the maxilla and
palatine bone
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Soft palate: posterior 1/3
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Velum palatinum
Uvula
Palatoglossal arch
Palatopharyngeal arch
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Isthmus of fauces
formed by posterior
border of velum
palatinum, both
side of palatoglossal
arches, and root of
tongue.
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Ⅳ. Teeth
Ⅰ) Classification and
arrangement
General features
 Two sets:
 Deciduous
 Permanent
 Classification:
 Incisors
 Canine
 Premolars
 Molars
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Deciduous teeth: are 20 in number
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Ten teeth in each mandibular and maxillary arch
Central incisor, lateral incisor, canine, first molar
and second molar in each quadrant
Upper jaw
Ⅰ
Lower jaw
in.
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Ⅱ
Ⅲ
Ⅳ
Ⅴ
total 20
in. can. mol. mol.
Eruption: stars at about 6 month of age and
continues to beginning of 3rd year
Shedding: occurs between 6th and 12th years with
replacement by permanent teeth
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Permanent teeth (adult): are 32 in number
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Sixteen in each mandibular and maxillary arch
Two incisors, one canine, two premolars, and three
molars in each quadrant
Upper jaw
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 total 32
Lower jaw
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First permanent molar－ appears at about 6 years
Third molars (wisdom teeth)－many erupt at any
time after 12 years of age or not at all (impaction).
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Ⅱ) General description
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Each tooth consists of 3 parts:
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Crown
Neck
Root
Dental cavity－contains
connective tissue, blood vessels
and nerves, and is continuous
with the periodontal tissue
through the root canal and
apical foramen.
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Ⅲ)
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Dentine－ is a yellowish white tissue,
that forms the bulk of tooth.
Enamel －is a head, brittle white
tissue that covers the crown of the
tooth
Cement －is an unusual form of
bone that covers the root of the
tooth
Ⅳ)
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Calcified tissues
Periodontal tissue
Periodontal membrane
Alveolar bone
Gum
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Ⅴ. Tongue －muscular organ
Ⅰ) Morphology
Two parts: divided two parts by vshaped terminal sulcus
 Body of tongue －ant 2/3，
apex of tongue －free rounded
tip
 Root of tongue － post 1/3
At the apex of terminal sulcus is a
small median pit, the foramen
cecum of tongue
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Ⅱ) Lingual mucous membrane
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Papillae of tongue
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Filiform papillae
fungiform papillae
foliate papillae
contain taste buds
vallate papillae
Lingual tonsil －masses of
submucosal lymphoid tissue on the root
of tongue
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Inferior surface of
tongue
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Frenulum of tongue －
a midline fold of mucous
membrane connecting
tongue to floor of mouth
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Sublingual caruncle －
small elevation
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Sublingual fold
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Ⅲ)
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Muscles of tongue
Intrinsic muscles of tongue
Extrinsic muscles of tongue
 Genioglossus
 Arises from mental spine of
mandible and inserts into
either side of midline of
tongue
 Action: acting together
draw tongue forward and
downward; acting along
making apex of tongue to
opposite side
 Involved in determining shape
and position of tongue
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Ⅵ. Major salivary glands
Ⅰ) Parotid gland
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Superficial part
Deep part
Parotid duct: arises front
anterior border of gland, runs
over the masseter a finger’s
breadth below the zygomatic
arch to pierce the buccinator
and opens into the mouth
cavity, opposite the upper
second molar tooth
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Ⅱ) Submandibular
gland
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Position: lies in
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submandibular triangle
Duct opens on to sublingual
caruncle
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Ⅲ) Sublingual gland
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position: situated beneath
the mucous membrane of
the floor of mouth
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Ducts
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Major sublingual duct－
opens onto the sublingual
caruncle
Minor sublingual ducts－
open onto the sublingual
fold
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Section two
The Pharynx
Ⅰ. Location and General
features
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A –fibromuscular tube,
part of digestive and
respiratory systems
Extends from base of skull
to the inferior border of
cricoid cartilage (lower
border of C6 level)
Ⅱ. Division
Three segments
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Ⅰ) Nasopharynx －posterior
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to nasal cavities
Extends from the base of skull to
level of soft palate
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Features
Pharyngeal opening of
auditory tube Tubal torus
 Pharyngeal recess
 Tubal tonsil
 Pharyngeal tonsil
Ⅱ) Oropharynx －posterior
to oral cavity
 Lies below soft palate, extends to
upper border of epiglottis
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Oropharynx
 Features
Median glossoepiglottic fold
 Epiglottic vallecula
 Palatine tonsil －lies within
tonsillar fossa
Lymphatic ring－consists of
pharyngeal tonsil, tubal tonsil,
Palatine tonsil, and lingual
tonsil, forming a circular band
of lymphoid tissue at
oropharyngeal isthmus
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Ⅲ) Laryngopharynx －posterior to larynx
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Extends from upper border of epiglottis to the level
of lower border of C6
Piriform recess－a deep depression on each side of
aperture of larynx
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Section 3
The Esophagus
Ⅰ. General features － a
muscular tuber about 25cm
long, connecting the pharynx
at level of C6 vertebra,
passes through the
diaphragm at level of T10
vertebra and after 1~2 cm
enters the stomach
Division:
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Cervical part
Thoracic part
Abdominal part
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Ⅱ. Three constrictions
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At its beginning, 15cm from
incisors, lies at level of C6, is
the narrowest part of the
esophagus
Where it is crossed by left
main bronchus, 25cm from
incisors, lies at level of
intervertebral disc between T4
and T5.
Where it passes through the
esophageal hiatus of
diaphragm, 40cm from
incisors, at level of T10
End