Download iv) What kind of variation is shown by Tay-Sachs

Class Questions
Multicellular Organisms
Cells, Tissues and Organs
1a) A red blood cell has a specialised structure. Describe or draw the structure of a red blood cell and
describe why this makes it suited for its particular function.
b) Choose another type of specialised animal cell and draw or describe its structure and say why it is suited
for its function.
Diagram for Q2a and b
2a)i) Identify the structure shown here.
ii) What is the role of this structure?
b)i) Name parts X, Y and Z.
X
ii) Give the functions of each part.
Y
Z
3) Another type of plant cell is shown above.
a) i) Where would this cell be found in a plant? ii) What is its name?
b) Why is this shape suited to its function?
4) Give the term applied to a group of cells which carry out the same function
5) Give one example of a tissue from each of the following organisms:
a) plant
b) animal
6) State the meaning of the term organ.
7) Give one example of an organ from the following organisms:
a) plant
b) animal
8) Give the meaning of the term system.
9) Name three different human body systems.
Stem Cells and Meristems
1a) What is a stem cell?
b) What are the two types of stem cells?
c) Identify two places in the human body where stem cells are found.
d) What cells can be formed from adult stem cells?
e) Give 5 different specialised cells which can be formed from stem cells.
2) Describe the ethical issues involved in research using embryonic stem cells. Present both sides of the issue.
3) Name 4 diseases or conditions which could possibly be cured or treated using stem cells.
4a) What is a meristem?
b) Identify the parts of the root by matching up the labels with the following terms:
root hair
root cap
meristem
5) What is the function of the root cap?
6) Give two differences between a meristematic cell and a xylem vessel.
7 a) Which two types of meristem are there in plants?
b) Describe the kind or direction of growth that results from each of these meristems.
8) In an experiment into cell division in a root tip, the rate of cell division was calculated by dividing the number of
cells currently going through cell division by the total number of cells. It was shown that 48 cells were dividing and
16 were not.
a) What was the rate of cell division?
b) What percentage of the cells were dividing?
Propagating and growing plants
1. The following experiment was set up to investigate conditions which affect growing seeds.
a) Which two experiments could be compared to give the effect of temeprature on seed germination?
2. Which three conditions are required by seeds to grow?
3. The diagram below represents a broad bean.
a) What is the function of part D?
b) i) What enzyme will breakdown the starch into sugar?
ii) What process does the seed use to generate ATP for energy to grow?
c) What is the function of part C?
4a) What type of seeds would be enclosed in clay?
b) What would seeds which had been chitted look like?
5) Plants can be grown from propagation structures like the one shown below.
a) Name the propagation structure shown here.
b) i) Name one other propagation structure which can be used to produce a new plant.
ii) Give the name of a plant which uses this method.
6) Artificially propagating plants can be done in many different ways, an example of one method is shown below.
a) Name this method of propagation.
b) What is the purpose of the brick or rock?
7) A student carried out an investigation to compare the germination of four different types of seeds.
The results are shown in the table below.
Sunflower
28
Number of seeds
germinated
15
Grass
20
18
Lettuce
24
12
Tomato
20
12
Type of seed
Number of seeds sown
a) Half the seeds of one type failed to germinate. Name the seed.
b) What percentage of tomato seeds germinated?
c) Identify two variables which should have been kept the same when setting up the investigation.
8. Rooting compound helps plant cuttings to produce new roots. The diagram below shows the apparatus used to
find out how the concentration of rooting compound affects this.
Six flasks were set up, each with a different concentration of rooting compound.
After 21 days the number of roots and the lengths of the roots on each cutting were measured.
The results are shown on the following graph.
a) i) Which two concentrations of rooting compound, used in the investigation, produced the same average root
length?
ii) Using information from the graph, predict the average length of roots on cuttings grown in a concentration of 2.5
mg/l.
iii) Which concentration of rooting compound produces the greatest number of roots per cutting?
iv) Describe how the average length of the rots on one cutting would be calculated.
b) Give one advantage to a gardener of producing plants from cuttings rather than from seeds.
c) What term is given to a group of plants grown from cuttings taken from a single plant?
9) The diagram below shows another type of propagation structure. Identify the three parts labelled.
A
B
C
10) Outline the steps you would use when taking a cutting from a plant.
Commercial uses of plants
1) A student carried out an investigation into the effect of watering on spider plants.
Five plants were placed under identical conditions and regularly watered over a period of four months.
Each plant received a different volume of water.
A
Volume applied at each
watering (cm3)
20
Number of new plants
produced
0
B
40
2
C
60
6
D
80
4
E
100
3
Plant
a) On graph paper, complete a line graph to show the number of new plants produced against the volume of water
given.
b) Which volume of water applied at each watering resulted in the most new plants?
c) Suggest an improvement to the investigation which would make the results more reliable.
2. Commercially grown plants, such as lettuce, are often grown in a polythene tunnel.
a) State one reason why plants are cultivated in this way.
b) Name the process by which plants produce food for growth.
3.
The apparatus shown below was set up to investigate if carbon dioxide is needed for photosynthesis.
Which of the following experiments would be a suitable control for the one above?
4. The diagrams below show features of some newly discovered plants
Select one of the plants and suggest a potential use for it.
5. Give three methods that can be used to prevent plants from being damaged by cold temperatures.
6. Give the name of two plants that can be used in medicines and the diseases they can treat.
7. Describe how a sugary plant can be used to make a fuel.
8a) Why are we having to look at better ways of growing food plants?
b) What is the name of the method used to increase the yield of crop plants?
c) Give a summary of the steps used in this method
d) Give four disadvantages in using this method.
Reproduction
1a) Identify the parts of a female reproductive system using the labels below.
b) What is the function of the part labelled B?
c) What is the function of the part labelled C?
d) What is the function of the part labelled D?
2) What is the name of the female sex cell?
3) Below is a diagram of a male reproductive system.
a) Name the parts A to E.
b) What is the function of the part labelled E?
c) What is the function of the part labelled B?
d) What is the function of the part labelled D?
4) What is the name of the male sex cell?
5) What is an alternative name for a sex cell?
6) Copy and complete the following sentence by underlining one of the words in each bracket to make it correct.
an egg
The male sex cell is called
tail
cell. It has a
a sperm
to allow it to reach the female sex cell.
food store
7) Why does the female sex cell have a food store?
8) Complete the table to compare the male and female sex cells.
True () or False ()
Egg
Sperm
Produced in large numbers
Contains food store
Is capable of movement
Also known as a gamete
Carries genetic information
9a) What does the term reproduction mean?
b) Specifically, what type of reproduction occurs when two parents are involved?
10) After sperm has been released at the cervix, give the sequence of events will lead to the sperm and the egg
meeting? Start with the egg being released.
11) What term is used to describe the sex cells and refers to the amount of genetic information they carry?
12)What name is given to the cell which results from the sperm and egg?
13) Describe the process of fertilisation in a mammal using all the following words in your note;
diploid
egg
gamete
haploid
nucleus
sperm
You may want to use some words more than once.
14) Where does fertilisation happen in mammals?
15) In plants, the male and female parts are often held within the same flower. Identify the parts of the flower in the
diagram below and give the function of each one. Present your answers in a table with suitable headings.
16) The diagram below shows two types of flowers.
Flower A
Flower B
a) Describe the method used to pollinate each of these flowers.
b) Wind pollinated flowers produce larger quantities of pollen than those pollinated by insects. Why is this
necessary?
c) Once the pollen grain lands on the stigma, how does it get to the nucleus of the ovule?
d) Sexual and asexual reproduction in plants have different advantages. For each advantage described in the
table below, identify the method of reproduction involved.
Tick () the correct box.
Method of reproduction
Advantage
sexual
asexual
Variation exists amongst
the offspring
Germination is not
required
Desirable characteristics
are maintained
Seeds are produced which
can be dispersed
e) Underline the correct word in brackets to complete the sentence below.
A group of plants which are genetically identical is knows as a
clone
species
genotype
17) a) The following table gives information about reproduction in various animals.
Cod
Average number of
eggs or young
produced per year
Type of fertilisation
Where development
takes place
6 million
External
Water
External
Water
Frog
Blackbird
5
Internal
Inside eggshell
Stoat
4
Internal
Inside female
i)
A female frog produces a total of 4000 eggs over a five-year period.
1
2
ii)
Copy and complete the table to show the average number of eggs she produces per year.
On average, two eggs from each female frog must survive to breeding age to keep the population
constant. What percentage of this frog’s total egg production does this represent?
Explain why fish such as cod must produce far more eggs than mammals such as stoats to ensure the
survival of the species.
18) The following diagrams represent human sex cells.
100 micrometers
5 micrometers
Cell A
Cell B
a) Name cells A and B
b) Give one feature of cell A which makes it different from cell B
c) Name the organ which produces cell A
Variation and Inheritance
1) What term is used to describe the differences between individuals in a population?
2) Explain what is meant by the term ‘discrete variation’.
3) Explain what is meant by the term ‘continuous variation’.
4) The table gives the average yield of maize (corn) per hectare in the USA since 1960.
Year
Average annual yield
(tonnes per hectare)
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
4.05
5.32
7.14
8.21
10.05
a) i) Calculate the average annual increase in yield in the 40 year period from 1930 to 2000.
ii) Which ten year period showed the greatest increase in yield?
b) Each individual plant in the field gives a different yield which can be any value between the lowest and the
highest. What type of variation is this?
c) This type of inheritance is controlled by more than one gene, what term is used to describe this?
5) In a study of variation, a group of pupils collected information on the heights found in the class.
a) the information on heights is shown below.
Height measurements (cm)
150
146
152
155
162
143
136
153
157
164
144
151
154
169
165
146
152
154
160
158
i) What is the range of heights in the class?
ii) Use the height measurements to complete a histogram of the distribution of the heights to the pupils.
b) What causes variation in a species?
6) Tay-Sachs disease is an inherited condition which affects the nerves.
Different forms of the same gene determine its effect.
T (dominant) represents the normal form of the gene.
t (recessive) represents the form of the gene which causes the disease.
The family tree diagram shows a pattern of inheritance of the disease.
a) i) Copy and complete the table by writing the genotypes of persons A, D and K.
Person
Genotype
A
D
K
ii) Give the letter of one person from the F2 generation who must be a carrier of the disease.
iii) Give the letter of one individual who is heterozygous and one other individual who is homozygous.
iv) What kind of variation is shown by Tay-Sachs disease? Explain your answer.
b) What name is given to the different forms of the same gene?
7) In cucumber plants the presence of a chemical giving a bitter taste to the cucumber is under genetic control. The
bitter taste (B) is dominant to the non-bitter taste (b). A plant breeder wanted to obtain a supply of plants which
produced cucumbers which did not taste bitter. She carried out the crosses shown in the table below.
Cross
Genotypes of parents
1
2
3
4
BB x BB
BB x bb
Bb x bb
Phenotype of F1 offspring
Bitter tasting cucumber
Non-bitter tasting cucumber
a) Copy the table and complete it by ticking ( ) the boxes to indicate the phenotype(s) found in crosses 1,2 and 3.
b) Identify the parental genotypes which would have to be used in cross 4 to obtain only plants producing cucumbers
with no bitter taste. Write the genotypes in your table.
8) Tongue-rolling is an inherited characteristic. The diagram below shows the pattern of its inheritance in one family.
a) i) Using R for the dominant form of the gene and r for the recessive form, state the genotypes of:
1
Maureen
2
Jim
3
Kevin
ii) If Rab and Fiona have a child, what are the chances of the child being able to roll its tongue?
iii) Which of the original parents could be described as true-breeding?
iv) Name a tongue-roller from the F1 generation.
9) True-breeding pea plants were bred to produce two generations as shown below.
a) Using the letter R for round seeds and r for wrinkled seeds, copy and complete the following table.
Plant
Parent with round seeds
All F1
F2 with wrinkled seeds
Genotype
b) The seeds from F2 were counted and the results are shown in the bar chart.
What is the simple whole number ratio of round to wrinkled seeds?
Transport in plants
1) Copy and complete the following sentence with the correct term.
The surface area to volume ratio is greater/smaller in a small organism than in a large organism.
2.(a) Plants need a transport system to move water and which two other substances around the body.
(b) What is the name of the vessel which transports water?
(c) What is the name of the vessel which transports sugar around the plant?
3(a) Identify each of the vessels below.
(a)
_____________ vessel
(b)
___________ vessel
b) Why does vessel A need companion cells?
c)What is the function of the lignin in the vessel above?
4(a) Name the structure that water first goes into when entering the plant.
b) How is this structure helpful in the uptake of water?
5a) Why is it important that sugar is transported to the root cells?
b) Which process in the plant makes the sugar?
c)Where in the plant does this process take place?
6. Study the following diagram of a leaf and answer the questions below.
a) Which of the above layers carries out most photosynthesis?
b) How do the guard cells differ from the other cells in the lower epidermis?
7
(a) How long after the time of maximum water loss did the plant show its maximum water gain?
(b) At what time in the morning did the rate of water gain exactly balance the rate of water loss?
8. The diagram below represents part of a section through a leaf.
a) Use the diagram to copy and complete the table.
Structure
Letter
Stoma
E
H
Epidermis
C
b) Using the letters from the diagram to match the functions, copy and complete this table. (Each letter can be used
once, more than once or not at all.
Function
Letter
Control gas exchange with
the atmosphere
Carries out most
photosynthesis
c) The list below contains some structural features of xylem and phloem.
1
Hollow tubes
2
Sieve plates
3
Lignin thickening
4
Companion cells
5
Strands of cytoplasm
Identify the numbers in the list which describe the structural features of
i) xylem
ii) phloem
d) One function of xylem is to transport water. Describe one other function of xylem.
9)a) Name the leaf tissue where stomata are found.
b) Name the cells which control the opening and closing of stomata.
c) Describe the events which cause the stomata to open and then close again over the course of a day.
d) Why do the stomata need to close? What time of day does this happen?
10a) State the name of the process by which plants lose water.
b)What factors can speed up this process?
Transport in animals
1. The diagram below shows part of the human circulation system.
a) Name the blood vessels labelled A, B and C in the diagram.
b)The diagram below shows a cross section through a blood vessel.
a) Name the type of blood vessel shown.
Inner
elastic
layer
layer X
Narrow
central
cavity
b) Describe layer X.
c) The pulse beat can be felt in this vessel. What causes the
pulse beat?
2. a) i) Describe two features of the lungs that makes them efficient gas exchange surfaces.
ii) Name the structure in the lungs through which oxygen diffuses from the air into the blood capillaries.
b) The table below shows the rates of oxygen intake and energy release during various activities.
Activity
Resting
Playing golf
Playing tennis
Playing football
Rate of oxygen
intake (cm3/ second
3.5
20
25
30
Rate of energy release
(joules / second)
70
400
500
600
Describe the relationship between oxygen intake and energy release.
3) The diagram below shows a single villus from the small intestine.
a) Name the part labelled A
b) Absorption of glucose takes place in the small intestine.
i) Name the part of the villus into which glucose passes.
ii) Name the organ to which glucose is transported after leaving the
small intestine.
iii) Describe one possible use of glucose in the body.
4) a) The diagram below shows a surface view of the human heart.
i) Name blood vessel Y
ii) Name the blood vessel which carries blood to the lungs.
iii) If the coronary artery is blocked, the heart cannot function efficiently. Name two essential substances carried by
the blood which would be prevented from reaching the heart muscle.
5) The diagram below shows the heart and its valves.
a) What is the function of the valves?
b) Give the letters of the two valves which would open as blood leaves the heart.
c) At birth some babies have a hole at point X as shown on the diagram. What effect would this hole have on the
oxygen concentration of the blood circulating around a baby’s body? Explain why.
d) Underline one option in each set of brackets below to make the sentences correct.
bronchioles
Air entering the lungs passes down the
to the bronchi.
trachea
To collect oxygen, blood enters the lungs through the pulmonary
artery
vein
and returns to the
left
atrium of the heart.
right
6) The diagram below shows a section through a human heart.
a) Name valve X and chamber Y shown in the diagram.
b) Copy the table below. Decide if each of the following statements about blood vessels is True or False and tick ()
the appropriate box.
If the statement is False, write the correct word in the Correction box to replace the word(s) underlined in the
statement.
Statement
Capillaries contain valves
Veins allow gas exchange
Blood leaves the heart in
arteries.
True
False
Correction
c) Copy the table below and then complete it by deciding if each of the following statements about the
transport of gases by the bloodstream is True or False, and ticking () the appropriate box.
If the statement is False write the correct word in the Correction box to replace the word underlined in the
statement.
Statement
Oxygen forms
oxyhaemoglobin at low
oxygen levels in the lungs
Carbon dioxide is
transported in red blood
cells
Carbon dioxide dissolved
in the blood plasma
decreases acidity
True
False
Correction
7a) The diagram below represents the thorax in humans.
Complete each of the boxes with the name or function of the part of the breathing system indicated.
Name
Function
To keep the trachea
open at all times
Name
Function
Diaphragm
b) Explain the function of mucus and cilia in the trachea.
c) An investigation was carried out into the effect of increasing the concentration of carbon dioxide in the air on a
person’s breathing.
The graph below shows how increasing the percentage of carbon dioxide in the air affects the volume of air inhaled
each minute.
Volume of air inhaled (litres / minute)
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0
2
4
6
8
10
Carbon dioxide concentration (%)
i) By how much does the volume of air inhaled per minute change when the carbon dioxide concentration in the air
is increase from 1 to 6%?
ii) Describe and compare the effects on the volume of air inhaled per minute, when the carbon dioxide
concentration in the air is increased from 0-4% and from 4-8%
iii)
Calculate the volume of carbon dioxide entering the lungs each minute when the concentration of
carbon dioxide in the air is 7%.
8) The diagram represents part of the breathing system in humans.
a) Describe how the mucus and cilia help to protect the lungs from damage and infection.
b) As blood passes through capillary networks in the lungs, oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged between
the blood and the alveoli.
i) Describe one feature of a capillary network which allows efficient gas exchange.
ii) Name the structures in blood that contain haemoglobin
iii) Explain the function of haemoglobin in the transport of oxygen.
c) Using the diagram below, give two features of the alveolus that allows efficient gas exchange.
8) a) The grid below is about breathing and lungs.
A
B
trachea
E
C
mucus
F
alveoli
D
diaphragm
G
bronchi
cilia
H
rib cage
capillaries
Use letters from the boxes to complete the following.
i)
Identify two structures which are supported by rings of cartilage
ii)
Identify two structures which are used to change the volume of the lungs during breathing
iii)
Identify two features which can help prevent dust from reaching the alveoli.
b) The following graph shows the effect of a training programme in the number of blood capillaries in the heart
muscle of an athlete.
i)
Describe the relationship between the distance run per week and the number of capillaries in the heart
muscle.
ii) What was the percentage increase in the number of capillaries per mm3 of heart muscle when the
distance run each week was increased from 50 to 100 km?
9) The diagram below shows a stage in the movement of food along the intestine due to peristalsis.
a) Explain the mechanism of peristalsis by describing the muscular activity at points A and B.
b) Which way does the food move in the diagram?
10) The diagram below show villi in the small intestine of a mammal.
Diagram A
Section through the small intestine
Diagram B
A single villus
a) State how the arrangement of villi, shown in Diagram A, increases the efficiency of absorption of digested
foods.
b) Name the two structures, labelled X and Y on Diagram B, which transport digested food away from the
intestine.
c) What product(s) of digestion does X transport away?
d) What product(s) of digestion does Y transport away?
Effect of lifestyle choices
1) Give four examples of poor lifestyle choices and for each briefly describe how it could undermine the person’s
health.
2) Give two examples of how stress can lead indirectly to health problems.
3) Give three environmental factors which can also affect our health. What decisions can we take to reduce our risk
from these?
4) The graph below shows the relationship between body mass and height of adults.
a) Complete the following table using information in the graph.
b) Complete the following sentence which relates to a person whose body mass is 100 kg and is obese.
“The height of this person is between ___________ metres and___________ metres”
c) There can be health implications of being underweight or overweight. Being underweight can indicate that a
person may have cancer. State one health risk which can result from being overweight.
Control and communication
1) The following grid contains terms which refer to parts of the nervous system.
A
B
spinal cord
E
C
touch receptor
F
cerebrum
D
relay nerve cell
G
cerebellum
medulla
H
motor nerve cell
sensory nerve cell
Use the letters from the grid to identify the following.
i) Part of the brain concerned with balance
ii) Structure which carries information from the sense organs
iii) Structure which carries information across the spinal cord during a reflex action
iv) Part of the brain which controls breathing and heart rates.
2) The diagram represents the structures involved in a reflex action which occurs when a finger touches a
flame.
a) Copy and complete the table below with the correct letters from the diagram to identify the stages of
the reflex action and with a description of the missing stage.
Stage
Letter
stimulus detected by sensory receptor
information sent along a sensory nerve cell
B
impulse sent along motor nerve cell
response made by effector organ
3) The three types of neuron involved in the reflex arc for blinking are shown in the diagram below.
a)
Name neurons P and Q.
b) Which labelled structure is the effector in this response?
c) What is the function of a reflex action?
4) Different parts of the brain have different functions.
Match up each part of the brain to its correct function.
Part of the brain
Function
Cerebrum
Medulla
Cerebellum
Hypothalamus
regulation of temperature
control of breathing rate
conscious responses
co-ordination of movement
5) The following diagram shows the human brain.
a) Complete the table to identify areas of the brain and their functions.
Name of area
Letter
Function
P
Cerebellum
T
b) The brain forms one part of the Central Nervous System (CNS). Name the other part.
c) Name the type of neuron which links the receptors in the sense organs to the CNS.
6) The diagram below shows a relay neuron passing on an impulse to a motor neuron.
Relay neuron
Chemical
transmitter
X
Receptor on
motor neuron
a) Give the name of the ‘gap’ between the two neurons.
b) What happens when the receptors are filled with the chemical transmitter?
7) Give a description of hormones. You should include what they are and what their function is.
8a) What name is given to the tissues that they work on?
b) Why doesn’t a hormone work on all tissues?
9) The graphs below contain information about the regulation of blood sugar.
Graph 1 shows how the concentration of glucose in the blood affects the concentration of insulin.
Graph 2 shows how the concentration of insulin in the blood affects the rate of glucose uptake by the liver.
a) i) From Graph 1, state the glucose concentration which triggers an increase in insulin production.
ii) Name the organ which produces insulin.
b) From Graph 2, calculate the percentage increase in the rate of glucose uptake by the liver when the concentration
of insulin in the blood rises from 10 to 15 units / cm3.
c) What substance is glucose stored as in the liver?
10) Two men (P and R) were tested for diabetes.
After fasting overnight, they were given a large glucose drink. Their blood glucose concentration was measured
immediately (0 hours) and then every hour for five hours.
The results of the tests are shown in the table below.
Time after drinking glucose (hours)
Blood glucose
concentration of P
(mg/100ml)
Blood glucose
concentration of R
(mg/100ml)
0
1
2
3
4
5
145
210
190
180
170
160
90
125
90
85
90
90
a) It was concluded that P had diabetes and R did not.
i) State two ways in which the test results indicate that P has diabetes.
ii) Name the hormone responsible for the change in the blood glucose concentration of R
A between 1 and 2 hours
B between 3 and 4 hours