Download Civilizations in Crisis - Key West High School

Chapter 26
Civilizations in Crisis:
The Ottoman Empire, The Islamic
Heartlands, and Qing China
World Civilizations Stearns 4th ed.
(Condensed and in a Hurry)
Submitted by Alan Whitehead,
White Station High School
Memphis, Tn
From Empire to Nation: Ottoman
Retreat and the Birth of Turkey
 By the early 1700s the Ottoman
Empire was in decline. Weak
rulers led to power struggles
between officials, religious experts,
and Janissaries. There was lack of
effective leaderdhip.
From Empire to Nation: Ottoman
Retreat and the Birth of Turkey
• Competition with the west and
decentralization weakened the
economy.
• The Ottomans were pushed from
all their Balkan territories by the
1870s.
From Empire to Nation: Ottoman
Retreat and the Birth of Turkey
 The main reason they survived is
decentralization in and aid from
Europe.
Reform and Survival
 Sultan Selim III believed in bolder
initiatives, like improving
bureaucratic effeciency and
building a more powerful navy and
army, which angered the elite.
Reform and Survival
 Mahmud continued where Selim
failed. He built a small
professional army and ordered the
death of all of the Janissaries.
 Mahmud patterned his reforms on
Western standards, like rail lines
and telegraph systems.
Reform and Survival
 Newspapers, legal reforms and a
new constitution gave the
minorities a higher position
 The Reforms strengthened the
state, but the Sultanate was a
barrier to more reforms.
Repression and Revolt
 They also clashed with the
conservative ulama and ayan.
 Sultan Abdul Hamid responded by
trying to return to despotism.
Repression and Revolt
 He nullified the constitution and
restricted civil liberties, but he
continued military and educational
reform, as well as a railway and
telegraph construction.
 He was removed by the Ottoman
Society for Union and Progress. (the
Young Turks)
Repression and Revolt
 The Young Turks wanted to restore
the 1896 constitution. It and other
civil liberties were restored in a
regime directed by a figurehead
sultanate.
Western Intrusions and the Crisis in
the Arab Islamic Heartlands
 The steadily diminishing capacity
of the Ottomans to defend the Arab
peoples of the Fertile Crescent,
Egypt, coastal Arabia, and north
Africa left them at risk of conquest
of the aggressive European powers.
Western Intrusions and the Crisis in
the Arab Islamic Heartlands
 The Muslims were replaced by the
West as the superior civilization.
 Napoleon’s conquest of Egypt sent
shock waves throughout the Islamic
world.
 He was met by tens of thousands of
cavalry intent on defending the
Malmuks.
Muhammad Ali and the Failure of
Westernization in Egypt
 A series of crushing defeats
showed how far behind the
Muslims were.
 Fortunately for Egypt, Napoleon
had to return to Paris.
 Muhamad Ali became Egypt’s new
ruler and devoted his energies to
building an up to date fighting
force.
Muhammad Ali and the Failure of
Westernization in Egypt
 He ordered the Egyptian peasantry
to increase their production of
crops that were in growing demand
in industrial Europe.
 The limited scope of Muhammad
Ali’s reforms ultimately checked
his plans for territorial expansion.
Bankruptcy, European Intervention,
and Strategies of Resistance
 Muhammad Ali’s successors
(khedives) made a mess of his
efforts to reform and revitalize
Egyptian society.
 Egypt became dependent on cotton
as a single export.
Bankruptcy, European Intervention,
and Strategies of Resistance
 The completion of the Suez Canal
in 1869 transformed Egypt into one
of the most strategic places on the
Earth.
 It became a vital commercial and
military link.
Bankruptcy, European Intervention,
and Strategies of Resistance
 The debts of the khedives and the
growing importance of the canal
gave European powers a growing
stake in the stability and
accessibility of Egypt.
Bankruptcy, European Intervention,
and Strategies of Resistance
 Ahmad Orabi rose in the ranks of
the khedival army and was
increasingly critical of the fact that
the official corps were dominated
by Turks with strong ties to the
khedives.
Bankruptcy, European Intervention,
and Strategies of Resistance
 Orabi led a revolt in 1882 that
drove the frightened khedives to
seek British assistance.
 The British intervention began
decades of dominance by both
British consuls and advisors, which
led to direct foreign control on the
Islamic world.
Jihad: The Mahdist Revolt in the
Sudan
 Egyptian efforts to conquer and
rule the Sudan, beginning in the
1820s, were fiercely resisted.
 The sedentary people who worked
along the fertile strip of land along
the river were more easily
dominated.
Jihad: The Mahdist Revolt in the
Sudan
 Khartoum became the center of
Egyptian administration in the
Sudan.
 The Egyptian regime was
notoriously corrupt and its taxes
placed a heavy burden on the
peasants.
Jihad: The Mahdist Revolt in the
Sudan
 Egyptian oppression and British
intervention had aroused deep
resentment and hostility.
 Muhammad Achmad proved to a
leader that would unite the people
of the region and provide an
ideology that would give focus and
meaning to rebellion.
Jihad: The Mahdist Revolt in the
Sudan
 Achmad became accepted as a
divinely appointed leader of revolt
against foreign intruders.
 He promised to purge Islam as
what he saw as superstitious beliefs
and degrading practices. He gained
control of present day Sudan.
Jihad: The Mahdist Revolt in the
Sudan
 Islamic religious and ritual
practices were enforced.
 Most foreigners were imprisoned
or expelled.
 The ban on slavery was lifted.
 The Mahdist armies attacked or
threatened all neighboring regions.
Jihad: The Mahdist Revolt in the
Sudan
 General Kitchner defeated the
Mahdist and British power
advanced in Africa.
 The Islamic world grew anxious,
for Europe had become master of
the world.
The Last Dynasty: The Rise and Fall
of the Qing Empire in China
 Chinese society was crumbling
from within.
 By the 1700s, there was rampant
corruption and severe economic
dislocations.
The Last Dynasty: The Rise and Fall
of the Qing Empire in China
 The Western powers took
advantage of China’s situation to
open China’s markets, humiliate its
military defenders, and reduce the
rulers to little more than puppets.
 Manchu nomads, led by Nurhaci,
invaded China.
The Last Dynasty: The Rise and Fall
of the Qing Empire in China
 The Manchus were called upon to
help the emperor quell a rebellion.
 The Manchus passed the Great
Wall and took Beijing.
 Under their rule, they forced
tribute from Vietnam and Burma.
The Last Dynasty: The Rise and Fall
of the Qing Empire in China
 The Qing dynasty began and
controlled an area larger than any
previous dynasty except the Tang.
 There were few limits to how high
ethnic chinese could rise in the
imperial bureacracy.
The Last Dynasty: The Rise and Fall
of the Qing Empire in China
 The Manchus retained control
through Confucianism.
 The emperor Kangxi was a
significant Confucian scholar in his
own right.
Economy and Society in the Early
Centuries of the Qing rule
 The Manchu determination to
preserve much of the Chinese
political system was paralleled by
an equally conservative approach
to Chinese society as a whole.
 Values such as respect for rank and
hierarchy were emphasized.
The Last Dynasty: The Rise and Fall
of the Qing Empire in China
 The lives of women at all social
levels remained centered on the
household and domestic duties.
 Male control was enhanced by
choosing brides from slightly
lower social ranks.
The Last Dynasty: The Rise and Fall
of the Qing Empire in China
 The Manchus spent much effort
alleviating rural distress.
 Taxes and state labor demands
were lowered.
 They had little success controlling
the landlord class.
The Last Dynasty: The Rise and Fall
of the Qing Empire in China
 The gap between the rural gentry
and ordinary peasants and laborers
increased.
The Last Dynasty: The Rise and Fall
of the Qing Empire in China
 The commercial and urban
expansion that had begun in the
Song era gained new strength.
 China gained great wealth from
the export of tea, porcelain, and
silk.
The Last Dynasty: The Rise and Fall
of the Qing Empire in China
 The compradors, a wealthy new
group of merchants, specialized in
import-export trade on China’s
south coast.
 These merchants proved to be a
key link between China and the
outside world.
Rot from Within: Bureaucratic
Breakdown and Social Disintegration
 The foundations of the bureaucracy
were becoming Weak.
 The exams were plagued with
cheating and favoritism.
 The bureaucracy considered the
peasant laborers less and less.
Rot from Within: Bureaucratic
Breakdown and Social Disintegration
 Public works projects were
disregarded due to lack of funds.
 For instance, leaking dikes when
the Huanghe flooded led to
thoudands of peasant deaths from
starvation and disease.
Barbarians at the Southern Gates:
The Opium War and After
 The Manchu rulers and their
Chinese administrators treated the
Europeans much like the nomads
an others they saw as barbarians.
 The scientific and industrial
revolutions allowed the Europeans
to compensate for their smaller
numbers with better organization
and technology.
Barbarians at the Southern Gates:
The Opium War and After
 Due to China’s disintrest in
European goods, the British had to
trade using silver bullion.
 They found out that the Chinese
would trade for Indian opium.
 The Chinese realized this as a
threat, and the Opium war began.
Barbarians at the Southern Gates:
The Opium War and After
 Increasing amounts of China’s
trade went towards opium.
 From the early 1700s edicts were
issued to outlaw opium, but they
weren’t enforced.
 Lin Zexu tried to completely stop
the opium trade and had the
opium warehouses destroyed.
Barbarians at the Southern Gates:
The Opium War and After
 European powers forced China to
open trade and diplomatic
exchanges.
 The drug poured into China
because the British battleships and
customs overseers gave the
Chinese little choice.
A Civilization at Risk: Rebellion and
Failed Reform
 Massive rebellions threatened to
overthrow China.
 Hong Xiuquan led the Taiping
Rebellion, the first to pose a
serious threat to Qing China and
Confucian civilization.
A Civilization at Risk: Rebellion and
Failed Reform
 Taipings offered sweeping social
reforms, land redistribution, and
the liberation of women.
 The provincial gentry became the
focus of the Taipings.
 China’s self-strengthening
movement aimed at countering the
challenge from the west.
A Civilization at Risk: Rebellion and
Failed Reform
 The Manchu rejected reforms that
were their only hope of saving
their regime.
 The Boxer Rebellion erupted in
1898 and was put down only
because of intervention of the
imperialist powers.
The Fall of the Qing: The End of a
Civilization?
 Underground organizations
inspired many local uprisings
against the dynasty in the late
1800s.
 Some secret society cells became a
valuable training ground for a new
sort of resistance to the Manchus.
The Fall of the Qing: The End of a
Civilization?
 In 1912 Puyi, the last Chinese
emperor, was deposed.
 The revolution in 1911 had toppled
the Qing dynasty.
 In 1905 the civil service exams
were given for the last time.
The Fall of the Qing: The End of a
Civilization?
 The abandonment of the exams
signaled the end of a pattern of
civilized life that the Chinese had
nurtured for nearly 2500 years.
 Many of these hallmarks of the most
enduring civilization that has ever
existed were violently destroyed.