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Unit 13: Age of Exploration Age of Exploration: Overview From the 1400s to the 1700s, Europe experienced an “Age of Exploration” The Crusaders brought goods and ideas back from Middle East Europeans wanted new products. After Black Death and European recovery, its population grew, demand for these goods increased Most valuable goods were pepper, cloves, cinnamon, found in Indonesia (Spice Islands) The Renaissance encouraged curiosity & a desire for trade As a result of exploration, European nations grew powerful & spread their influence throughout the world Motivations: Why did Europeans want to explore? (Three G’s) __________________________ o A desire for new sources of wealth was the main reason for European exploration o The Crusades & Renaissance stimulated European desires for exotic Asian luxury goods o Merchants began looking for ____________________________________________ to avoid Muslim & Italian merchants & increase profits __________________________ o The Renaissance inspired new possibilities for power & prestige o Exploration presented Europeans the opportunity _____________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ o Kings who sponsored voyages of exploration gained overseas colonies, new sources of wealth for their nation, & increased power __________________________ o European Christians, especially Catholics, wanted to stop the spread of Islam & convert nonChristians to the faith o Explorers were encouraged to spread Christianity or bring __________________________ who would focus only on conversions Means: How were explorers able to sail so far & make it back again? Before the Renaissance, sailors did not have the technology to sail very far from Europe & return Trade & cultural diffusion during the Renaissance introduced new navigation techniques to Europeans o ___________________ made sailing more accurate (Invented by Chinese) o ____________ used stars to show direction (Invented by the Greeks; perfected by the Muslims o Cartography – Maps were more accurate and used longitude & latitude – ______________________________________ o European shipbuilders built a better ship; The ___________ was a strong ship that could travel in the open seas & in shallow water Caravels had triangular lateen sails that allowed ships to sail against the wind A moveable rudder made the caravel more maneuverable Cannons & rifles gave ships protection Non-European Explorers Europeans were not the first to explore the oceans in search of new trade routes Islamic merchants explored the Indian Ocean & had dominated the Asian spice trade for centuries before European exploration From 1405 to 1433, Zheng He led the Chinese treasure fleet on 7 expeditions to SE Asia, India, & Africa during the Ming Dynasty But in the late 1400s, the European sailors did what neither Muslim nor Chinese explorers could: _____ ____________________________________________________________________________________ Portugal & Prince Henry the Navigator Portugal was the early leader in the Age of Exploration In Portugal, ___________________________________ started a school of navigation to train sailors o He brought in Europe’s best map-makers, shipbuilders, & sailing instructors o He wanted to discover new territories, find a quick trade route to Asia, & expand Portugal’s power. o Sponsored ships to sail down coast of Africa and onto India Bartolomeu Dias “To serve God and His Majesty, to give light to those who were in darkness, and to grow rich as all men desire to do.” – ____________________________________ sailed to tip of Africa – Cape of Good Hope Portugal’s Empire Prince Henry’s navigation school & willingness to fund voyages led the Portuguese to be the 1st to explore the west coast of Africa ____________________________________________ was the 1st explorer to find a direct trade route to Asia by going around Africa to get to India (port of Calicut) Portugal gained a sea route to Asia that brought them great wealth During the Age of Exploration, Portugal created colonies along the African coast, in Brazil, & the Spice Islands in Asia Spain Enters the Game The Spanish government saw Portugal’s wealth & did not want to be left out More than any other European monarch, ___________ ________ sponsored & supported overseas expeditions Like most educated men of the Renaissance, Italian, __________________________ believed the world was round & thought he could reach Asia by sailing west Columbus’ ships, the Nina, Pinta, & Santa Maria, reached the Bahamas in America but thought that he had reached islands off the coast of India o He made 4 trips to “India” never knowing he was in “America” Magellan Despite the fact that Columbus never found Asia, Ferdinand Magellan still thought he could reach Asia by sailing West Magellan became the first explorer to _________________________________________ During the Age of Exploration, Spain created colonies in North & South America Spanish Conquistadors Spain sent explorers called conquistadors to the New World to find gold, claim land, & spread Christianity o Cortez conquered the Aztecs o Pizarro conquered the Inca The influx of gold from America made Spain the most powerful country in Europe during the early years of the Age of Exploration Portugal vs. SpainLine of Demarcation & the Treaty of Tordesillas ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ __________________________ established the line. Additional Explorers Cabral claims Brazil for Portugal New World named America after Amerigo Vespucci 1513 – Balboa (sailing for Spain) discovers the Pacific Ocean France Enters the Fray The French explorer ____________________________ searched Canada for a northwest passage to Asia o After failing to do so, Champlain founded the French colony of Quebec The French would soon carve out a large colony along the Mississippi River from Canada to New Orleans England Forms Joint-Stock Companies Unlike other European nations whose kings paid for colonies, the English colonies were paid for by citizens who formed joint-stock companies English colonies formed along the Atlantic Coast of North America by colonists motivated either by religion or wealth The English explorer _________________________________ was the first European to make contact with Australia, New Zealand, & Hawaii English Settlements 1st – Jamestown in 1607 o Tobacco – cash crop nd 2 – Plymouth Colony in 1620 o Pilgrims sought religious freedom rd 3 – Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1628 o Puritans sought religious freedom and wanted to establish model community for other Christians to follow. Dutch Join in on the Fun Like England, the Netherlands (the Dutch) allowed private companies to fund exploration The Dutch had colonies in America & Africa, but the Dutch East India Company dominated trade in Asia As a result of the Age of Exploration, European knowledge & influence of the world increased greatly The Overall Impact of the Age of Exploration Overseas colonies increased the wealth of European nations, the power of kings (called nationalism) This was especially true in Spain where the influx of gold turned Spain into one of the wealthiest & most powerful nations in Europe Growth of Capitalism The increase in trade led to the growth of capitalism, especially in England & the Netherlands _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ Citizens can invest money in companies like the British East India Company & share in the profits _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ Mercantilism Develops Nations developed an economic policy called mercantilism based upon the idea that ____________________________________ ____________________________________ o As a result, colonies are needed to ______________________________ ______________________________ ______________________________ ______________________________ o Over time, inflation occurs – increase in money supply value of money declines prices of goods increase Due to mercantilism, a “__________________________” developed between Europe, their overseas colonies, & Africa Global Impact of the Age of Exploration Asia was greatly impacted by the Age of Exploration o The Portuguese & Dutch seized trade ports in the Spice Islands & in India in order to gain exotic goods like cotton & spices o European merchants began to dominate trade in China & Japan & converted many people to Christianity America was greatly impacted by the Age of Exploration o Catholic missionaries introduced Christianity to the American Indians o The introduction of new foods, plants, & animals between America & Europe was called the _________________________________ The introduction of potatoes & corn helped improve the diets & life expectancy of people throughout the world The introduction of European grains, horses, & cattle transformed many Indian cultures The introduction of European diseases like smallpox, measles, & influenza killed as many as 90% of Native Americas o Europeans introduced the plantation system in America; These large cash crop farms were called __________________________________. Encomiendas required a large supply of workers which increased the need for slaves Africa was greatly impacted by the Age of Exploration o The demand for workers on American plantations, especially in the Caribbean & Brazil, led _________________________, a Spanish priest to suggest replacing indigenous Americans with harder working and better equipped Africans. Thus the ___________________ was established. o For 300 years, slaves were sold in West Africa & brought to America along a route across the Atlantic Ocean known as the ________________________________ o The majority of African slaves worked in harsh conditions on sugar & indigo plantations or in gold & silver mines