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Know all of the following vocab words… Cyrillic Alphabet – Alphabet for the Slavonic language Alexander Nevsky – Prince of Novgorod, helped Russians fight for Mongols instead of against Middle Ages – Medieval period Secular – had a worldly rather than spiritual focus Benedictine Rule – collection of guidelines for monks Carolingian Dynasty – family that would rule the Franks, family of Charlemagne Charlemagne – Charles the Great, ruler of the Frank kingdom Fief – payment of land Vassal – person who receives the fief Knights – mounted horsemen who pledged to defend their lords’ lands in exchange for fiefs Serfs – Peasants Manor – the lord’s estate Tithe – Church tax Chivalry – complex set of ideals, demanding that a knight fight bravely Tournaments – Mock battles that knights participated in Troubadours – traveling poet-musicians Inquisitions – Legal procedures supervised by special judges who tried suspected heretics Clergy – Bishops and priests of the church Sacraments – important religious ceremonies Holy Roman Empire – the strongest state in Europe until about 1100 Simony – Bishops sold positions in the church Gothic – A new style of architecture that emerged in the 1100’s Crusade – War to gain control of the Holy Land Reconquista – long effort to drive the Muslims out of Spain Guilds – Groups of people with the same occupation Renaissance – French for rebirth Reformation – Movement for religious reform Lutherans – A separate religious group that followed Martin Luther Protestant – Christians that belonged to non-Catholic churches Peace of Augsburg – The agreement that each prince/ruler could decide the religion of his state Caravel Ship – New ships introduced during the age of exploration Henry the Navigator – First to launch large scale voyages for Portugal Vasco Da Gama – traveled to India around Africa Christopher Columbus – Italian sailor credited for discovery of the Americas Circumnavigate – To sail completely around the world Columbian Exchange – Exchange of plants, animals, and disease through global transfer Mercantilism – The idea that the nations strength depended on its wealth Balance of trade – More money in that money out Subsidies – Grants of money, to help business-people start new industries Capitalism – Economic activity carried by private individuals/organizations Joint-stock companies – A company where investors buy shares of stock in the company Plantations – estates where cash crops were grown African Diaspora – African descent spread throughout the Americas and Western Europe Ghazis – Warriors for the Islam faith Janissaries – Enslaved Christian boys, converted to Islam & trained as elite soldiers Huguenot – French Calvinist Protestant Edict of Nantes – Document that gave limited freedom of worship to Huguenots Puritans – Extreme Calvinists, emerged stating Church of Eng. Needed reforming Oliver Cromwell – Leader of Roundheads during English Civil War Glorious Revolution – Transfer of power from the monarch to the people in England Czar – Russian version of Latin word Caesar Enlightenment – new intellectual movement that stressed reason and thought Navigation Act – prevented colonists from selling their most valuable products to any country except Britain Federal System – Power divided between national and state governments Bill of Rights – First 10 amendments of the Constitution Tennis Court Oath – Pledge to stay at Versailles until a new constitution was written for France Radical – Those who want extreme change Coup D’etat – forced transfer of power Blockade – forcible closing of ports of trade Industrial Revolution – The greatly increased output of machine-made goods, began in England Manifest Destiny – Idea that the U.S. had the right/duty to rule N. America from Atlantic to Pacific Imperialism – the seizure of a country or territory by a stronger country Berlin Conference – Meeting to lay down rules for the division of Africa Extraterritorial Rights – foreigners not subject to Chinese law @ five Chinese ports Sphere of influence – area in which the foreign nation controlled trade/investment within China Caudillos – Latin American military dictators Monroe Doctrine – Statement that the American continents are not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any European powers Militarism – glorifying military power & keeping an army prepared for war Schlieffen plan – Plan to attack France quickly then rush east to fight Russia Propoganda – One sided information designed to persuade