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The Scramble for Africa Mr. Wells Hickory Ridge HS Causes of Imperialism Definition: When a stronger nation forces their will over a weaker nation. Industrial Revolution created demand for raw materials & markets Nationalism European nations built empires in quest for power Prestige – “the sun never sets on the British Empire” Social Darwinism feelings of cultural superiority Humanitarian Rudyard Kipling’s the “White Man’s Burden” Christianity Industrial Revolution Markets for Finished Goods Source for Raw Materials European Nationalism Missionary Activity European Motives For Colonization Military & Naval Bases Social Darwinism Places to Dump Unwanted/ Excess Popul. European Racism “White Man’s Burden” Humanitarian Reasons Soc. & Eco. Opportunities Social Darwinism The White Man’s Burden The White Man’s Burden (Responsibility) -Rudyard Kipling Rudyard Kipling Types of Control Indirect rule colonial power allowed rulers to maintain status Direct rule officials from the mother country replace local elites Protectorate own government but protected by another government Sphere of Influence imperialist power held exclusive rights in region Indirect Rule British colonies such as Nigeria, India, Burma U.S. colonies on Pacific Islands Direct Rule French colonies in Vietnam German colonies in Vietnam Protectorate The United States in Cuba (Late 1800s – Early 1900s) Great Britain in the Niger River delta Sphere of Influence United States in the Pacific and Latin America The Scramble for Africa Africa 1890 Africa 1914 Africa (Background) Africa divided into many ethnic groups 1,000 different languages European contact Mostly established on the coasts of Africa Did not have technology to travel into interior Disease discouraged European expeditions The Congo 1860s David Livingston Missionary/Humanitarian Central Africa Several Years Passed 1871 Am. Reporter Henry Stanley found him “Dr. Livingstone, I presume” H. M. Stanley found Livingston (whom westerners thought to be dead) and his newspaper reports created European interest in Africa; Stanley sought aid of king of Belgium to dominate the Congo region. The Congo Free State or The Belgian Congo ? The Congo (Continued) Stanly commissioned by King Leopold II of Belgium help the king acquire land in the Congo King Leopold’s Claims abolish slave trade Christianity Real reason exploit & force Africans to collect sap from rubber trees Humanitarians demanded action 1908, Belgian govt. took Congo away from Leopold. King Leopold II: (r. 1865 – 1909) Harvesting Rubber Punishing “Lazy” Workers 5-8 Million Victims! (50% of Popul.) It is blood-curdling to see them (the soldiers) returning with the hands of the slain, and to find the hands of young children amongst the bigger ones evidencing their bravery...The rubber from this district has cost hundreds of lives, and the scenes I have witnessed, while unable to help the oppressed, have been almost enough to make me wish I were dead... This rubber traffic is steeped in blood, and if the natives were to rise and sweep every white person on the Upper Congo into eternity, there would still be left a fearful balance to their credit. -- Belgian Official Belgium’s Stranglehold on the Congo Africa: Berlin Congress 1884-85 Established the "rules" for conquest of Africa = “Paper Partition” 14 European Nations Countries had to show they could control the area No African ruler was invited to the meeting Only Liberia & Ethiopia were free Agreed to stop slavery & slave trade in Africa Berlin Conference of 1884-1885 Africa: Berlin Congress 1884-85 Britain: perhaps the most enlightened of the imperialist powers (though still oppressive) Pushed southward and took control of Sudan Battle of Omdurman (1898): British defeated Sudanese tribesman and killed 11,000 (use of machine gun) while only 28 Britons died Fashoda Incident (1898): France & Britain nearly went to war over Sudan France backed down in the face of the Dreyfus Affair The Battle for South Africa 3 Groups Africans, Dutch, English Shaka Zulu holds off Europeans 1887: Zulu nation fell to the British Boers settle in the Cape - Dutch Farmers - Also known as Afrikaners British & Boers clash over territory Shaka Zulu (1785 –1828) The Boer War Boers begin to move north The Great Trek Boers fight with Zulu 1860-1880 diamonds in S.Africa Boer War - Also known as South African War - 14,000 Africans die - British victory in 1910 South Africa becomes nation under indirect control of Great Britain The Great Trek, 1836-38 Diamond Mines Raw Diamonds The Boer War: 1899 - 1900 The Boers The British A Future British Prime Minister British Boer War Correspondent, Winston Churchill