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1497 – “NEW FOUND LAND” IS DISCOVERED AND CLAIMED FOR ENGLAND • John Cabot— A Italian sailor, explorer. He sailed to look for a short route to the far east and for the British king. He didn’t arrive in far east, but he thought he did. He found the land what is known as newfoundland in Canada, but he thought he arrived Asia. He reported to the English king, he found a new land, fish and resources. He granted a charter to conquer and occupy new lands and to have a monopoly one trade. Voyages reached newfoundland, establishing English claim. More and more Europeans came to the area to look for riches. Important to Canada: this event pushed so many English and other Europeans came for resources, and riches. Because John Cabot worked for English King, so this land became English colony, English had a monopoly on trade, so there were some British started a company, Hudson's Bay, it still opens today. The area became British North America for a long time , the Canada is royal to Britain for a long time, the Britain can control something about Canada even today. 1534 – JACQUES CARTIER TRAVELS INTO CANADA Jacques Cartier was a French who sailed to look for the route to Far east for French king, he reached Newfoundland at first, then he discovered the fertile land of Prince Edward Island which, he believed, was part of the mainland. He kept Continuing to the Strait of Belle Isle near Newfoundland, Cartier discovered and charted the Gulf of St. Lawrence. He found the First Nations, then he met with the leader of the group. Small items were exchanged in friendship which would be historically recorded as the first trading action between Europeans and the Natives of the New World. He had been explored in the area for three times, and he brought many French people came to, and brought few First Nations people back to Europe. Important to Canada: Jacques Cartier explored deeper into Canada and stayed for longer periods of time, he discovered many things in the area, and he developed connections with the Iroquois and brought some of them back to France. He set up future trade with the First Nations. He pushed many French people came in the area, and set up some French forts and colonies in the North America. That also led French and British to fight for the right to control the North America. 1608 – COLONY OF QUEBEC IS ESTABLISHED Important for Canada: this event pushed more French French explorer and navigator Samuel de Champlain were the first Europeans arrived the St. Lawrence, they found the area what known today as Quebec City in 1608, they create the colony in the area for French King, and named it "Kanata", then became the “New France”. After the land was found, more and more French came to the area after that, and the French control the everything of the area monopoly. came to the area, and control many area in North America, that led conflict happened between French and British because the profits, the furs trade, the right of control the area etc, that also pushed them to fight each other for a long time. 1670 – CREATION OF THE HUDSON’S BAY COMPANY English were very interested in gaining wealth from the fur trading in North America. The Hudson’s Bay Company was formed by a group of English investors. They asked for a charter and exclusive trading rights on a large track of land, which would be controlled by the Company. The Hudson’s Bay Company land became known as Rupert's land. The charter gave the company a monopoly over trade in all of the territory on 2 May 1670. the company set a lot of trading posts to wait the First Nations people come to trade with furs. Aboriginal peoples travelled to these trading posts to barter furs for manufactured goods such as metal tools, guns, textiles and foodstuffs. The HBC is the oldest incorporated joint-stock merchandising company in the English-speaking world. The fur trade had a great impact upon Canada’s Aboriginal peoples. As a result of their involvement in the fur trade, many abandoned their traditional lifestyles and economy, and became reliant on European manufactured goods and foodstuffs for survival. Many also moved beyond their traditional territory in search of furbearing animals and to obtain a better position in the trade. This movement of people and competition for European goods led to conflict among Aboriginal peoples. The arrival of Europeans also introduced diseases, such as smallpox, that devastated Aboriginal populations. The British people got a lot profits in the trading with First Nations, the manufactured goods were always very cheap like blanket, but the Furs were expensive things. There was the competition between British and French in trading furs, that led many conflicts happened. Important to Canada: 1756-63 – SEVEN YEARS WAR (FRENCH AND INDIAN WARS) The Seven Years’ War (1756-1763) was the first global war, fought in Europe, India, and America, and at sea. It also was war for British and French to fight over land both in Europe and in North America. Huron( one of the First Nations group) allied with French , and Iroquois allied with British in the war. The French and British used different strategies throughout the war. The French kept most of their soldiers in Europe so that their larger numbers could beat the English there. The British were determined to defeat the French in North America so they sent seven to eight times the number of soldiers to North America. After the British got the main and important French forts, The British won the war, got some French forts and colonies. Then they got the Quebec, it pushed British win the war. At the end of the war in 1763 France surrendered many of its colonial possessions — including Canada — to the British with the Important to Canada ---- British won the Seven Years war in Canada and France lost all control of colonies. Thus, we now speak French and English. and by taking control of the three French forts, Britain can cut most the of the French forts off any transportation route and therefore supplies from France. that pushed French lost all the right in North America, and pushed they lost the Quebec.that also led the areas to be controlled by Britain, and became Canada. The Seven Years’ War therefore laid the bicultural foundations of modern Canada. And the war. The Britain won the North America, that the area became Canada, and the Canada was British colony. Even today, the Britain can affect Canada in some aspects. 1759 – BATTLE OF THE PLAINS OF ABRAHAM The Battle of the Plains of Abraham (13 September 1759) was a pivotal moment in the Seven Years’ War and in the history of Canada. The battle, which began on 13 September 1759, was fought by the British Army and Navy against the French Army on a plateau just outside the walls of Quebec City, on land that was originally owned by a farmer named Abraham Martin, hence the name of the battle. The battle involved fewer than 10,000 troops between both sides A British invasion force led by General James Wolfe defeated French troops under the Marquis de Montcalm, leading to the surrender of Québec to the British. The French never recaptured Québec and effectively lost control of New France in 1760. Important to Canada—this war pushed the British won the Seven Years war and the all North America, and it also led the Canada’s official languages are French and English, and many France still live in Quebec and Other provinces, and affects French a lot, they will now have to live by a combination of French and British law language will now change to English as well as French. English culture they have to adapt to French--Roman Catholic. English--Protestant-deal with different religious expectation. 1763 – NEW FRANCE IS GIVEN OVER TO BRITAIN In 1763, France lost the Seven Years war, they lost New France, and all the rights to control in North America, and they also lost the war in Europe. France yielded its colony to England in the Treaty of Paris which ended the Seven Years war. British troops occupied the remainder of New France, which became a British colony in 1763. It marked the end of that phase of European conflict in North America, and created the basis for the modern country of Canada. Important to Canada: This marked a crucial turning point in Canadian history. Because the British won the French, so the almost the North America became the British colony, and then, became Canada, and the Britain controlled Canada for a long time. Most people in Canada speak English, some speak French in Quebec and the area where used to be the New France. That also pushed the Canada government to control the French who live in Canada now, but save some of their culture. 1783 – LOYALISTS BEGIN TO IMMIGRATE TO CANADA AFTER THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION The loyalists in US still wanted to remain British after the America became independent from Britain. And the British and First Nations fought with America in 1812, which war known as ‘War of 1812’, these people were not welcome in the US because the most people in the US didn’t royal Britain, they had a lot of conflicts with Britain and they didn’t like the people who still royal Britain. With the war end, more and more loyalists immigrated to Canada, because Canada was Britain colony and royal Britain, so they came. Important to Canada- - Tens of thousands migrated to British North America during and after the revolutionary war — boosting the population and heavily influencing the politics and culture of what would become Canada. They let the Canada has more population. 1812 - 1814 – WAR OF 1812 The War of 1812 (which lasted from 1812 to 1814) was a military conflict between the United States and Great Britain. As a colony of Great Britain, Canada was swept up in the War of 1812 and was invaded a number of times by the Americans. The war is fought in Upper Canada, Lower the United States. And the in the United States. The Peace treaty of Ghent, which ended the war, contributed to a growing sense of national identity, including the ideas that of the British (Britain allied with First Nations to fight with America) and Canadian cause suffered much because of the war; not only had they lost many Warriors (including the great Tecumseh), they also lost any hope of halting American expansion in the west, and they were hard up by their British and Canadian allies. no one won the war, they all lost a lot, First Nations lost the most. Important to Canada : This is a war related to the life and death of Canada, to promote Canada's English and French two colonial residents together against the common enemy. Resistance to the invading enemy strengthened the internal unity of the colonies and loyalty to the British Empire. The most important result of the war was the reunification of the British North American colonies in Canada in 1867. 1857-1870 – GOLD RUSH IN BC Important to Canada : it In the 1960s, gold was found in the Fraser River and Cariboo areas, and a large number of gold rush, businessmen, pioneers and all kinds of people and other rapid influx of British Columbia. These people come from all over the world, most of them came from America and China. During that time, the economy grew rapidly and the quiet village became a hustle and bustle of the city. People began to lay new roads, railways and build steam boats to cope with additional traffic loads. BC debt a mountain money at that time. changed the area of BC from a little area to colonies, then to a big province. Encourage the economic, population ,development in the area, pushed the province to build many towns and cities, roads, buildings, ect. Made the Canada became a Multiculturalism country, many foreigners(Americans, Chinese, Japanese, Indian etc,) came to Canada for the gold rush, and more and more people around the world immigrated to Canada, especially is the Chinese, Japanese, etc. BC debt so many money at that time, that also caused the area joined the Canada. 1867 – CONFEDERATION Canadian Confederation was the process by which the British colonies of Canada, Nova Scotia,, and New Brunswick were united into one Dominion of Canada on July 1, 1867. Upon confederation, the old province of Canada was divided into Ontario and Quebec; along with Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, the new federation was thus composed of four provinces. Over the years since Confederation, Canada has seen numerous territorial changes and expansions, resulting in the current union of ten provinces and three territories. Canada became a independence country peaceful because the British government agreed with a BNA Act. Important to Canada: Canada from a British colony to become a country. The British government could keep controlling and leading somethings in Canada, but the Canada had their own government. It pushed a lot areas to join in the Canada. And there have federal government, and provincial governments today. 1871 – BC JOINS CANADA • British Columbia Joined Confederation On 20 July 1871, Becoming Canada's Sixth Province In The Wake Of A Gold Rush And On The Promise Of A Transcontinental Railway Link. Because Canada Agreed To Take On Bc’s Debt, Build A Rail Link To The Pacific Coast, And Give BC The Right To Send Three Senators And Six Members Of Parliament To Ottawa. • • Important To Canada: Canada Has More Land, And More People. Because The Canadian Government Wanted To The BC Joined Canada, So They Gave BC The Canadian Pacific Railway, The CPR Costed To Mush Money So The Government Bullied The First Nations, So Caused The Northwest Uprising. 1873 – PEI JOINS CANADA The PEI was faced with a major financial crisis, then ,The Canadian government agreed to take over the island's debt, give the province an annual subsidy to buy back lands owned by absentee landlords, give financial backing to continue railway construction and establish and maintain a year-round steamer service between the island and the mainland. During the election of April 1873, island voters had the option of accepting Confederation or having increased taxes. Not surprisingly, they chose Confederation. P.E.I. officially joined Canada on July 1, 1873. Important to Canada: Canada grow up, bigger and bigger, got more land and people. It’s encourage the development economic, population, etc for Canada 1876 – INDIAN ACT The Indian Act is the principal statute through which the federal government administers Indian status, local First Nations governments and the management of reserve land and communal monies. It was first introduced in 1876 as a consolidation of previous colonial ordinances that aimed to eradicate First Nations culture in favour of assimilation into Euro-Canadian society. The Act has been amended several times, most significantly in 1951 and 1985, with changes mainly focusing on the removal of particularly discriminatory sections. The Indian Act pertains only to First Nations peoples, not to the Métis or Inuit. It is an evolving, paradoxical document that has enabled trauma, human rights violations and social and cultural disruption for generations of First Nations peoples. The Act also outlines governmental obligations to First Nations peoples, and determines “status” — a legal recognition of a person’s First Nations heritage, which affords certain rights such as the right to live on reserve land. the Act was to Control all aspects of FN people lives by the government to Assimilate the First Nations people into British, to take away Indian‘s culture and make them British Important to Canada: the Canadian government tried to assimilate the First Nations, forced them to do a lot of things. That led the more and more conflicts happened, Canadian government caused a lot of devastating damage to them,and the Canadians and First Nations were in very bad relationship,many First Nations’ culture lost. That also caused the Uprising happened. 1885 – NORTH-WEST REBELLION The North-West Rebellion of 1885 was a brief and unsuccessful uprising by the Métis people under Louis Riel and an associated uprising by First Nations Cree and Assiniboine of the District of Saskatchewan against the government of Canada. The Métis believed that Canada had failed to protect their rights, their land and even everything. Riel had been invited to lead the movement but he turned it into a military action with a heavily religious tone, thereby alienating the Catholic clergy, the whites, most of the Indians and some of the Métis. The rebellion ended with Riel was captured and put on trial. He was convicted of treason and despite many pleas across Canada for amnesty, he was hanged. Riel became the heroic martyr to Francophone Canada and ethnic tensions escalated into a major national division that was never resolved. Thanks to the key role that the Canadian Pacific Railway played in transporting troops, Conservative political support for it increased and Parliament authorized funds to complete the country's first transcontinental railway. 1885 – North-West Rebellion important to Canada: Canadian government won the war, and get the land they wanted. There was conflict between EnglishCanadians and French-Canadians, the French-Canadians like Louis riel and angry because the Riel was hung. Metis Lost the struggle to gain legal title over their land, moved farther North and West ,forced to Squat on public lands ,moved to cities so they could hide their First nation's heritage , and continued to face years of persecution and discrimination. the Prairie Provinces would be controlled by English speakers, not the French Canadians. A much more important long-term impact was the bitter alienation French speakers across Canada showed, and anger against the repression of their countrymen. 1885 – COMPLETION OF CPR • William Van Horne Was The Leader To Complete The CPR • The Canadian Government Agree To Build A Railway For The BC, That BC Joined Canada, The CPR Build For A Long Time. In 1885, Soldiers Are Sent By CPR To Squash The Northwest Rebellion. And There Are So Many Chinese Worked For The CPR, They Did The Dangerous Work And Got The Poor Wages. The CPR Receives A Second Cash Infusion From Ottawa To Complete The Laying Of Track. Last Spike Of The CPR Is Driven At Craigellechie, BC. The CPR Is Now Completed, A Full 5 Years Ahead Of Schedule. • Important To Canada: The Canadian Government Get The Bc. The CPR Was Canada's First Transcontinental Railway, But No Longer Reaches The Atlantic Coast. Primarily A Freight Railway, The CPR Was For Decades The Only Practical Means Of Long-distance Passenger Transport In Most Regions Of Canada, And Was Instrumental In The Settlement And Development Of Western Canada. 1905 – THE PROVINCES OF ALBERTA AND SASKATCHEWAN ARE CREATED Alberta joined Confederation along with Saskatchewan in 1905, when the two new provinces were created out of a section of the Northwest Territories. These two provinces were created because their populations indicated that they possessed the political ability of self-governance, as opposed to governance by Ottawa. The important to Canada: the land was became bigger. The economy had changed. Instead of just the fur trade, it now included farming, logging, mining and the railway. Many people were coming into the territory to work in these new industries. They believed this larger population deserved the same kind of government as in Ontario, Quebec and the other provinces. And they could not afford everything that the people needed, such as schools. By forming new provinces, they would be able to collect taxes and pay for these things. 1914 - CANADA AND WWI The First World War of 1914–1918 was the bloodiest conflict in Canadian history ( Canada entered the WW1 because the Britain was in the war and had power to control Canada enter the war to help them), taking the lives of nearly 61,000 Canadians. It eliminated the people who were looking forward to have war, and it led millions people dead during the war. The great achievements of Canadian soldiers on battlefields such as Ypres, Vimy and Passchendaele. The Canada was one of the winner in the WW1, Britain, France and some others who joined the Allied Powers, were also the winner. Important to Canada: a lot of Canadian soldiers died in the war, the war ignited a sense of national pride and a confidence that Canada could stand on its own, apart from the British Empire, on the world stage. The war also deepened the divide between French and English Canada, and marked the beginning of widespread state intervention in society and the economy.