Download Ch. 7-9 Notes Outline - Whitesboro Central School

Medieval Europe:
The Middle Ages, Byzantine Empire, Russia & Eastern Europe
Chapters 7, 8, 9
Overview
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After the decline of Rome, Western Europe entered a period of disorder as invaders swept across the
region.
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Medieval Europe saw the development of a political and economic structure known as feudalism
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Improvements in agriculture led to a growing population and the revival of trade and travel.
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Religion shaped the lives of European Christians, and the Church came to wield considerable power.
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In the Crusades, Christians battled Muslims for control of the Holy Land in the Middle East.
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Changing conditions and the growing power of monarchs began to build the framework for the modern
nation-state.
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In Eastern Europe the Byzantine Empire flourished and a new branch of Christianity was emerging.
The Early Middle Ages
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After the fall of Rome, Europe was cut off from advanced civilizations in the Middle East, China, and
India.
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From 500 to 1000 AD, Europe became sparsely populated, trade slowed to a trickle, towns emptied, and
learning virtually ceased.
The Empire of Charlemagne
Charlemagne•
King of the Franks – united the Germanic Kingdoms of Europe for the first time since the fall of Rome.
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Helped Pope Leo III spread Christianity and was crowned Holy Roman Emperor (Protector of the
Church).
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He revived Latin learning in the empire and strived to create a “second Rome.”
The Emergence of Feudalism
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In need for protection, a new political and social system evolved.
Feudalism:
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was a system of rule in which powerful lords divided their landholdings among lesser lords
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in exchange for the land, lesser lords, or vassals, pledged service and loyalty to the greater lord
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Under the feudal system, everyone had a well-defined place in society.
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It led to social order and stability during uncertain times.
The Manor Economy
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The manor, or lord’s estate, was the heart of the medieval economy.
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The manor was self-sufficient: food, clothing, furniture, and tools were all made right on the manor.
Sometimes referred to as manorialism.
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There was a manor house or a castle, several one-room huts for serfs, a church, a water-mill to grind
grain, and plenty of land for farming.
NOBLES
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Monarchs, lords, lesser lords, and knights made up the nobility.
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Warfare was a way of life- you owed military service in exchange for your land.
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Knights trained from boyhood to be warriors.
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Often lived in luxury, sometimes in castles.
PEASANTS or SERFS:
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bound to the land- not slaves, yet not free
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received protection from warfare and invasion
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guaranteed a place to live, work, and food in times of trouble
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needed to repair manor roads, bridges, fences, farming
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paid fees to the lord to use the church, mills, etc.
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lived in huts used for animal shelter as well
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given religious holidays as the only days of rest
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Life was harsh- children worked as hard as the rest of the family, ate a poor diet, life expectancy was 35.
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The Medieval Castle
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Castles were built primarily for protection.
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Early on they were simply fortifications- a tower surrounded by a fence. Eventually they became larger
and grander.
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Later, castles were like small cities with high walls, multiple towers, drawbridges and moats.
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Food and water would be stored there in case of a long siege.
The Church and Medieval Life
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The church’s teachings and practices influenced the everyday lives of the people.
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Priests taught values and morality.
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Monks and nuns cared for the poor and sick, set up schools for children, and gave food and lodging to
travelers.
The Power of the Church
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The church became the most powerful secular, or worldly, force in medieval Europe.
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Popes began to claim papal supremacy, or authority over all secular rulers.
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Canon Law (church law) was developed, as well as courts . If you disobeyed Canon Law you faced
excommunication or interdict.
Problems in the church
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As church wealth and power grew, discipline weakened.
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Some clergy ignored their vows and lived in luxury.
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Some priests focused more on family than on church duties
Church Reforms
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Priests, monks and nuns took new vows of obedience, poverty, and chastity.
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The pope also prohibited simony, the selling of church offices.
Jews in Europe
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Christians blamed Jews for economic problems, illness, and disasters.
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Prejudice against the Jews is called anti-Semitism.
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Thousands of Jews migrated from Western to Eastern Europe to escape persecution.
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An Agricultural Revolution
New farming technologies:
iron plow
harness
windmill
three-field system
Increase in food production
Population explosionBetween 1000 and 1300, the population of Europe doubled
Towns Re-Emerge
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As foreign invasions and feudal warfare declined, trade increased and more towns re-emerged.
A Commercial Revolution
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Bartering became obsolete, merchants needed money to buy goods.
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European merchants developed new business practices, such as:
-setting up banks
-developing insurance
-adopting a bill of exchange
Social Changes
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The use of money ended serfdom. Most peasants became tenant farmers or hired farm laborers.
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In towns, a new middle class of merchants, traders, and artisans emerged.
Guilds
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In the towns, merchants and artisans formed associations called guilds.
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Guilds were made up of workers in the same occupation. To prevent competition, only a certain number
of people could work in any trade.
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Guilds governed town life, passing laws and collecting taxes.
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The High Middle Ages
1050–1450
Monarchs, Nobles, and the Church
Monarchs had limited power. In order to expand their power, monarchs:
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set up court systems
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developed systems of taxation
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built standing armies
Over many centuries, monarchs built the framework for modern-day nation states.
Evolution of English Government
Domesday Book – King William I uses this survey as a basis for taxation.
Common Law - King Henry II lays foundation for English legal system.
Magna Carta – King John signs this document limiting royal power and extending rights.
Model Parliament – King Edward summons Parliament, which includes representatives of common people.
Successful Monarchs in France
Monarchs in France did not rule over a unified kingdom. Royal power increased by:
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Introduced a standing army
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Middle-class became government officials
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Introduced new national tax
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Quadrupled land holdings
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Outlawed private wars
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Ended serfdom
Struggles with the Church
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Monarchs and the Church battled over who should have more power.
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Concordat of Worms-stated that only the Church could appoint bishops (ending lay investiture- where
kings appointed church officials)
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English and French monarchies were becoming stronger. The papacy soon entered a period of decline
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The Reconquista
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The church’s campaign drive the Muslims from Spain became known as the Reconquista, or
“reconquest.”
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When Isabella and Ferdinand came to power in Spain, they wanted to restore Christianity.
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The Inquisition- the church set up a court to persecute Jews and Muslims who refused to convert to
Christianity.
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Many were burned at the stake. 150,000 fled Spain- many who were skilled and educated people who
contributed to the economy and culture of Spain.
The Crusades
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Muslims had taken over the “Holy Lands” previously held by Christians.
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The Pope encouraged Christians to join the crusades, often promising them they would go to heaven
and be forgiven of any sins.
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Crusaders were motivated by religion and the desire to win wealth and land.
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Religious hatred grew throughout Europe and the Middle East.
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Trade and travel increased.
Medieval Universities
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Schools to train the clergy had sprung up around the great cathedrals- became the first universities.
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The first universities were in the cities of Italy and later in England and France.
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The curriculum covered the liberal arts.
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Women were not allowed to attend the universities.
“New Learning” and Medieval Thought
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Scholasticism used logic to support Christian beliefs. People believed both faith and reason had to be
used to come to conclusions.
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Science made little progress in the Middle Ages because most scholars still believed that all true
knowledge must fit with Church teachings.
Literature
New writings in the vernacular:
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Dante’s Divine Comedy (Italy)
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Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales (England)
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Architecture
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Towering stone cathedrals symbolized wealth and religious devotion.
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The Romanesque style reflected Roman influences- arches, columns, domes.
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The Gothic Style had flying buttresses, or stone supports that stood outside the church.
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Religion was the most popular theme.
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Stained-glass windows added to the splendor of Gothic churches.
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The Gothic style was applied to painting and illumination, the artistic decoration of books.
Art
A Time of Crisis
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By 1347, the plague had spread to Europe from the far East.
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Before it had finished taking its toll, one in three Europeans had died.
The Plague spreads…
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Spread through trade and travel in Europe by fleas from infected rats.
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Poor sanitation and lack of medical knowledge allowed for the epidemic to spread rapidly.
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Rich or poor- most died within several days of their first symptoms.
Social Effect
Economic Effects
People turned to magic and witchcraft for cures.
As workers died, production declined.
Believed they were being punished by God.
Surviving workers demanded higher wages, causing
inflation.
Normal life broke down, believing the end was
inevitable.
Landowners abandoned farming, forcing villagers to
look for work in the towns.
People abandoned family and friends to avoid illness.
Christians blamed Jews for the illness.
Unable to find work, peasants revolted.
Plague & Upheaval in the Church
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Many priests and monks died during the plague.
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Plague survivors questioned why God had spared some and killed others.
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The Church was losing power, the pope had left Italy to escape the plague and lived in luxury.
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The Hundred Years’ War
Between 1337 and 1453, England and France fought a series of conflicts, known as the Hundred Years’ War.
CAUSES
EFFECTS
English kings wanted to keep the French lands won
long ago.
In France, national pride grew and kings expanded
their power.
French kings wanted the lands back – they were
eventually successful
In England, Parliament gained the “power of the
purse,” and kings began looking at trading ventures
overseas.
Castles and knights became obsolete. Monarchs came
to need large armies.
Turning Points of the Hundred Years’ War
Longbow
Joan of Arc
English armies equipped with the
longbow could shoot three arrows
in the time it took a French archer
to shoot one.
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From 1429 to 1431, Joan
rallied the French forces to
victory.
French armies continued to
win even after she was
executed by the English.
Cannon
French cannons were key in
defeating English forces.
The Byzantine Empire and Russia
330–1613
Byzantine Empire
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The Byzantine Empire (or Byzantium) was the Greek-speaking, eastern part of the old Roman Empire
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Also known as “Eastern Rome”
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Centered at the capital - Constantinople
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Rulers were emperors in direct succession to the ancient Roman emperors after the collapse of Western
Roman Empire.
The Age of Justinian
Justinian ruled the Byzantine empire from 527 to 565. During his reign, he:
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recovered provinces from invaders- The Byzantine empire reached its greatest size under Justinian.
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launched a program to beautify Constantinople- The church of Hagia Sophia improved on earlier Roman
buildings.
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reformed the law- Justinian’s Code was a model for medieval monarchs, the Roman Catholic Church,
and later legal thinkers.
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used the law to unite the empire under his control- Justinian ruled as an autocrat, or sole ruler with
complete authority. He also had power over the Church.
Byzantine Christianity
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In 1054 – Differences between east and west provoked a permanent split, between the Eastern
Orthodox and the Roman Catholic Church.
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Christianity would never be one united force throughout Europe again.
Christianity in West and East
Western European:
Roman Catholic Christianity
Pope controlled Church affairs
People accepted pope’s claim to authority over all
Christians
Eastern European:
Byzantine Christianity
(Eastern Orthodox Christianity)
Byzantine emperor appointed the patriarch, top
official
People rejected pope’s claim to authority over all
Christians
Clergy can’t get married
Clergy kept right to marry
Latin was language of the Church
Greek was language of the Church
Christmas was a main holy day
Easter was main holy day
Use of icons, or holy images permitted
Outlawed the use of icons, or holy images
The Byzantine Heritage
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The Byzantine Empire preserved the culture of the Hellenistic world.
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Byzantine civilization blended Christian beliefs with Greek and Roman ideas about science, philosophy,
arts, literature and law.
Byzantine Influences
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The Cyrillic alphabet became the written script used in the Byzantine Empire, Russia, and Ukraine to the
present.
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Decline of the Byzantine Empire
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Plague- wiped out large portions of the population in the Western territories
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Invasion- start to lose control of Italy and areas around the Mediterranean.
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Crusades- trade rivalries & more conflict in distant parts of the empire, Constantinople was conquered
by European forces.
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Ottoman (Muslim attacks)- Constantinople is captured and transformed into Muslim Istanbul.
The Rise of Russia
The Geography of Russia
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Fertile land in the south was home to Russia’s first civilization.
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The steppe allowed nomads to migrate from Asia to Europe.
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Rivers provided transportation for people and goods, linking Russia to the Byzantine Empire.
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The city of Kiev was located at the heart of trade in Russia.
A Golden Age in Russia•
Russia adopted Byzantine religion, art, music, and architecture.
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Byzantine style domes were transformed into colorful, onion-like domes.
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Similar to Byzantine Christianity, the Russian Orthodox Church was controlled by Russian rulers.
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Like Justinian’s Code, a written law code to improve justice was adopted.
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Promoted education and Greek works.
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Royal families arranged marriages between their children and some of the royal families of Western
Europe- creating alliances.
The Mongol Conquest
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In the early 1200’s, Mongol armies, led by Genghis Khan, conquered Russia. The Mongols ruled Russia
for 240 years.
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Kiev and other Russian cities were destroyed. Many Russians were killed.
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The Russian Orthodox Church was tolerated and grew more powerful.
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Russia adopted the Mongol practice of subjugating women.
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Trade routes opened up between China and Eastern Europe.
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Absolute power of the Mongols served as a model for later Russian rulers.
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Russia was cut off from Western Europe at an important time.
After Mongol Rule…Moscow:
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became the center of Russian power
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benefited from a location near important river trade routes
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was made the capital of the Russian Orthodox Church
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Ivan the Great and Ivan the Terrible centralized power and recovered Russian territories after
Mongol power was declining.
Eastern Europe
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Eastern Europe has few geographic barriers- easy migration of people and goods.
In the South:
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The southern areas of E. Europe were linked with the Balkan Peninsula and the Byzantine Empire.
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Religions: Eastern Orthodox Christianity and Islam.
In the North:
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The northern areas of E. Europe were linked with Poland and Hungary and more like Western Europe.
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Religions: Roman Catholic and Judaism.
A Diverse Mix of Peoples
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Eastern Europe’s geography made it a cultural crossroads.
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The ease of migration encouraged people to seek homes, as well as power, in the region.
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As a result, Eastern Europe included a wealth of languages and cultures.
Jews in Eastern Europe
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In the late Middle Ages, Eastern Europe became a refuge for many Jewish settlers.
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Jews were persecuted during the Spanish Inquisition, the Crusades and the Black Death in W. Europe,
causing them to flee.
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Polish kings followed a policy of toleration toward Jews.
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Jewish villages sprang up in Poland and other sparsely populated areas of Eastern Europe.
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Jewish merchants and scholars contributed to the economic and cultural development of Poland during
this period.
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