Download Former Cocoa Works Factory

Former Cocoa Works Factory
Haxby Road, York
Desk Based Heritage Assessment
Client: York 123 Ltd
Local Planning Authority: City of York Council
Planning Reference: TBC
NGR: SE 60626, 53525
Date of Report: 30/12/2016
Author: Jim Bonnor
Report No. NEW01
Prospect Archaeology Ltd, Prospect House, Garden Lane, Sherburn-in-Elmet, Leeds, North Yorkshire LS25 6AT.
Tel 01977 681885. Email [email protected]. www.prospectarc.com
Limited company registered in England 07130161
Client York 123 Ltd
Site Name Former Cocoa Works Factory, York
Report Type Desk-based Assessment
CONTENTS
LIST OF FIGURES............................................................................................................................................... 2
LIST OF PLATES................................................................................................................................................. 3
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ..................................................................................................................................... 4
1.0
INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................... 5
2.0
SITE DESCRIPTION ............................................................................................................................... 5
3.0
GEOLOGY AND TOPOGRAPHY ............................................................................................................. 5
4.0
STATUTORY AND PLANNING POLICY CONTEXT.................................................................................... 5
5.0
ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY AND SIGNIFICANCE CRITERIA .............................................................. 9
6.0
BASELINE CONDITIONS ...................................................................................................................... 11
7.0
ASSESSMENT ..................................................................................................................................... 18
8.0
CONCLUSIONS ................................................................................................................................... 19
9.0
REFERENCES ...................................................................................................................................... 20
10.0
FIGURES ............................................................................................................................................ 22
11.0
PLATES .............................................................................................................................................. 31
Every effort has been made to ensure the accuracy of reporting and appropriateness of
recommendations. This report is based on information available at the time of writing, from the
sources cited. It does not preclude the potential for future discoveries to be made, or for other
unidentified sources of information to exist that alter the potential for archaeological impact. Any
opinions expressed within this document reflect the honest opinion of Prospect Archaeology.
However, the final decision on the need for further work rests with the relevant planning
authority.
© Prospect Archaeology 2016
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Client York 123 Ltd
Site Name Former Cocoa Works Factory, York
Report Type Desk-based Assessment
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: Site location & known Heritage Assets ............................................................................................ 23
Figure 2: Ordnance Survey 1890 .................................................................................................................... 24
Figure 3: Ordnance Survey 1907 .................................................................................................................... 25
Figure 4: Ordnance Survey 1931 .................................................................................................................... 26
Figure 5: Ordnance Survey 1937 .................................................................................................................... 27
Figure 6: Ordnance Survey 1961 .................................................................................................................... 28
Figure 7: Ordnance Survey 1985 .................................................................................................................... 29
Figure 8: Proposed Layout of Development ................................................................................................... 30
LIST OF PLATES
Plate 1 Site looking northeast from the Wigginton Road Entrance ................................................................ 31
Plate 2 Site looking east from the Wigginton Road entrance ......................................................................... 31
Plate 3 Whitestone Cross in grounds of Yearsley Swimming Pool .................................................................. 32
Plate 4 Joseph Rowntree theatre looking east from Haxby road .................................................................... 32
Plate 5 Joseph Rowntree library with the Cream block behind ...................................................................... 33
Plate 6 Cream block looking northwest from the Haxby Road school ............................................................ 33
Plate 7 Footpath along the southern edge of the site, looking west .............................................................. 34
Plate 8 Buildings to rear of library looking northwest .................................................................................... 34
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Client York 123 Ltd
Site Name Former Cocoa Works Factory, York
Report Type Desk-based Assessment
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
This report represents the results of a desk based study into the potential heritage impacts of
proposed mixed use development on land off Haxby Road, York on part of the site of the former
Cocoa Works factory.
The study has identified five designated heritage assets including Conservation Area no.35, the listed
buildings of The Rowntree Memorial Library and Theatre, the Haxby Road School and the
Whitestone Cross.
There are no known undesignated heritage assets identified within the site. Seventeen assets in the
surrounding area include seven areas of ridge and furrow, the Foss navigation and associated locks
and bridges, the line of the branch railway, a turnpike road, and historic amenity buildings. A multistorey block remains of the Works buildings along with some ancillary buildings and two pedestal
style clocks.
The significance and impacts of the proposals have been dealt with in detail in a separate Heritage
Statement and deemed to be overall acceptable to the character and setting of assets within the
Conservation Area. Listed Building consent will be required for alterations and extensions to the
Joseph Rowntree Memorial Library.
The archaeological potential of the site is deemed to be low in lieu of the lack of significant
archaeological remains in the vicinity and the previous disturbance from the Cocoa Works
development. It is recommended that no further archaeological investigation is necessary.
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Client York 123 Ltd
Site Name Former Cocoa Works Factory, York
Report Type Desk-based Assessment
1.0
INTRODUCTION
1.1.1
Prospect Archaeology Ltd has been appointed by York 123 Ltd to prepare a desk-based
assessment in support of a full application for mixed use development on the Eastern third
of the land of the former Cocoa Works Factory on Haxby Road. This report considers the
known or suspected built heritage and archaeological remains lying within and adjacent to
the proposed development Site.
2.0
SITE DESCRIPTION
2.1.1
The site is a roughly rectangular area of approximately 2.35 hectares, situated on Haxby
Road in the Clifton suburb of York, centred at NGR SE 60626, 53525.
2.1.2
The site contains buildings of the former Nestle Rowntree Cocoa Works, notably the
Rowntree Memorial Library complex including ancillary buildings to the rear and the multistorey Almond extension and Cream blocks. To the north the site is bordered by the
remaining Nestle plant and to the south and west by trees and planting which define the
boundary with the footpath running along the line of the former railway.
3.0
GEOLOGY AND TOPOGRAPHY
3.1.1
The site is largely situated on an underlying geology of Sherwood Group sandstone overlain
by silty clay glacial moraine deposits of the Alne Glaciolacustrine Formation
(http://mapapps.bgs.ac.uk/geologyofbritain/home.html). The site is level and situated at
18m OD, lying between the Foss Navigation and the River Ouse.
4.0
STATUTORY AND PLANNING POLICY CONTEXT
4.1
National Policy
4.1.1
The National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF) was published on 27 March 2012, coming
into immediate effect and replacing all previous Planning Policy Guidance notes (PPGs) and
Planning Policy Statements (PPSs). Set out below is a summary of the relevant NPPF
guidance in Section 12 ‘Conserving and enhancing the historic environment’ as it relates to
archaeology only.
4.1.2
Section 12 provides guidance on the treatment of archaeological remains within the
planning process. Whilst it is recognised that important remains should be retained, the
benefits of development may be considered to outweigh the benefit of retention,
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Client York 123 Ltd
Site Name Former Cocoa Works Factory, York
Report Type Desk-based Assessment
especially where remains of less than national importance are concerned. Early
consideration of the potential for ‘heritage assets’ is advised.
4.1.3
Paragraph 128 states: In determining applications, local planning authorities should require
an applicant to describe the significance of any heritage assets affected, including any
contribution made by their setting. ......... As a minimum the relevant historic environment
record should have been consulted and the heritage assets assessed using appropriate
expertise where necessary. Where a site on which development is proposed includes or
has the potential to include heritage assets with archaeological interest, local planning
authorities should require developers to submit an appropriate desk-based assessment
and, where necessary, a field evaluation.
4.1.4

In determining planning applications, local planning authorities should take account of:

the desirability of sustaining and enhancing the significance of heritage assets and putting
them to viable uses consistent with their conservation;

the positive contribution that conservation of heritage assets can make to sustainable
communities including their economic vitality; and

the desirability of new development making a positive contribution to local character and
distinctiveness.
Where a proposed development will lead to substantial harm to or total loss of significance
of a designated heritage asset, local planning authorities should refuse consent, unless it
can be demonstrated that the substantial harm or loss is necessary to achieve substantial
public benefits that outweigh that harm or loss, or all of the following apply:
4.1.5

the nature of the heritage asset prevents all reasonable uses of the site; and

no viable use of the heritage asset itself can be found in the medium term through appropriate
marketing that will enable its conservation; and

conservation by grant-funding or some form of charitable or public ownership is demonstrably
not possible; and

the harm or loss is outweighed by the benefit of bringing the site back into use.
Local planning authorities should make information about the significance of the historic
environment gathered as part of plan-making or development management publicly
accessible. They should also require developers to record and advance understanding of
the significance of any heritage assets to be lost (wholly or in part) in a manner
proportionate to their importance and the impact, and to make this evidence (and any
archive generated) publicly accessible.
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Client York 123 Ltd
Site Name Former Cocoa Works Factory, York
Report Type Desk-based Assessment
4.2
Other National Policy and Guidance
4.2.1
The National Planning Practice Guidance (NPPG) was published by the Department for
Communities and Local Government in March 2014 and provides guidance for planners
and communities which will help deliver high quality development and sustainable growth
in England. In terms of heritage, guidance entitled ‘Conserving and enhancing the historic
environment’ sets out information with respect to the following:
•
the recognition of the appropriate conservation of heritage assets forming one of
the ‘Core Planning Principles’ that underpin the planning system;
•
what the main legislative framework for planning and the historic environment is
(Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act 1990; Ancient Monuments and
Archaeological Areas Act 1979; and Protection of Wrecks Act 1973);
•
a definition of ‘significance’;
•
why significance is important in decision-taking;
•
the considerations of designated and non-designated assets;
•
the identification of non-designated heritage assets; and
•
the considerations for when applications for planning permission are required to
consult or notify English Heritage.
4.3
Local Policy Guidance
4.3.1
City of York Draft Local Plan Incorporating the 4th set of changes (CoYC, 2005) is currently a
material consideration for development control decisions. It contains a number of policies
guiding the consideration of the Historic Environment in development proposals and are
relevant to this proposal :
The objectives of the policies are to:
• To preserve and enhance the character and appearance of conservation areas, listed
buildings and historic parks and gardens whilst at the same time promoting sustainable
development.
• To safeguard the City of York's archaeological heritage
HE2: Development in Historic Locations
Within or adjoining conservation areas, and in locations which affect the setting of listed
buildings, scheduled monuments or nationally important archaeological remains (whether
scheduled or not), development proposals must respect adjacent buildings, open spaces,
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Client York 123 Ltd
Site Name Former Cocoa Works Factory, York
Report Type Desk-based Assessment
landmarks and settings and have regard to local scale, proportion, detail and materials.
Proposals will be required to maintain or enhance existing urban spaces, views, landmarks,
and other townscape elements, which contribute to the character or appearance of the
area.
HE4 : Listed Buildings
With regard to listed buildings, consent will only be granted for the following types of
development
where there is no adverse effect on the character, appearance or setting of the building :
• development in the immediate vicinity of
listed buildings;
• demolition;
• internal or external alterations;
• change of use;
• erection of satellite antenna.
HE5: Demolition of Listed Buildings and Buildings in Conservation Areas
Listed building consent and/or conservation area consent will not be granted for the
demolition of listed buildings or buildings which positively contribute to the character or
appearance of conservation areas. Where exceptionally demolition or partial demolition is
permitted, no demolition shall take place until a building contract for the carrying out of
works of redevelopment has been made and planning permission for those works has been
granted.
HE9: Scheduled Ancient Monuments
Planning permission will not be granted for development which would adversely affect a
scheduled ancient monument or its setting.
HE10: Archaeology
Planning applications for development that involves disturbance of existing ground levels
on sites within York City Centre Area of Archaeological Importance will be granted
provided:
a) applicants permit a field evaluation, approved by the Council, to assess the extent and
importance of any archaeological remains; and
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Client York 123 Ltd
Site Name Former Cocoa Works Factory, York
Report Type Desk-based Assessment
b) applicants can demonstrate that less than 5% of any archaeological deposits will be
disturbed or destroyed;
Outside York City Centre Area of Archaeological Importance, archaeological deposits of
national importance must be preserved in situ. Where physical preservation of the
deposits in situ is not possible, applicants must make provision for the professional
excavation and recording of the archaeology, in accordance with a detailed scheme
approved prior to development commencing.
Appendix A of the Plan draws attention to those policies in the North Yorkshire County
Structure Plan:
Policy E4
Buildings and areas of special townscape, architectural or historic interest will be afforded
the strictest protection.
Policy E5
Development proposals which could result in damage to, or the destruction of, sites of
archaeological importance will normally be refused.
5.0
ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY AND SIGNIFICANCE CRITERIA
5.1
Buried Heritage
5.1.1
The buried heritage (archaeology) has been considered through desk-based assessment
and a site visit. A full list of referenced sources is provided and references are given. Staff
at City of York Council Historic Environment Record gave advice and information about
known archaeological sites of interest in the vicinity of the study area, and where relevant,
these were further investigated. Relevant primary and secondary sources held in the York
City Library and Archives have been consulted. Additional sources consulted included:

information available on a variety of internet sites including, The National Archives
(http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/)
and
the
Archaeology
Data
Service
(http://ads.ahds.ac.uk/); the Heritage Gateway (www.heritagegateway.org.uk); and
data from Pastscape (www.pastscape.org.uk). A full list of sites accessed can be found
in the Bibliography section;

cartographic sources held by the Ordnance Survey and promap (www.promap.co.uk);
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Client York 123 Ltd
Site Name Former Cocoa Works Factory, York
Report Type Desk-based Assessment

A site visit was undertaken by Jim Bonnor on 20/12/2016
The historical development of the Site has been established through reference to these
5.1.2
sources and is described in the Baseline Conditions section of this report. This has been
used to identify areas of potential archaeological interest. Each area of archaeological
potential has been assessed for its archaeological significance in geographical terms,
although it should be noted that despite the national policy guidance’s reliance on
geographical significance, there is no statutory definition for these classifications :

International – cultural properties in the World Heritage List, as defined in the operational
guidelines for the implementation of the World Heritage Convention;

National – sites or monuments of sufficient archaeological/historical merit to be
designated as Scheduled Ancient Monuments. Other sites or monuments may also be
considered of national importance but not appropriate for scheduling due to current use(s)
or because they have not yet been fully assessed;

Regional – sites and monuments of archaeological or historical merit that are well
preserved or good examples of regional types or that have an increased value due to their
group associations, regional rarity or historical associations.

Local – sites and monuments of archaeological or historical interest but that are truncated
or isolated from their original context and are of limited use in furthering archaeological or
historical knowledge.

Negligible – areas of extremely limited or no archaeological or historic interest. These
commonly include areas of major modern disturbance such as quarries, deep basements
etc.
5.1.3
The concluding chapter of this document summarises the findings, and provides an opinion
on the potential for archaeological remains to be identified, the likely importance of such
remains should they exist and the likely impact of the proposed development.
Recommendations for further work are provided.
5.2
Built Heritage
5.2.1
Built heritage includes listed buildings, conservation areas, registered parks and gardens,
and scheduled monuments. It also includes non-listed buildings of local architectural or
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Client York 123 Ltd
Site Name Former Cocoa Works Factory, York
Report Type Desk-based Assessment
historic interest which are included in the Historic Environment Record. All statutorily
protected built heritage assets are of national importance.
5.2.2
The historic built environment is assessed in accordance with the procedures set out in
Historic England Advice Notes. Of particular significance in this report is The Setting of
Heritage Assets, Historic Environment Good Practice Advice in Planning: 3 (Historic England
2015). Within this document a staged approach is proposed:
Step 1: identify which heritage assets and their settings are affected
Step 2: assess whether, how and to what degree these settings make a contribution to
the significance of the heritage asset
Step 3: assess the effects of the proposed development, whether beneficial or harmful,
on that significance
Step 4: explore the way to maximise enhancement and avoid or minimise harm
Step 5: make and document the decision and monitor outcomes
6.0
BASELINE CONDITIONS
6.1.1
The assessment of existing conditions has been based on a ‘study area’ extending 500m
from the boundary of the proposed development. This enables the significance of existing
and potential archaeological features to be considered in their local, regional and national
contexts.
6.1.2
The source of the monuments (Figure 2) noted in the following text are from the City of
York Historic Environment Record (HER) and the National Heritage List for England (NHL)
and have the prefixes HER or NHL. Known and suspected archaeological remains are
summarised and discussed in the following section.
6.2
Designated Heritage Assets
Step 1: Identification
6.2.1
There are five designated heritage assets within the study: four listed buildings and a
conservation area. Haxby Road School (NHL1257673) is located approximately 200m
southeast of the site on the east side of Haxby Road. This is a grade II listed school building
of mid-18th century date with 19th and 20th century additions. The Joseph Rowntree
Memorial Library (NHL1392224) is located on the eastern edge of the site, fronting the
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Client York 123 Ltd
Site Name Former Cocoa Works Factory, York
Report Type Desk-based Assessment
Haxby Road. This is a grade II listed building built in 1927 and designed by Fred Rowntree
and is an unaltered example of Arts and Crafts inspired architecture.
6.2.2
Another building associated with the Cocoa Works lies opposite the library on the Haxby
Road. This is the grade II listed Rowntree Theatre (NHL1096161), designed by Barry Parker
and opened in 1935, having a small later 20th century addition. North of the theatre and
sitting within the carpark of the Yearsley swimming pool, is the Whitestone Cross
(NHL1257676). This 1m high medieval limestone block is grade II listed and served as a
boundary marker.
6.2.3
The Conservation Area No. 35 includes the White Cross Villa – the earliest building in the
group, built in the 1880s - Yearsley Baths (HER4023) and Nuffield Hospital building
(formerly the Cocoa Works Dining Block), both built by the Rowntree Company in 1909 and
1913 respectively, and the multi-storey Almond block extension of 1911 and the Cream
block (1936).
6.2.4
These assets are listed in Table 1 below.
Step 2: Assessment of contribution of setting
6.2.5
The conservation area designation principally reflects the architectural contribution and
historical associations of the Rowntree family, their humane working environment
philosophy and the high quality planting and border treatment of the site. Together these
buildings form a pleasing and architecturally coherent group that evoke the historical
character of the area.
6.2.6
The most significant views of the Cocoa Factory site have been discussed by Hall Grey
Architects in their report on the buildings (Hall Grey Architects, 2006) and in the Heritage
Statement (TJC, 2017). These reside principally in the impact offered by the 1900-1930s
multi-storey buildings when approached via the Haxby Road from York and from York
Minster.
6.2.7
The buildings to the rear of the library, though they lie within the Rowntree conservation
area, are not mentioned within the York City Council description and are noted in the
listing for the Library as covering the approach to a subway beneath the library and road,
leading to the former dining block of Rowntree factory and being of no special interest
(https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1392224).
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Client York 123 Ltd
Site Name Former Cocoa Works Factory, York
Report Type Desk-based Assessment
6.2.8
The Whitestone Cross is essentially divorced from its original setting, in its capacity either
as a boundary marker or the base for a processional monument. It is now incongruously set
within much later development. Its remaining significance lies in its location at a cross
roads and in its evidential value.
Table 1: Designated Heritage Assets within 500m of the Site
NHL No
Name / description
1257673 Haxby Road School
II
1392224 Joseph Rowntree Memorial Library
II
1096161 Joseph Rowntree Theatre
II
1257676 Whitestone Cross
II
Conservation Area No. 35
6.3
Type Grade
CA
Undesignated Heritage Assets
Prehistoric Period (10,000BC – 43AD)
6.3.1
There is no evidence for prehistoric activity in the study area or wider vicinity.
Roman Period (43AD to 410AD)
6.3.2
There are no known sites of Roman date within the study area. Most obviously the site is
2km outside the city and the Roman town and fortress. Two Roman army camps are
located over a kilometre to the northwest and another almost two kilometres to the
northeast. A scheduled Roman settlement is located at New Earswick, a kilometre to the
north. Two Roman roads, RCHME Roads 5 and 7 run northwest-southeast about a
kilometre to the southwest.
Early Medieval & Medieval (5th – 16th centuries)
6.3.3
The name Clifton derives from the two old English elements of Clif, meaning scarp or river
bank and tun, meaning settlement and refers to the village’s location on the banks of the
River Ouse (http://kepn.nottingham.ac.uk/map/place/Yorkshire%20NR/Clifton).
6.3.4
Clifton has a number of entries in Domesday (Williams, A & Martin, G H 2003) reflecting
the complex tenure within the township. Before Domesday, land in Clifton was owned by
the Canons of York Minster and the Earl of Northumbria who had a major settlement at
Galmanho, in the vicinity of the St Mary’s Abbey precinct and the church of St. Olav, much
of Clifton township being within that parish. Following the conquest of 1066 the lands of
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Client York 123 Ltd
Site Name Former Cocoa Works Factory, York
Report Type Desk-based Assessment
the Earl were granted to Count Alan, Earl of Richmond who granted them to the Monastery
of St. Mary’s, who kept possession of them until the dissolution. Those lands belonging to
the Canons were given to the Archbishop of York and came to form part of the parish of St
Michael de Belfrey. Examination of the 1853 OS map will show how the township was split
between these two parishes, the site remaining within that of St. Olav (Kaner, J, 1988).
6.3.5
Clifton itself is renowned for developing into a significant entrepot for the wool trade in
York in the 13th and 14th centuries, where buildings of Yorkshire abbeys were established
(ibid.). The site itself is removed from the medieval core of the settlement and was located
in open fields, and included parts of the Bootham Stray, the common grazing lands north of
the City and accessed along the Wigginton Road. The area north of the city was also within
the general area of Galtres Forest in the 13th century, though the term Forest does not
necessarily mean that the area was wooded, but represented an area where Forest Law
applied, conveying certain rights and privileges, such as pasturage and pannage, though
the area of the site itself fell within the Liberty of St. Marys (http://www.britishhistory.ac.uk/vch/yorks/city-of-york/pp498-506) and thus was probably subject to different
tenurial procedures.
6.3.6
Seven areas of ridge and furrow to the north of the site (HER 3484, 3468, 3774 3788, 3787,
3407 & 3408) indicate that this area was under arable during the medieval period and this
use probably extended into the site, being near enough on the furthest eastern extents of
the township, neighbouring Heworth. In 1484 there is reference to the extension of
average (half yearly rights of access to land) over extensive open field and meadows
between Clifton Highway and the Foss (http://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/yorks/city-ofyork/pp498-506). The 1853 and 1890 OS maps show the field boundaries exhibiting the
characteristic curve of ridge and furrow lands.
6.3.7
The Whitestone Cross (NHL1257676) is a boundary marker that marked the grazing limits
between the city and St. Mary’s Abbey (CoCY, 2008). Its name and the cartographic
reference to it as a pedestal suggests that it may have supported a cross.
Post-medieval – Modern Periods (mid 16th – present)
6.3.8
William Robinson bought much of the township land in 1560 and then the manor of Clifton
in 1600 and over the next two hundred years the family acquired more or the township
lands. Inclosure of the open fields took place in the 17th century and the common lands
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Client York 123 Ltd
Site Name Former Cocoa Works Factory, York
Report Type Desk-based Assessment
followed in the 1762-3 (map missing from City Archives). Sale of some of these lands took
place in 1836.
6.3.9
From 1794 the Foss Navigation Company began the creation of the Foss Navigation
(HER2045) and the associated Yearsley lock (HER2271) and bridges HER316 and HER317,
creating a navigable communication for vessels from the junction of the Rivers Foss and
Ouse up to Stillington Mill.
6.3.10
Following the sale of 1836, Clifton began to develop as place for ‘healthful recreation’
(Hutton, B, 1969) and many of the terraces, villas and associated services, such as the
Shipton Street School (HER422) were established. The creation of the Foss Island Railway
Branch line (HER3507) in 1879 and the building of the Cocoa Works in 1890, and its
expansion over the first half of the 20th century (described more fully in Hall Grey
Architects, 2006) also helped to accelerate the suburbanisation of the area and led to the
construction of the buildings in the Rowntree Conservation Area, such as the factory
buildings, library, theatre, hospital and the swimming baths, now Yearsley Pool (HER 4023).
6.3.11
A complex of air raid shelters (HER 3703) dating from the Second World War were
recorded on the site of the Nuffield Hospital Care Home in 2011.
Map Regression
6.3.12
Historic Maps of the City of York held in the Explore York Archives show no development
in the area of the site until 1895 when the Cocoa Works is shown. Various reconstructions
of the medieval landscape, notably in An Account of the City and County of York, show the
site falling within the area of Galtres Forest which extended north of the town. A further
reconstruction of York in 1374 locates the Horse Fair and Peter Liberty Gallows at the
junction of Wigginton and Haxby Roads to the south of the site.
6.3.13
Ordnance Survey 1853 (1:10,560). The site is shown as open fields and incorporates parts
of the Bootham Stray, either side of the Wigginton Road. Some of the field boundaries are
sinuous betraying the orientation of former selions, or field strips, and suggest the area
derives from open fields, with straight internal divisions dating to enclosure. There is no
development on the site.
6.3.14
Ordnance Survey 1890 (1:2,500). The site appears much the same, field boundaries along
Wigginton Road reflecting the area of the Stray and there are small pens dotted along the
field boundaries. The railway now forms the southern border of the site.
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Client York 123 Ltd
Site Name Former Cocoa Works Factory, York
Report Type Desk-based Assessment
6.3.15
Ordnance Survey 1893 (1:10,560). No significant change
6.3.16
Plan of York 1895, Bacon. Shows the buildings of the Cocoa Works, which were the fruit
Room and the Gum Department (Hall Grey Architects, 2006 ) with no development of the
site to the north.
6.3.17
Ordnance Survey 1907 (1:2,500). There has been considerable expansion of the works,
including into the northern area and the construction of the private branch to the railway.
6.3.18
Ordnance Survey 1931 (1:2,500). Various new buildings have been erected including the
multi storey extension to the Almond Block, the Bonded Warehouse, a new Gum
Warehouse, new Extract Warehouse and extensions to the Packing and Store area and to
the Cream Department.
6.3.19
Ordnance Survey 1937 (1:2,500).
The multi storey Cream Block and extension are
complete. The new Thompson Boiler House has been erected and the Joseph Rowntree
theatre and library are shown.
6.3.20
Ordnance Survey 1961 (1:2,500). No significant change.
6.3.21
Ordnance Survey 1985 (1:2,500). New buildings include the office block and extensions
built on the former rose gardens, new Mould Wash building and warehousing to the north
east of the site. The first factory building to the north of the track is built on part of the
sports ground.
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Client York 123 Ltd
Site Name Former Cocoa Works Factory, York
Report Type Desk-based Assessment
Table 2: Historic Environment Record Entries within 500m of the Site
HER No
Name / description
Period
date
/
316
Footbridge
Undated
317
Fossway Bridge
Undated
422
Shipton Street School and former schoolmaster’s house
19
1443
Whitestone Cross (see NHL1257676)
Med/PMed
2045
Foss Navigation
18
2271
Yearsley Lock
18 -19
3405
Ridge and Furrow
Undated
3407
Ridge and Furrow
Undated
3468
Ridge and Furrow
Undated
3484
Ridge and Furrow
Undated
3502
Turnpike Road, York to Scarborough
18 -19th
3507
Railway, Foss Island Branch
19 -20
3703
WWII Air Raid Shelter Complex
WWII
3774
Ridge and Furrow
Undated
3787
Ridge and Furrow
Undated
3788
Ridge and Furrow
Undated
4023
Yearsley Pool
20
th
th
th
th
th
th
th
th
6.4
Site Visit & HLC
6.4.1
A site visit was undertaken on Tuesday 20th December 2016 by Jim Bonnor. The site lies
within the fenced boundary of the Former Cocoa Works and comprises the retained
buildings of the Rowntree Memorial Library, the Almond Block extension and Cream Block
with the later ancillary buildings between, as well as the two clocks on the Haxby Road
entrance.
6.4.2
The northern side of the site is bordered by wire fencing which separates it from the
northern part of the works, while the southern side borders the footpath that runs along
the old railway line and is screened by a border of mature trees that extend to the gates on
the Wigginton Road frontage for the former factory.
6.4.3
The site, including the works to the north, is classed as character area 44 of the York
Historic Environment Characterisation Project, which is of 20th century to Modern
Industrial character type.
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Client York 123 Ltd
Site Name Former Cocoa Works Factory, York
Report Type Desk-based Assessment
7.0
ASSESSMENT
7.1
Designated Assets
Step 3: Effects of proposed development
7.1.1
The proposal is for the conversion and extension of the Almond and Cream Blocks to create
263 residential units with associated car parking, convenience store and landscaping,
vehicular access being provided off Haxby Road. The library will be reused as a sales area
and subsequently as a concierge with a community building and cycle store to the rear (Fig.
8).
7.1.2
The proposals affecting the assets within the site boundary and the wider character of the
Conservation Area have been dealt with in detail in the Heritage Statement prepared by
the Jessop Consultancy (TJC, 2017) and this report makes no effort to duplicate the
conclusions therein. The only assets not specifically considered in this report are the
Whitestone Cross (NHL1257676) and the Haxby Road School (1257673), on which the
proposals will have a negligible indirect impact given the restricted views to and from the
new development and the relevance to the significance of the setting of these assets.
Step 4: Enhancement / Avoiding Harm
7.1.3
There are no recommendations as these have been dealt with in the afore-mentioned
Heritage Statement. Listed Building consent will be required for the works to the Joseph
Rowntree Memorial Library.
Step 5: Conclusions
7.1.4
On balance, the current proposal will have a positive impact in terms of the conservation
and continued use of the buildings within the conservation area. The effects on other
assets are considered to be negligible.
7.2
Archaeological Potential
7.2.1
There are no known remains of prehistoric or Roman date in the study area. There are
Roman period camps and settlements in the wider area, but the potential for remains of
these periods is considered to be low.
7.2.2
The potential for medieval remains is also low. The site was within an area of medieval
open fields and common land and was first developed when the Cocoa Works were
erected in 1895. The buildings of the Works have been subject of a separate report (Hall
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Client York 123 Ltd
Site Name Former Cocoa Works Factory, York
Report Type Desk-based Assessment
Grey Architects, 2006) and the majority has already been demolished. Foundations will
remain, but will offer little information beyond that already gleaned from documentary
sources and the building recording.
7.2.3
Maps and photographs of the site show the buildings of the Works to be densely packed
and subject to numerous extensions and remodeling over time, including the construction
of the underpass to the rear of the library. It is unlikely that any remains of previous
archaeological periods will have survived in any coherent state and thus further
archaeological investigation is likely to reveal little of significance.
8.0
CONCLUSIONS
8.1.1
This report defers to the Heritage Statement prepared by The Jessop Consultancy
regarding the impacts on designated assets which considers the proposals to be general
positive for the conservation and reuse of buildings within the factory site, with acceptable
levels of impact on surrounding heritage assets.
8.1.2
The archaeological potential for the site is considered to be low for all periods and coupled
with the damage already sustained on the site through the construction and development
of the Works, it is recommended that no further archaeological work is required.
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Client York 123 Ltd
Site Name Former Cocoa Works Factory, York
Report Type Desk-based Assessment
9.0
REFERENCES
9.1
Published Documentary Sources
Benson, G, 1968
CoYC, 2005
CoYC, 2008
Hall Grey Architects, 2006
Hutton, B, 1969
Kaner, J, 1988
TJC, 2017
Wilson, V, 2011
Williams, A & Martin, G H 2003
9.2
An Account of the City and County of the City of
York.Vol2:Maps and Plans
City of York Draft Local Plan Incorporating the 4th
set of changes. Development Control Local Plan
Approved April 2005
City of York Council
The Nestĺe / Rowntree Factory
Conservation Area No 35
Rowntree Cocoa Works, York. Historic Building
Report (unpublished report)
Clifton and its People in the 19th Century, York
Philosophical Society
Clifton and Medieval Woolhouses, York Historian
8, York Architectural and Yorkshire
Archaeological Society, 1988
Cocoa Works, Haxby Road, York, North
Yorkshire, Heritage Statement, unpublished
report, The Jessop Consultancy
The Changing Face of Clifton, Oral History Serieis
5, York Archaeological Trust
Domesday Book: A Complete Translation
Cartographic / Archival Sources
Ordnance Survey 1:2,500 1890, 1907, 1931, 1937, 1961, 1985
Ordnance survey 1:10,560 1853
Directory of the City of York, 1872
Penny Plan of the City of York, Wm Sessions, 1880-90
Plan of York, Bacon 1895
9.3
Digital Sources
http://ads.ahds.ac.uk/
http://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/yorks/city-of-york/pp498-506
http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/
http://kepn.nottingham.ac.uk/map/place/Yorkshire%20NR/Clifton
http://mapapps.bgs.ac.uk/geologyofbritain/home.html
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Client York 123 Ltd
Site Name Former Cocoa Works Factory, York
Report Type Desk-based Assessment
http://opendomesday.org/place/SE5953/clifton/
http://www.heritagegateway.org.uk/gateway/
www.pastscape.org/homepage/
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Client York 123 Ltd
Site Name Former Cocoa Works Factory, York
Report Type Desk-based Assessment
10.0
FIGURES
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Client York 123 Ltd
Site name Former Cocoa Works Factory, York
Report type Desk-based Assessment
Figure 1: Site location & known Heritage Assets (produced using OS Opendata)
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Client York 123 Ltd
Site name Former Cocoa Works Factory, York
Report type Desk-based Assessment
Figure 2: Ordnance Survey 1890
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Client York 123 Ltd
Site name Former Cocoa Works Factory, York
Report type Desk-based Assessment
Figure 3: Ordnance Survey 1907
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Client York 123 Ltd
Site name Former Cocoa Works Factory, York
Report type Desk-based Assessment
Figure 4: Ordnance Survey 1931
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Client York 123 Ltd
Site name Former Cocoa Works Factory, York
Report type Desk-based Assessment
Figure 5: Ordnance Survey 1937
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Client York 123 Ltd
Site name Former Cocoa Works Factory, York
Report type Desk-based Assessment
Figure 6: Ordnance Survey 1961
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Client York 123 Ltd
Site name Former Cocoa Works Factory, York
Report type Desk-based Assessment
Figure 7: Ordnance Survey 1985
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Client York 123 Ltd
Site name Former Cocoa Works Factory, York
Report type Desk-based Assessment
Figure 8: Proposed Layout of Development
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Client
Site name
Report type
11.0
PLATES
Plate 1 Site looking northeast from the Wigginton Road Entrance
Plate 2 Site looking east from the Wigginton Road entrance
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Client
Site name
Report type
Plate 3 Whitestone Cross in grounds of Yearsley Swimming Pool
Plate 4 Joseph Rowntree theatre looking east from Haxby road
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Client
Site name
Report type
Plate 5 Joseph Rowntree library with the Cream block behind
Plate 6 Cream block looking northwest from the Haxby Road school
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Client
Site name
Report type
Plate 7 Footpath along the southern edge of the site, looking west
Plate 8 Buildings to rear of library looking northwest
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Client
Site name
Report type
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