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NATO III • Bucharest. The enlargement summit (April 2-4 2008) • The summit initiated the third round of enlargement in the post-Cold War era • These last two rounds of enlargement were “strategic” in the sense that the new members’ territory lay in regions that Russia consider critical to its own national interest • A logical continuation of NATOs involvement in the Balkans since early 1990’s, but also a way to increase NATO’s capacity for international action through the addition of new members and partners NATO III • Tuning and calibrating the process of enlargement • Membership Action Plan (MAP). Launched in 1999. Provides advice, assistance and practical support • The main features with MAP are: - submission of individual annual progress reports, covering political, economic, defence, resource, security, and legal aspects - a focused feedback mechanism - coordinated assistance, including specific defence planning • Participation in MAP does not guarantee future membership NATO III • The first NATO military operation in the Balkans where ”Operation Sharp Guard” (1993- 1996) • With the Dayton Agreement, NATO deployed a peacekeeping force, first named IFOR then SFOR (1996-2004) • 1999. Full-scale military engagement, waging an 11 week bombing campaign (without UNSecurity council mandate) • KFOR under UN-mandate NATO III • Albania joined the alliance April 1, 2009 – Post-communist era marked by political and economical turmoil. – Corruption: ranked 105 out of 175 countries, with the worst showing in central Europe – need bilateral assistance to participate in international missions and lacks sufficient logistical capabilities NATO III • Croatia joined the alliance April 1, 2009 - Had no real obstacles to overcome in terms of political and economical reforms - Strong backing from European states • Macedonia. Membership opposed by Greece - the two countries have been in disagreement over Macedonia’s use of the name “Macedonia” since 1991 NATO III • • • • Summary Future members? Russia? Enlargement also creates internal problems: More members strains the decision making process Where, and when, will the enlargement stop? Diluted organization?