Download Trade and the Rise of Cities (cont.)

Chapter Introduction
Section 1: North America
Before Columbus
Section 2: Europe Begins to
Explore
Section 3: Founding the
Thirteen Colonies
Section 4: Economics, Trade,
and Rebellion
Section 5: A Diverse Society
Visual Summary
Why Do People Migrate
to New Lands?
Europeans began leaving their
continent in the 1500s to settle
in the Americas. Their colonies
reflected the values and
traditions of their homelands,
but they were also shaped by
the geography of the new land
they settled.
• Why do you think Europeans
came to America?
• How might the location of a
colony affect its development?
North America Before
Columbus
How did regional
geography affect the
development of Native
American cultures?
Europe Begins to
Explore
How did advancements
during the Renaissance
lead to European
exploration?
Founding the Thirteen
Colonies
What were the main causes
of English settlement in
North America?
Economics, Trade, and
Rebellion
How did development of
the English colonies form
distinct regions?
A Diverse Society
What contributed to the
diversity of the thirteen
English colonies?
Big Ideas
Geography and History Native American groups
developed cultures based on the geography of the
region in which they lived.
Content Vocabulary
• agricultural revolution
• kiva
• tribute
• pueblo
Academic Vocabulary
• decline
• technology
• eventually
People and Events to Identify
• Beringia
• Mesoamerica
• Maya
• Aztec
• Cahokia
• Iroquois Confederacy
Do you believe that influences from early
cultures in the Americas still exist today?
A. Yes
B. No
A. A
B. B
0%
A
0%
B
Mesoamerican Cultures
An agricultural revolution led to the first
civilizations in Mesoamerica, whose
people built large, elaborate cities.
Mesoamerican Cultures (cont.)
• Mesoamerica is the region that today
includes central and southern Mexico and
Central America.
• The agricultural revolution made possible
the rise of Mesoamerica’s first civilizations.
Mesoamerica, 300 B.C.–A.D. 1500
Mesoamerican Cultures (cont.)
• Important cultures:
– The Olmec:
• Possibly the first people to develop a civilization in
Mesoamerica
• Emerged between 1500 and 1200 B.C., near where
Veracruz, Mexico, is located today
Mesoamerican Cultures (cont.)
• Important cultures:
– The Maya:
• This civilization emerged in the Yucatán Peninsula
and expanded into what is now Central America
and southern Mexico.
• The Maya culture thrived from A.D. 200 to A.D. 900.
Mesoamerican Cultures (cont.)
• Important cultures:
– The Toltec:
• North of the Maya civilization, the Toltec people
built a large city called Tula.
• They fell to the Chichimec in A.D. 1200.
Mesoamerican Cultures (cont.)
• Important cultures:
– The Aztec:
• This culture created a mighty empire by
conquering neighboring cities.
• They controlled trade in the region and
demanded tribute.
• When the Europeans arrived in the 1500s, an
estimated 5 million people were living under
Aztec rule.
Which of the following cultures is
known for their talents in engineering
and mathematics?
A. Olmec
B. Maya
C. Toltec
D. Aztec
0%
A
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
A
B
C
0%
D
C
0%
D
Western Cultures
Depending on their local environment,
the Native Americans of western North
America pursued agriculture, fishing,
and hunting.
Western Cultures (cont.)
• The Hohokam—from A.D. 300 until A.D. 1500,
this culture farmed land using a system of
irrigation canals.
• The Anasazi—between A.D. 700 and A.D. 900,
this culture lived in villages in what is called the
Four Corners area—where Utah, Colorado,
Arizona, and New Mexico now meet.
• The Anasazi constructed adobe buildings with
connecting passageways and kivas. Early
Spanish explorers called the buildings
pueblos.
Western Cultures (cont.)
• The descendants of the Anazazi and
Hohokam live in the arid Southwest.
• These cultures include groups such as the
Zuni, Hopi, and other Pueblo peoples.
• Between A.D. 1200 and 1500, the Apache
and the Navajo came to the avid Southwest
from the far northwest of North America.
Western Cultures (cont.)
• Many different groups, including the Tingit,
Haida, Kwakiutl, Nootka, Chinook, and
Salish peoples, lived in the lands bordering
the Pacific Ocean from what is now
southeastern Alaska to Washington State.
Which of the following cultures would have
dwelt in permanent settlements, but not
practiced agriculture?
A. The Hohokam
B. The Anasazi
C. The Chinook
0%
A
A. A
B. B
C.0%C
B
0%
C
Mississippian Culture and Its
Descendants
Along the Mississippi River, Native
Americans built Cahokia and other
large cities, while those on the Great
Plains hunted buffalo herds.
Mississippian Culture and Its
Descendants (cont.)
• Between A.D. 700 and 900, as agricultural
technology and improved strains of maize
and beans spread north from Mexico, the
Mississippian culture emerged.
• These people were great builders,
constructing cities such as Cahokia.
Native American Culture, c. 1500
Mississippian Culture and Its
Descendants (cont.)
• After the population of Cahokia declined,
many aspects of the Mississippian culture
still survived in the people of the Southeast.
• The people of the Great Plains abandoned
their villages and became nomads, hunting
buffalo and living in tepees around 1500.
Which of the following was the largest
group in the Southeast?
A. Choctaw
B. Chicksaw
C. Cherokee
D. Creek
0%
A
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
A
B
C
0%
D
C
0%
D
Northeastern Peoples
Most Eastern Woodlands peoples
spoke Algonquian or Iroquoian
languages; combined hunting, fishing,
and farming; and lived in small villages.
Northeastern Peoples (cont.)
• The Algonquian-speaking peoples included
most of the groups living in the area known
today as New England.
• They included:
– Wampanoag
– Narragansett
– Pequot
Native Americans of the Northeast, c. 1600
Northeastern Peoples (cont.)
– Powhatan Confederacy
– Delaware
– Shawnee
Native Americans of the Northeast, c. 1600
Northeastern Peoples (cont.)
• The Iroquois Confederacy occupied area
stretching west from the Hudson River
across what is today New York and southern
Ontario and north to Georgian Bay.
• The confederacy included:
– Huron
– Neutral
– Erie
Native Americans of the Northeast, c. 1600
Northeastern Peoples (cont.)
– Wenro
– Seneca
– Cayuga
– Onondaga
– Oneida
– Mohawk
Native Americans of the Northeast, c. 1600
Which method did many peoples in
the northeast use when farming?
A. Crop rotation
B. Irrigation
C. Slash and burn
D. All of the above
0%
A
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
A
B
C
0%
D
C
0%
D
Big Ideas
Science and Technology The Renaissance brought
about a scientific revolution that enabled Europeans to
explore the world.
Content Vocabulary
• astrolabe
• conquistador
• caravel
• encomienda
• circumnavigate
Academic Vocabulary
• route
• acquire
• labor
People and Events to Identify
• Henry the Navigator
• Amerigo Vespucci
• Hernán Cortés
• Francisco Pizarro
• Samuel de Champlain
Do you agree with the treatment that Native
Americans received as Europeans explored
new lands?
A. Agree
B. Disagree
A. A
B. B
0%
A
0%
B
European Explorations
Beginning in the 1400s, Europe entered
a new era of intellectual and
technological advancement known as
the Renaissance.
European Explorations (cont.)
• The Crusades brought western Europeans
into contact with the Arab civilization of the
Middle East.
• By the 1300s, Europeans had a strong
economic motive to begin exploring the
world for a route to Asia that bypassed the
Italian city-states and the Arab kingdoms.
• By the mid-1400s, four strong states—
Portugal, Spain, England, and France—had
emerged and were searching for a new route
to Asia.
European Explorations (cont.)
• Vasco da Gama, a Portuguese explorer, was
the first to find a new route to Asia.
• Scientific advances that allowed western
Europeans to explore the world included:
– astrolabe
– compass
– triangular-shaped lateen sails
Portuguese Exploration and
African Empires, c. 1450
European Explorations (cont.)
– multiple masts
– stern rudder
– caravel
Which time period marked an artistic
flowering and a rebirth of interest in
ancient Greece and Rome?
A. The Middle Ages
0%
D
0%
A
D. The Bronze Age
A
B
C
0%
D
C
C. The Renaissance
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
B. The Crusades
African Cultures
Three great empires arose in West Africa
and prospered from the gold trade.
African Cultures (cont.)
• Three West African empires prospered from
trade of gold and salt:
– the empire of Ghana
– the empire of Mali
– the empire of Songhai
Portuguese Exploration and
African Empires, c. 1450
African Cultures (cont.)
• Slavery existed within African society.
• Arab traders, as well as Europeans, brought
slaves back from Africa.
How did the three African empires gain
wealth and power?
A. Controlling trade in
gold and salt
0%
D
C
D. Crafting jewelry to sell
to explorers
B
C. Capturing European explorers
A. A
B. B
C.0% C 0%
0%
D. D
A
B. Invading other empires
around them
Exploring America
Spain led in the early European
exploration and colonization of the
Americas.
Exploring America (cont.)
• Christopher Columbus sailed for India in
1492 but landed in the Bahamas.
• In 1501, Amerigo Vespucci landed in a
place that is now named after him—America.
Exploring America (cont.)
• Later explorers looking for a passage to
China and India:
– Juan Ponce de León—the first European
to discover Florida
– Vasco de Balboa—the first European to
reach the Pacific coast of America
– Ferdinand Magellan—discovered the strait
later named for him; his crew was the first
to circumnavigate the globe.
The Treaty of Tordesillas was the answer to
which problem?
A. Warring between the
Indians and Europeans
0%
D
C
D. Europeans enslaving
local peoples
B
C. Financial strain on the nobility
due to exploration
A. A
B. B
C.0% C0%
0%
D. D
A
B. Control of the Atlantic route
to Asia
New Spain
After defeating the Aztec Empire, the
Spanish established the colony of
New Spain.
New Spain (cont.)
• In 1521, Hernán Cortés, with the help of the
Tlaxcalan, defeated the Aztec city of
Tenochtitlan.
• Cortés then sent several expeditions to
conquer the rest of Central America. The
men who led these expeditions were known
as conquistadors.
• Cortés used the encomienda system
to reward his men.
New Spain, c. 1600
New Spain (cont.)
• New Spanish explorations:
– 1532—Francisco Pizarro conquered the
Inca empire.
– 1540—Francisco Vásquez de Coronado
explored the region between the Colorado
River and the Great Plains.
– Hernando De Soto explored parts of
North Carolina, Tennessee,
Alabama, Arkansas, and Texas.
New Spain, c. 1600
New Spain (cont.)
• 1598—Juan de Oñate pushed north of the
Rio Grande, into the present-day state of
New Mexico.
• The Catholic Church became the primary
force for colonizing the Southwest but was
met with much resistance.
New Spain, c. 1600
New Spain (cont.)
• New Spain had a highly structured society
based on birth, income, and education. Rank
from highest to lowest:
– peninsulares
– criollos
– mestizos
New Spain, c. 1600
Cortés rewarded his men by giving them
which of the following?
A. Gold and silver
0%
D
D. New weapons and horses
A
0%
A
B
C0%
D
C
C. The chance to sail back
to Spain
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
B. Control over towns in
the Aztec empire
New France
France claimed a vast territory in North
America, but its colony had a small
French population.
New France (cont.)
• French explorers included:
– Giovanni da Verrazano—tried to find a
northern route through North America to
the Pacific Ocean
– Jacques Cartier—explored and mapped
the St. Lawrence River
– Samuel de Champlain—founded
Quebec, which became the capital of the
colony of New France
New France (cont.)
• French explorers included:
– Louis Joliet and Jacques Marquette—
found the Mississippi River
– René-Robert Cavalier de La Salle—
followed the Mississippi to the Gulf of
Mexico and claimed Louisiana
New France (cont.)
• The Spanish were threatened by the French,
so they built St. Augustine (in present-day
Florida) and San Francisco de los Tejas (in
present-day Texas) to defend their territory.
Why was exploration of the lower
Mississippi difficult for the French?
A. Spanish settlers would
ambush the French.
0%
D
C
D. The river was too difficult
to navigate.
B
C. Indians would ambush
the French.
A. A
B. B
C.0%C 0%
0%
D. D
A
B. Heat and mosquitoes
Big Ideas
Geography and History The headright system
provided English settlers with new ways to acquire
more land.
Content Vocabulary
• joint-stock company
• proprietary colony
• privateer
• heretic
• headright
Academic Vocabulary
• migration
• grant
People and Events to Identify
• Jamestown
• Powhatan Confederacy
• John Winthrop
• Roger Williams
• Anne Hutchinson
• Henry Hudson
Do you believe that the benefits of sailing to
a new country for religious freedom
outweigh the risks?
A. Yes
B. No
A. A
B. B
0%
A
0%
B
England’s First Colonies
While Spain was establishing an
overseas empire in the 1500s, England
was distracted by problems at home.
England’s First Colonies (cont.)
• When John Cabot first sailed to America,
most of western Europe was Roman
Catholic.
• Martin Luther accused the Church of
corruption and launched the Protestant
Reformation.
• The Anglican Church and the Puritan faith
also emerged during this time.
England’s First Colonies (cont.)
• Reasons some of the English sailed to
America:
– religious persecution of Puritans and nonAnglican people
– economic changes in England—wool
market, joint-stock companies
– rivalry with Spain
England’s First Colonies (cont.)
• The Protestant English wanted to find a water
route to Asia through North America, but had
to contend with the Catholic Spanish.
• Queen Elizabeth allowed English privateers
to attack Spanish ships.
• She also set up outposts in the Americas to
help attack the ships.
England’s First Colonies (cont.)
• In the spring of 1607, 104 men founded the
settlement of Jamestown.
• Captain John Smith began bartering goods
for food with the Powhatan Confederacy.
• Only 60 settlers out of about 400 survived
the winter of 1609–1610.
• The colony did survive and made money by
selling tobacco.
England’s First Colonies (cont.)
• 1618—the Virginia Company granted the
colonists the right to elect a lawmaking body.
They also introduced the system of
headrights.
• 1619—the first Africans were brought to
Virginia.
England’s First Colonies (cont.)
• 1622—more than 4,500 settlers arrived in
Virginia; Jamestown was attacked by the
Native Americans and the colony was
devastated.
– Virginia became a royal colony, run by a
governor appointed by the king.
England’s First Colonies (cont.)
• George Calvert—or Lord Baltimore—
founded a colony in Maryland for Catholics
who were persecuted in England.
– He owned this land and made it a
proprietary colony.
– However, most of its settlers were
Protestant and in 1649 the Toleration Act
was passed to reduce social conflict.
Why did Powhatan end trade with the colonists
of Jamestown in 1609?
A. The number of colonists
overwhelmed him.
0%
D
C
D. The colonists were marrying
the Native American women.
B
C. The colonists stole food from
the Native Americans.
A. A
B. B
C.0% C0%
0%
D. D
A
B. He was not producing enough
food for his own people.
Pilgrims and Puritans
Both the Pilgrims and the Puritans
founded colonies to escape religious
persecution.
Pilgrims and Puritans (cont.)
• On September 16, 1620, 102 Pilgrims sailed
to Plymouth in the Mayflower.
• The Pilgrims joined the Wampanoag in a
celebration to give thanks for their harvest
and fortune, the basis of our present-day
Thanksgiving.
The Puritan Migration to America, 1620–1640
Pilgrims and Puritans (cont.)
• In 1630, 11 ships carrying about 900 Puritan
settlers set sail for America to escape
religious persecution.
– John Winthrop led this expedition.
– As economic and religious conditions in
England worsened, large numbers of
people began to emigrate, later called the
Great Migration.
– People who voiced ideas that contradicted
Puritan beliefs could be considered
heretics and banished.
Pilgrims and Puritans (cont.)
• Towns, in what became Rhode Island, were
established as places where religious
freedom could be practiced:
– Providence—founded by Roger Williams
– Portsmouth—founded by
Anne Hutchinson
– Newport
– Warwick
Pilgrims and Puritans (cont.)
• Reverend Thomas Hooker founded the town
of Hartford and helped write the
Fundamental Orders of Connecticut.
Pilgrims and Puritans (cont.)
• Tensions between the English and Native
Americans peaked in 1675 when Plymouth
Colony executed three Wampanoag men for
murder.
– This sparked what became known as King
Philip’s War.
– By 1678, few Native Americans were left in
New England.
According to laws of the Massachusetts Bay
Colony, which of the following actions was
illegal?
B. Gambling
C. Drunkeness
0%
B
A
E. All of the above
0%
C
D. Blasphemy
A
B
C
D
E
0%
0%
0%
E
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
D
A. Expression of different
religious ideas
England’s Civil War and New Colonies
The English Civil War interrrupted
colonization. After it ended, new
colonies were founded.
England’s Civil War and New Colonies
• In 1660, the English government began
backing a new round of colonization in
America—also known as the Restoration
colonies.
(cont.)
• The Restoration colonies included:
– New York—England took New York from
the Dutch in 1664 and continued its focus
on trade; Henry Hudson originally
found this area for the Dutch.
Settling the Thirteen Colonies, 1607–1750
England’s Civil War and New Colonies
– New Jersey—the king’s brother, James,
granted this area to two of the king’s
advisers.
(cont.)
– Pennsylvania—William Penn established
this colony in 1681 as a place of religious
freedom.
– Delaware—William Penn bought three
counties from the Duke of York,
which later became Delaware.
Settling the Thirteen Colonies, 1607–1750
England’s Civil War and New Colonies
(cont.)
– The Carolinas—this area was chartered
in 1663 as a proprietary colony; its
proprietors hoped to make money growing
cash crops.
– Georgia—James Oglethorpe founded
Georgia in 1733 as a refuge for
England’s poor.
Settling the Thirteen Colonies, 1607–1750
The origins of which colony lay in the
Quakers and a large unpaid debt?
A. New York
B. New Jersey
C. Pennsylvania
D. Delaware
0%
A
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
A
B
C
0%
D
C
0%
D
Big Ideas
Geography and History Geography shaped the
development of distinct regions within the English
colonies.
Content Vocabulary
• indentured servant
• triangular trade
• town meeting
• mercantilism
Academic Vocabulary
• distinct
• reliable
People and Events to Identify
• Nathaniel Bacon
• English Bill of Rights
Do you feel that there are still distinct
social classes that exist today?
A. Yes
B. No
A. A
B. B
0%
A
0%
B
Southern Society
Society in the Southern Colonies was
sharply divided between the wealthy
elite and the backcountry farmers.
Southern Society (cont.)
• Wealthy planters in the south employed
indentured servants to help grow tobacco.
• In South Carolina the settlers grew rice and
imported enslaved Africans to cultivate it.
– They also grew indigo.
The Economy of the Colonial South, c. 1750
Southern Society (cont.)
• The plantation system tended to create a
society with distinct social classes.
• The social classes are as follows:
– wealthy plantation owners
– small farmers living inland
– landless tenant farmers
Southern Society (cont.)
• Bacon’s Rebellion, led by Nathaniel Bacon,
convinced many wealthy planters that land
should be made available to backcountry
farmers.
• From the 1680s onward, Virginia’s
government generally supported expanding
the colony westward, regardless of the
impact on Native Americans.
Southern Society (cont.)
• After Bacon’s Rebellion, planters began to
switch to enslaved Africans for labor for
several reasons:
– They did not have to be freed or given land.
– They could be used as collateral to borrow
money or expand their plantations.
– Fewer English settlers were willing to
become indentured servants.
Southern Society (cont.)
– In 1672, King Charles II granted a charter
to the Royal African Company to engage
in slave trade.
Bacon’s Rebellion was a result of which of the
following policies enacted by Sir William Berkeley?
A. Refusing to support military
action to defend the backcountry
land
0%
0%
0%
D
A
D. Allowing Native Americans
to vote
0%
A
B
C
D
C
C. Restricting landless tenant
farmers from renting land
A.
B.
C.
D.
B
B. Requiring backcountry farmers
to pay twice the tax
New England Society
New England’s economy was based on
fishing, family farms, and lumber mills.
New England Society (cont.)
• New England colonists practiced
subsistence farming.
• The main crop was wheat.
• Fishing and whaling brought the most
prosperity to New England.
• Lumber and shipbuilding also became
important industries.
New England and the Middle Colonies, c. 1750
New England Society (cont.)
• New England’s social life centered
around towns.
• Townspeople began discussing local
problems and issues at town meetings.
• These meetings helped set the stage for the
American Revolution and a democratic
government.
New England Society (cont.)
• The Puritans valued religious devotion, hard
work, education, and obedience to strict
rules regulating daily life.
The Puritans participated in the
following activities EXCEPT
A. Listening to music
B. Drinking rum
C. Wearing brightly
colored clothing
D. Theater
0%
A
A.
B.
0%
C.
D.
B
A
B
0%
C
D
C
0%
D
Trade and the Rise of Cities
Cities prospered and grew through
trade with England, Africa, and other
colonies.
Trade and the Rise of Cities (cont.)
• Instead of trading directly with England,
colonial merchants developed systems of
triangular trade involving a three-way
exchange of goods.
• The rise of trade caused several Northern
ports to grow into cities.
• A new society with distinct social classes
developed.
Triangular Trade and Rise of Cities
Trade and the Rise of Cities (cont.)
• The social classes included:
– wealthy merchants who controlled the
city’s trade
– skilled artisans and their families
– people without skills or property
– indentured servants and enslaved Africans
Trade and the Rise of Cities (cont.)
• The Middle Colonies—Pennsylvania, New
York, New Jersey, and Delaware—combined
aspects of New England’s economy with
those of the South.
• As in New England, trade led to the rise of
large cities along the coast.
• As in the South, colonists benefited from
fertile soil and long growing seasons.
• Wheat was in important cash crop.
Trade and the Rise of Cities (cont.)
• Benefits to colonies of mercantilism—
– a reliable market for some of their raw
materials
– an eager supplier of manufactured goods
Trade and the Rise of Cities (cont.)
• Drawbacks to colonies of mercantilism
included:
– Colonies prevented from selling goods to
other nations, even it they could get a
better price.
– If a colony produced nothing the home
country needed, it could not acquire gold
or silver to buy manufactured goods.
Trade and the Rise of Cities (cont.)
• Charles II wanted to generate wealth for
England in America and established policies
based on mercantilism.
• The Navigation Acts imposed restrictions on
colonial trade, which were met with
resistance by the colonists.
Trade and the Rise of Cities (cont.)
• To end the smuggling, King James II merged
several colonies into the Dominion of New
England, to be governed by Sir Edmund
Andros.
• James eventually fled the throne in what
became known as the Glorious Revolution;
the colonists ousted Andros.
Trade and the Rise of Cities (cont.)
• William and Mary had to swear their
acceptance of the English Bill of Rights
before assuming the throne. They established
the new colony of Massachusetts.
• The ideas in the English Bill of Rights later
helped shape the American Bill of Rights.
Which social class was the largest in
New England?
A. Wealthy merchants
B. Skilled artisans and their
families
C. People without skills
or property
D. Indentured servants and
enslaved Africans
0%
A
A.
B.
0%
C.
D.
B
A
B
C0%
D
C
0%
D
Big Ideas
Trade, War, and Migration Immigrants from Europe
and those brought by force from Africa greatly
increased the population of the American colonies in
the 1700s.
Content Vocabulary
• slave code
• pietism
• rationalism
• revival
Academic Vocabulary
• contract
• widespread
People and Events to Identify
• Cotton Mather
• Stono Rebellion
• John Locke
• Baron Montesquieu
• Jonathan Edwards
• George Whitefield
Do you have strong feelings about
the treatment of slaves in colonial
America?
A. Yes
B. No
A. A
B. B
0%
A
0%
B
Colonial America Grows
The American colonies experienced
tremendous growth due to high birth
rates, long life spans, and immigration.
Colonial America Grows (cont.)
• The population of the American colonies
grew rapidly in the eighteenth century.
• Factors contributing to population growth:
– high birth rate
– improved housing and sanitation
Ethnic Diversity in Colonial America, 1760
Colonial America Grows (cont.)
– inoculations against smallpox—Cotton
Mather, a Puritan leader, promoted this
method.
– immigration—About 300,000 European
immigrants arrived between 1700 and
1775.
Ethnic Diversity in Colonial America, 1760
Colonial America Grows (cont.)
• Women did not have equal rights in colonial
America—they could not own property or
make contracts or wills if they were married.
• Slavery developed slowly in the Chesapeake
colonies; in 1705, Virginia created a slave
code and other colonies followed suit.
• By the early 1700s, slavery had become
generally accepted in colonial
society.
The Atlantic Slave Trade, c. 1500–1800
Colonial America Grows (cont.)
• In 1739 a group of Africans rebelled against
their white overseers and tried to escape
from South Carolina to Spanish Florida.
• The militia quickly ended the Stono
Rebellion.
The Atlantic Slave Trade, c. 1500–1800
Which of the following was forbidden to
Africans according to the slave code?
A. Owning property
B. Testifying against whites
in court
C. Moving about freely
D. Assembling in large number
E. All of the above
0%
A
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
0%
0%
0%
E. E
B
C
D
0%
E
New Ideas
The ideas of the Enlightenment and the
Great Awakening made the colonists
question their role as subjects of the
English monarchy.
New Ideas (cont.)
• Enlightenment thinkers came to believe that
natural laws applied to social, political, and
economic relationships, and that people
could figure out these laws if they employed
reason.
• This emphasis on logic and reasoning was
known as rationalism.
New Ideas (cont.)
• One of the earliest and most influential
Enlightenment writers was John Locke.
• Works by Locke:
– Two Treatises of Government
– Essay on Human Understanding
New Ideas (cont.)
• Jean Jacques Rousseau and Baron
Montesquieu are two other Enlightenment
writers.
• While some Americans turned away from a
religious worldview, others renewed their
Christian faith.
• Many Americans embraced a European
religious movement called pietism, which
stressed an emotional union with God.
New Ideas (cont.)
• Ministers held revivals, and this widespread
resurgence of religious fervor became known
as the Great Awakening.
• In 1734 a Massachusetts preacher named
Jonathan Edwards helped launch the Great
Awakening.
• George Whitfield, an Anglican minister from
England, also attracted and inspired many
listeners.
Whose writing about natural rights had an
influence on the leaders who wrote the
United States Constitution?
A. John Locke
0%
0%
0%
0%
E
E. George Whitfield
A
0%
A
B
C
D
E
D
D. Jonathan Edwards
C
C. Baron Montesquieu
B
B. Jean Jacques Rousseau
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Causes of European Exploration
• The Crusades broaden European
horizons and stimulate interest in
luxury goods from Asia.
• The rise of towns and the growth of
the merchant class enrich monarchs
and make them less dependent on
the nobility.
• Monarchs want to find trade routes to Asia, by passing Italy
and the Muslim states.
• The Renaissance promotes a scientific view of the world.
• New technologies like the compass and astrolabe make sea
exploration possible.
Causes of English Colonization
•
The wealth Spain acquired from
conquering the Aztec and mining gold
encourages others to consider
creating colonies.
•
The Protestant Reformation in England
leads to the rise of Puritans who are
persecuted by the English government,
as are Catholics and others who disagree
with the Anglican Church.
•
Puritans, Catholics, and other religious dissenters, such as the
Quakers, seek religious freedom by migrating to America.
•
The growth of trade and the rising demand for English wool leads
to landowners evicting peasants so as to raise sheep. Some of the
peasants migrate to America to escape poverty and obtain land.
Effects of European Colonization
• Europeans explore West Africa;
they begin enslaving Africans
and forcing them to work on
sugarcane plantations.
• European explorers land in the
Americas, map the eastern
coastline, and begin exploring
the interior.
• Beginning with Cortés, Spanish conquistadors conquer
Mexico, Peru, and the Maya people of Central America.
Effects of European Colonization
• An exchange of plants, animals,
goods, and ideas begins
between Europe and the
Americas; European diseases
devastate Native American
populations; American diseases
spread to Europe.
• Spain establishes colonies in the Caribbean; France
establishes colonies along the St. Lawrence River;
England establishes colonies along the east coast,
from Massachusetts to Georgia.
Effects of European Colonization
• Cash crops, such as rice,
tobacco, and sugarcane,
allow Southern Colonies to
flourish; they also lead to
the rise of the slave trade.
• Triangular trade allows northern
American colonies to prosper
and leads to the rise of cities
along the American East Coast.
Chapter Transparencies Menu
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agricultural revolution
period when early Americans learned
how to plant and raise crops
tribute
a payment by one ruler or nation to
another in acknowledgment of
submission or as the price of
protection
kiva
circular ceremonial room built by the
Anasazi
pueblo
Spanish for village; term used by
early Spanish explorers to denote
large housing structures built by the
Anasazi
decline
a change to a lower state or level
technology
the result of an improvement on an
old or existing idea
eventually
at an unspecified time or day; in
the end
astrolabe
a device used to determine direction,
latitude, and local time
caravel
sailing ship capable of long-distance
exploration
circumnavigate
to sail around
conquistador
Spanish for conqueror; the men who
led the expeditions to conquer the
Americas
encomienda
system of rewarding conquistadors
tracts of land, including the right to tax
and exact labor from Native
Americans
route
an established or selected course of
travel or action
acquire
to get as one’s own; to come into
possession or control of
labor
an action that produces a good or
service
joint-stock company
form of business organization in
which many investors pool funds to
raise large amounts of money for
large projects
privateer
privately owned ship licensed by the
government to attack ships of other
countries
headright
system in which settlers were granted
land in exchange for settling in
Virginia
proprietary colony
a colony owned by an individual
heretic
a dissenter from established church
beliefs
migration
movement from one location to
another
grant
to give or bestow upon, especially by
a formal act
indentured servant
an individual who contracts to work
for a colonist for a specified number
of years in exchange for
transportation to the colonies, food,
clothing, and shelter
town meeting
a gathering of free men in a New
England town to elect leaders, which
developed into the local town
government
triangular trade
a three-way trade route for
exchanging goods between the
American colonies and two other
trading partners
mercantilism
the theory that a state’s power
depends on its wealth
distinct
separate, apart, or different from
others
reliable
dependable; giving the same results
on successive trials
slave code
a set of laws that formally regulated
slavery and defined the relationship
between enslaved Africans and free
people
rationalism
philosophy that emphasizes the role
of logic and reason in gaining
knowledge
pietism
movement in the 1700s that stressed
an individual’s piety and an emotional
union with God
revival
large public meeting for preaching
and prayer
contract
a binding legal document between
two parties
widespread
having influence on or affecting a
large group; widely diffused or
prevalent
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