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Chemistry 100(02) Fall 2014 Instructor: Dr. Upali Siriwardane e-mail: [email protected] Office: CTH 311 Phone 257-4941 Office Hours: M,W, 8:00-9:30 & 11:30-12:30 a.m Tu,Th,F 8:00 - 10:00 a.m. Or by appointment Test Dates: September 29, 2014 (Test 1): Chapter 1 & 2 October 20, 2014 (Test 2): Chapter 3 & 4 November 12, 2014 (Test 3) Chapter 5 & 6 November 13, 2014 (Make-up test) comprehensive: Chapters 1-6 9:30-10:45:15 AM, CTH 328 CHEM 100, Fall 2014 LA TECH 3-1 Text Book & Resources REQUIRED : Textbook: Principles of Chemistry: A Molecular Approach, 2nd Edition-Nivaldo J. Tro - Pearson Prentice Hall and also purchase the Mastering Chemistry Group Homework, Slides and Exam review guides and sample exam questions are available online: http://moodle.latech.edu/ and follow the course information links. OPTIONAL : Study Guide: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach, 2nd EditionNivaldo J. Tro 2nd Edition Student Solutions Manual: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach, 2nd Edition-Nivaldo J. Tro 2nd CHEM 100, Fall 2014 LA TECH 3-2 Chapter 3. Molecules, Compounds, and Chemical Equations 3.1 Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Water……………………………. 3.2 Chemical Bonds…………………………………………… 3.3 Representing Compounds: Chemical Formulas and Molecular Models.. 3.4 An Atomic-Level View of Elements and Compounds…………….. 3.5 Ionic Compounds: Formulas and Names…………………… 3.6 Molecular Compounds: Formulas and Names……………………… 3.7 Formula Mass and the Mole Concept for Compounds………… 3.8 Composition of Compounds…………………………….. 3.9 Determining a Chemical Formula from Experimental Data……… 3.10 Writing and Balancing Chemical Equations…………………… 3.11 Organic Compounds………………………. CHEM 100, Fall 2014 LA TECH 3-3 78 80 82 84 87 93 97 100 105 110 114 Chapter 3. KEY CONCEPTS • Writing Molecular and Empirical Formulas (3.3) • Classifying Substances as Atomic Elements, Molecular Elements, Molecular Compounds, or Ionic Compounds (3.4) • Writing Formulas for Ionic Compounds (3.5) • Naming Simple Ionic Compounds (3.5) • Naming Ionic Compounds Containing Polyatomic Ions (3.5) • Naming Molecular Compounds (3.6) • Naming Molecular Compounds (3.6) • Naming Acids (3.6) • Calculating Formula Mass (3.7) • Using Formula Mass to Count Molecules by Weighing (3.7) • Calculating Mass Percent Composition (3.8) CHEM 100, Fall 2014 LA TECH • Using Mass Percent Composition as a Conversion Factor (3.8) • Using Chemical Formulas as Conversion Factors (3.8) • Obtaining an Empirical Formula from Experimental Data (3.9) • Calculating a Molecular Formula from an Empirical Formula and Molar Mass (3.9) • Obtaining an Empirical Formula from Combustion Analysis (3.9) • Balancing Chemical Equations (3.10) 3-4 CHEMICAL BONDS: THE FORCE BETWEEN ATOMS What Makes a Molecule? Structural formula Space-filling model Methane, CH4 CHEM 100, Fall 2014 LA TECH 3-5 Molecular Compounds: Nonmetal + Nonmetal Name the most “metallic” of the nonmetals first. Change the ending of the nonmetal to “IDE.” Indicate the number of atoms of the nonmetal by Latin prefixes. Mono, di, tri, tetra, penta, hexa, hepta, octa, nona, deca Examples: – P 2 O 5 : diphosphorous pentaoxide – CO: carbon monoxide CHEM 100, Fall 2014 LA TECH 2-10 3-6 Naming Binary Molecular-Covalent Compounds For compounds composed of two non-metallic elements the more metallic element is listed To designate the multiplicity of an element Greek prefixes are used: mono 1; di 2; tri 3; tetra 4; penta 5; hexa 6; hepta 7; octa 8 CHEM 100, Fall 2014 LA TECH 3-7 1) H2O, Na3PO4, HCl, C2H6, NH3, KCl, CH4, NH4Cl, C6H12O6, BrassCuxZny, SO3, NaCl, CO2 Identify the types of compounds in the above list: Molecular compound: Ionic compound: Alloy: Organic: Inorganic: CHEM 100, Fall 2014 LA TECH 3-8 H2O, Na3PO4, HCl, C2H6, NH3, KCl, CH4, NH4Cl, C6H12O6, BrassCuxZny, SO3, NaCl, CO2 2) Which of the above compounds have Molecular formula: Ionic formula: Distinct empirical formula: CHEM 100, Fall 2014 LA TECH 3-9 3) Indicating the type and number of atoms in a molecule of the covalent compound: C6H12O6. a. C: b. H: c. O: d. Molecular formula: e. Empirical formula: CHEM 100, Fall 2012 2014 LA LATECH TECH 3-10 2-14 Simple Binary Molecular Compounds H2O water (common name) NH3ammonia (common name) N2O dinitrogen oxide (nitrous oxide) NO nitrogen monoxide (nitric oxide) NO2 nitrogen dioxide N2O4 dinitrogen tetroxide CO carbon monoxide CS2 carbon disulfide SO3 sulfur trioxide CCl4 carbon tetrachloride PCl5 phosphorus pentachloride SF6 sulfur hexafluoride CHEM 100, Fall 2014 LA TECH 3-11 4) Give systematic names to following binary inorganic molecular compounds a) H2O: b) HCl: c) SF6: d) BF3: e) N2O4: f) CCl4: g) SO3: h) PCl3: CHEM 100, Fall 2014 LA TECH 3-12 5) Give the common name of the following molecular compounds a. NH3: b. CH3COOH: c. C6H12O6: d. C2H5OH: CHEM 100, Fall 2014 LA TECH 3-13 Naming Acids Formula starts with acidic H HCl Hydochloric acid HNO3Nitric acid H2SO4Sulfuric acid HClO3Chloric acid H3BO3Boric acid H3PO4Phosphoric acid CHEM 100, Fall 2014 LA TECH 3-14 Names of acids and ions HClO hypochlorous ClO ¯ ”hypochlorite” HClO2 chlorous ClO2¯ “chlortie” HClO3 chloric ClO3¯ chlorate HClO4 perchloric ClO4¯ perchlorate HNO3 nitric NO3 ¯ nitrate HNO2 nitrous NO2 ¯ nitrite CHEM 100, Fall 2014 LA TECH 3-15 Naming bases formula ends with OH NaOH sodium hydroxide Ba(OH)2 barium hydroxide KOH potassium hydroxide NH4OH ammonium hydroxide Ca(OH)2 calcium hydroxide CHEM 100, Fall 2014 LA TECH 3-16 6) Give the names of the following acids Formula Name Ion (s) Formula a) HNO3: b) H3PO4: c) HNO2: d) H3PO3: e) H2SO4: f) H2CO3: g) H2SO3: h) CH3COOH: CHEM 100, Fall 2014 LA TECH Name Ions(s) 3-17 Types of Chemical Formula Molecular Shows ratio of atoms each element in the compound. E.g ethyl alcohol : C2H6O Condensed Shows groups of atoms bonded together in the formula. E.g ethyl alcohol: CH3CH2OH Structural Shows bonding of important groups in the formu a E.g ethyl alcohol: CHEM 100, Fall 2014 LA TECH 3-18 Hyd rocarbons and Alco hols alkanes – C n H 2n+2 E.g. C 5 H 12 pentane alkenes – C n H 2n E.g. C 2 H 4 ethene alkynes – CnH2n-2 E.g. C2H2 ethyne alcohols – ROH E.g C2H5OH ethanol where R refers to the hydrocarbon radical backbone created by substituting an -OH functional group for a H atom in the hydrocarbon CHEM 100, Fall 2014 LA TECH 3-19 Models of Ethanol CHEM 100, Fall 2012 2014 LA LATECH TECH 2-25 3-20 7) Given the structural formula of an organic compound, write the for the following: CH3CHClCH2OH a. molecular formula b. condensed formula c. structural formula d. line formula CHEM 100, Fall 2012 2014 LA LATECH TECH 3-21 2-26 Hydrocarbons Catenation The formation of chains of atoms of the same e lement . key feature of carbon permits a vast This number of compounds to exist. Four types of hydrocarbons 1. Alkanes (saturated): single C-C bonds 2. Alkenes (unsaturated): double C=C bond 3. Alkynes (unsaturated): triple bond 4. Aromatic (unsaturated): benzene rings CHEM 100, Fall 2014 LA TECH 3-22 Alkanes CnH2n+2 methane – CH4 ethane – C2H6 propane – C3H8 butane – C4H10 pentane – C5H12 CHEM 100, Fall 2014 LA TECH hexane – C6H14 heptane – C7H16 octane – C8H18 nonane – C9H20 decane – C10H22 3-23 Base names of hydrocarbons Prefix Carbons Meth- 1 Eth- 2 Prop- 3 But- 4 Pent- 5 Hex- 6 Hept- 7 Oct- 8 Non- 9 Dec- 10 CHEM 100, Fall 2014 LA TECH I see much memorization in your future! 3-24 8) Name, molecular, condensed and line formula of straight chain alkane (saturated hydrocarbons) or n-alkanes. a. 4 carbon n-alkane: b. 7 carbon n-alkane: CHEM 100, Fall 2014 LA TECH 3-25 What is an Isomer? Compounds with the same number and type of atoms but with different arrangements are called constitutional isomers Molecular Formula C5H12 Condensed formulas CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3 CH3CH(CH3)CH2CH3 (CH3)4C pentane 2-methylbutane 2,2-dimethylpropane All are isomers of C5H12. CHEM 100, Fall 2014 LA TECH 3-26 Alkane Isomers is there a formula? CHEM 100, Fall 2014 LA TECH 3-27 9) Draw the structural formula of constitutional isomers of butane with molecular formula C4H10. a. n-butane: CH3CH2CH2CH3 b. isobutene: (CH3) 3CH CHEM 100, Fall 2014 LA TECH 3-28 Butane Butane molecules are present in the liquid and gaseous states in the lighter CHEM 100, Fall 2014 LA TECH 3-29 Classifying Organic Compounds Examples Hydrocarbons Alcohols Acids Amines Ketones Aldehydes CHEM 100, Fall 2014 LA TECH Functional Group C and H only R-OH R-COOH R-NH2 R(C=O)R’ R-CHO Ending -ane -ol -oic acid -amine -one -al 3-30 10) Classification and the name of the following Classification Name a. CnH2n+2 where n is 8: b. CH3CH2CH2CH2-OH: c. CH3CH2CH2-COOH: d. CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2-NH2: a. CH3CH2-(C=O)-CH3: d) CH3CH2-CHO: CHEM 100, Fall 2014 LA TECH 3-31 11) Identify the classification or name of the following biologically important molecules a) b) c) d) e) f) CHEM 100, Fall 2014 LA TECH 3-32