Download American History I: The Civil War I. New Technologies Rifles When

 American History I: The Civil War













































I. New Technologies
Rifles
When war started, most soldiers still using slow-loading muskets which fired round balls
Over the course of the war, they were replaced by faster firing, more accurate rifles which fired conoidal bullets called
__________________________________________________________ balls
Steam-powered “ironclads”
Both sides began using “ironclads” – warships covered in sheets of iron armor
First battle: March 9, 1862 (Battle of ____________________________________________________________________)
between the USS Monitor and CSS Virginia (a captured Union warship formerly named the USS Merrimack)
Battle was indecisive since neither ships’ cannon could break enemy’s armor
Submarines
Both sides developed submarine technology, but the South was the only side to actually put one into action
The CSS ____________________________________________________________sank a northern ship blockading
Charleston Harbor on Feb. 18, 1864; unfortunately, the Hunley also sank in the attack
II. The War
Europe and the War
Britain and France depended on Southern _____________________________________________________ for their textile
mills, but were reluctant to anger U.S. by recognizing the CSA
Both decided on a “wait and see” approach; if the South could prove itself in battle, then European powers would show
public support
The Trent Affair (November 1861)
CSA sent representatives James Mason & John Slidell to Europe via Cuba; they boarded the British ship Trent, but US Navy
intercepted the Trent and arrested Mason & Slidell
Britain protested and threatened war; Lincoln ordered the two diplomats released to ease tensions
Divisions in the Republican Party
Most Republicans wanted to see a total end to slavery
Pres. Lincoln placed preserving the Union ahead of ending slavery – if he could put the country back together, he would
tolerate slavery
Divisions in the Democratic Party
War Democrats: supported the use of military force to restore the Union, opposed ending slavery
_________________________________ Democrats: opposed the war, wanted to see Union restored through negotiation
“Copperheads”
Republicans hated the Peace Democrats – considered their opposition to the war to be treason
Republicans nicknamed the Peace Democrats “Copperheads” after a venomous snake
First Battle of Bull Run (a.k.a. First Battle of Manassas): July 21, 1861
First major battle of the war
Union forces badly defeated just outside _________________________________________________________________
South did not press its advantage due to disorganization
Made it clear to the North that the war would not be quickly won
North captured New Orleans: April 29, 1862
US Navy under David Farragut attacked and captured New Orleans, a port vital to the South because it controlled both the
Gulf of Mexico and the mouth of the Mississippi River
The Draft: Summer 1862 - End of War
US Congress passed militia law which required states to use ___________________________________________ (the draft)
if necessary to field enough soldiers
Hurt the poor because the rich could buy out of the draft for $300 or hire a proxy (a substitute) to serve for them
Opposed by Democrats, led to riots in strongly Democratic districts
CSA would also use conscription to force men into service
Lincoln Suspends ________________________________________________________________________________
After anti-conscription riots, Lincoln suspended the requirement that a person could not be imprisoned without being
charged and given a trial
Anyone who aided the South or resisted the draft could be imprisoned indefinitely without trial
Lincoln was heavily criticized
CSA would also suspend habeas corpus, for the same reasons
____________________________________________________________________________________ Act of 1862
As worried citizens withdrew gold and silver from US banks, created a financial crisis
US government created a national paper currency which came to be known as “___________________________________”









































CSA also began to print and use paper money
Grant’s Western Campaign
Ulysses Grant’s forces were put in charge of securing the West (mainly Kentucky and Tennessee)
Grant won major victories, but only because he was willing to make sacrifices – large numbers of Union casualties
McClellan’s _______________________________________________________________________ Campaign
McClellan attempted to end the war by landing forces near Fort Monroe, VA and pushing up the peninsula between the
James and York Rivers to attack the Confederate capital of Richmond, VA
The campaign bogged down and Lincoln ordered the return of Union forces to Washington D.C. to protect the US capital.
Second Battle of Bull Run (a.k.a. Second Battle of Manassas): Aug. 28-30, 1862
Confederate forces defeated (but did not destroy) the Union Army, opening the way for the South to invade the North
Battle of ________________________________________________________________________: September 17, 1862
Lee secretly planned to invade the North, but his plans were discovered and Union forces met his at Antietam Creek, MD
Bloodiest single day of the war
Lee was defeated, but escaped south with his army still intact
The ______________________________________________________________________ Proclamation: January 1, 1863
Lincoln issued an executive order freeing all slaves in any state which was in armed rebellion, but not in states which had
stayed in the Union!
This encouraged free blacks to enlist in the Union Army, because it gave them a moral objective for fighting – to free the
slaves in the South
Siege of Vicksburg: May 15 – July 1, 1863
After a two month siege by Grant’s forces, Vicksburg, MS surrendered, giving the Union total control of the
__________________________________________________________________ River and permanently dividing the South
Battle of Gettysburg: July 1-3, 1863
In an effort to move the war out of the South, Lee marched into Pennsylvania; he hoped to destroy public support for the
war in the North by bringing the war to their towns and farms
Battle was bloody – nearly 8000 dead and 27,000 wounded
Confederate forces were defeated and turned back to Virginia
The South would not be able to invade the North again and would be on the defensive from this point forward
The ______________________________________________________________________________: November 19, 1863
Lincoln delivered his speech 4 months after the battle, at the dedication of the National Cemetery in Gettysburg
One of the most famous speeches in US History – even though it was only about 2 minutes long
Sherman’s “March to the Sea”: Nov.-Dec. 1864
After capturing the key railroad town of Atlanta, GA, Sherman marched his men across Georgia to the port of Savannah
Along the way, Sherman practiced a “_____________________________________________________________________”
campaign, burning or destroying nearly everything he came across – plantations, railroads, crops, businesses, and factories
Election of 1864
Democrats ran George McClellan
Republicans ran Abraham Lincoln with a VP candidate who was a War Democrat (Andrew Johnson) to broaden their appeal
Lincoln won with the help of some major Union battle victories
_______________________________________________________________________________ Courthouse: April 9, 1865
Lee, who saw victory as hopeless, surrendered to Grant in order to avoid needless deaths
2 weeks later, the last major Confederate force surrendered in Durham, NC
The war was over
Lincoln Assassinated: April 14, 1865
Lincoln was shot and killed while watching a play at Ford’s Theater in DC
Assassin John Wilkes _______________________________________________ escaped capture for 12 days but was hunted
down and killed by Union forces
Booth was an ardent Southerner who was angered by Lincoln’s support of voting rights for African-Americans