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Period 6 Quiz Study Guide
World War I
I. Underlying Causes of WWI
a. Militarism
Powerful military leaders and armies started an arms
race among nations
b. Alliances
-Agreements were made between countries in case of
war
-Emergence of Allies and Central Powers
c. Imperialism
-Competition over colonies
-Economic rivalries between major European powers
II. New Found Alliances
• Germany formed Dual Alliance with AustriaHungary in 1879
• Italy joined in 1882 creating the Triple Alliance
III. Birth of the Triple Entente
• New Kaiser Wilhelm II took the German throne
and fired Otto von Bismarck
• This ended the alliance with Russia
d. Nationalism
-Serbian desire to create a nation
-German pride in military and power--French revenge on Germany
e. Anarchy
-Many areas in Europe were going through social unrest
-No international body for peace
•
Germany wanted to isolate France and allied
with Russia
•
•
Russia then allied with France and Great Britain
They formed the Triple Entente
IV. Rivalries in the Balkans
• The Balkans were called the “Powder Keg” of Europe
• Many countries had claims to the territories and spheres of influence existed with many European nations
• Austria makes the first move by annexing Bosnia
• Serbia demanded that Bosnia have self rule
V. Serbian Payback
 Serbia set out to end Austrian interference in
the Balkans
 Archduke Ferdinand and His wife were visiting
Sarajevo, the capital of Bosnia
VI. The Start of War
• Austria offered an ultimatum to Serbia
demanding they stop resisting Austrian rule
• Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia on July
28, 1914.

Gavrilo Princep a member of the Black Hand
assassinated the Archduke and his wife.
•
•
Russia then joined the Serbians side
By August 3rd, Germany declared war on Russia
and France
VII. The Schlieffen Plan
• The Schlieffen Plan was a full out attack on France by crossing neutral Belgium
• The purpose was to destroy France quickly and then attack Russia
• This plan forced Great Britain to join the war and Italy to abandon Germany
VIII. Two Major Battles
a. The First Battle of Marne
 Germany crossed Belgium but could not break French defenses
 The Germans were now forced to fight a two-front war.

This stalemate gives birth to trench warfare
b. Gallipoli Campaign
 Britain launched an attack on the Gallipoli
Peninsula
 In 1915, the Ottoman Empire joined WWI.
 They stopped the British assault


This cut off the Allies from supplying the
Russians
This forced the Russians to suffer major losses
in supplies and amm
IX. The United States Enters the War
o The U.S declared its neutrality in 1914
o The Germans Started submarine warfare
o The Germans sank a British passenger liner called the Lusitania
o Germany used unrestricted submarine warfare to sink any ship without warning
o Even after unrestricted sub-warfare, the U.S remained neutral
o The Zimmerman Telegram stated that the Germans would help Mexico regain lands lost to the U.S, if the
Mexicans would join the war
o The U.S is forced into WWI
X. Russia Withdraw from the War
 Russian involvement in WWI was hurting the
Russia economy, soldiers and people
 Revolts broke out forcing Czar Nicholas II to
abdicate in1917
 A provisional government was set up, but it was
also weak
XI The End of WWI
 When Russia left the war Germany focused on
France
 The United States was now involved and
prevented a German victory
 Bulgaria surrendered September 29, 1918
 The Ottoman Empire surrendered October 30,
1918
XII. X New Technology
Machine Guns
Poison Gas
Propaganda
Grenades
Gas Grenades
Gun Ships







The Communist Party rose to power under
Vladimir Lenin
Lenin signs the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with
Germany
Russia gives Poland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania
and the Ukraine to Germany
Austria-Hungary surrendered November 3, 1918
November 10, 1918 Kaiser Wilhelm II abdicated
German throne
November 11, 1918 Germany agrees to
armistice
World War I is now over
Mortars and Artillery
Airplanes
Trench Warfare
Tanks
Submarines
XIII. Building the Peace
 There were four major politicians involved with making peace:
 David Lloyd George, Britain, Georges Clemenceau, France, Woodrow Wilson, the U.S, Vittorio Orlando, Italy
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
 Altering national borders in Europe
 Create new nations along the lines of Self-Determination
 Create a League of Nations to prevent future wars
XIV. The Treaty of Versailles
• The Treaty of Versailles set harsh clause on Germany:
1. Germany loses colonies in Africa and the Pacific
2. Limitations on German army: (100,000 soldiers, air force, navy, subs)
3. Germany could not manufactures weapons
4.
5.
6.
7.
Germany had to pay 33 Billion dollars in reparations
“War Guilt” clause placing blame for WWI solely on Germany
Formation of League of Nations, Germany and Russia could not join
The U.S never joined the League of Nations
Armenian Massacre
I. Origins of Problems between Turks and Armenians
1. The Ottoman Empire contained many Christian Armenians and Muslims
2. Armenians started calling for an independent state.
3. Russia promoted Armenian independence
II. Problems Escalate
1. The Turks blamed the Armenians for losing important WWI battles.
2. They were considered a threat to Turkish unity.
3. This is what began the massacre
III. The Massacre Begins
1. Turks arrested thousands of Armenian intellectuals and most were executed.
2. Encouraged a forced evacuation of Armenians
3. The Turks built labor camps where thousands of Armenians were killed by a variety of techniques: burned alive,
shot, starvation, morphine injection, and poisoning.
IV. Results
1. The Turks massacred over a million and a half Armenians
2. After WWI the people responsible were sentenced to death.
3. Genocide was brought to the attention of the world
Russian Revolution
I. The Effects of World War I on Russia
• The Russian Revolution occurred due to the
•
following:
•
• Major losses
•
• poor leadership and poorly trained soldiers
II.RUSSIAN LEADERSHIP
• Czar Nicholas II:
• Last czar of the Romanov’s
• Refused to pull Russia out of war despite the
suffering
III. Provisional Government
• Alexander Kerensky set up provisional
government
• Tried to be democratic, but kept Russia in WWI
(not a popular decision)
• Tried to suppress Lenin and the Bolshevik party
No ammunition
No food, shortage of bread
The Duma, the Russian Parliament (1906-1917),
was created to help but had no real authority
•
•
People rioted and demanded change
He abdicated (stepped down) from the throne
in February 1917
•
Soviets: formed local councils that represented
peasants, workers, soldier
The provisional government lasted from Feb
1917-Oct 1917
•
IV.HERE COMES LENIN!
• Follower of Karl Marx
• 1917 Lenin, leader of the Bolsheviks, led the October Revolution and removed the provisional gov’t
• This was a successful coup d’etat
• He mobilized the support of soldiers, workers, and peasants to revolt
V. Communism
• Communism was created by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels and was published in the Communist Manifesto
• Communism is a society in which there is no private ownership, all property is shared by the community for the
common benefit of all members
The Differences between Communism and Capitalism
Communism
History is a series of class struggles
Workers are exploited by employers
Capitalism
Individuals should follow self interest
Competition is the key to success
There should be a classless society
Gov’t controls everything
No private ownerships
All share wealth
Allows for profit
Classes develop
Government should not interfere
Also known as a command economy
Also known as a market economy
VI. LENIN’S PROMISE
• Promised LAND, PEACE AND BREAD!!
• Land seized from nobility would go to the
peasants
VII. Bolshevik Takeover
• Began to nationalize the industries and assets of
Russia
• 1918 signed Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with
Germans
VIII. LENIN’S RULE
a. dictator
b. Set up a totalitarian gov’t
c. Destroyed churches and synagogues
d. Created the Cheka : secret police
e. Created the RED army led by Leon Trotsky
f. The Execution of Tsar Nicholas II 1918
• The Red Army ordered the execution on the
entire Romanov family
• July 17 The Romanov family was executed.
• Russia plunged into civil war
• The White Army was anti-Bolshevik and aided
by the Allies
•
•
Peace: to get out of WWI
Bread: end of food shortages
•
Russia lost the Ukraine, its Polish and Baltic
territories, and Finland
Russia was officially out of WWI
•
•
•
•
1917-1921 RED army put down revolts
Allies withdrew support, and the Reds were
victorious
Lenin renames Russia : The Soviet Union in 1921
IX. Lenin’s NEP
• 1920’s: rebuild Russia he used his New Economic Policy
• The NEP placed major industries in gov’t hands, but allowed for private businesses to form
• Combined communism with some capitalism
• Ex: allowed farmers to sell grain for profit
X. The Death of Lenin
• This plan slowly helped Russia
• Lenin has a series of strokes from 1922-1924,
and dies in 1924
•
He did not choose a successor
XI. Trotsky vs. Stalin
Trotsky: War Commissar under Lenin, and a war hero
Stalin: General Secretary of the Central Committee
1. Lenin did not trust Stalin, would have chosen
Trotsky to lead
2. 1927 forced Trotsky to step down as war commissar
3. 1929 Trotsky was banished from Communist Party
and exiled
XII. Five Year Plans
• Stalin ends NEP in 1928
• Creates command economy
• Creates the Five Year Plan
• A plan of rapid industrialization and production
• Stalin set demanding goals for factories and
production
• Used collectivization, Gov’t took over farms
• Kulaks or peasants were kicked off
• They rebel: burn livestock, farms,
4. Stalin now had sole power over Russia
5. Trotsky was murdered in Mexico by an ice pick in
1940
6. Stalin become totalitarian dictator
•
•
•
•
Cause a Great Famine
Anyone that disagreed were sent to labor
camps, known as Gulags or executed.
Stalin believed this policy would lead to
increased production.
In 1939, two countries in the world produced
more than Russia, the United States and
Germany
XIII. Stalin and Totalitarianism
 single-party dictatorship that controls every aspect of the lives of its citizens
 There are no individual rights
 Citizens must obey the gov’t without question
 This gov’t uses propaganda, censorship, and terror
 Ex: Great Purge where Stalin eliminated threats in the Communist party in the 1930’s
 Secret police spied on citizens
In the end, his plans helped the Soviet Union become a major world power, at the cost of millions of lives
The Mexican Revolution
I Porfirio Diaz
• President of Mexico for 31 years.
• Power & wealth was in the hands of a select few.
• The people had no power
• President Diaz and his supporters used their political and economic resources to stay in power indefinitely.
II Francisco Madero
• Madero a local landowner wanted to remove Diaz and ran for president.
• Shortly before the elections of 1910, Madero was captured and imprisoned.
• He stated that the election was a fraud and declared himself President
• This started the Mexican Revolution
III The Revolution
1. Francisco “Poncho” Villa and Emiliano Zapata led an uprising of the peasants.
2. The revolts defeated Diaz in six months.
3. The people called for an election and Francisco Madero was elected President.
IV A Second Uprising
• military uprisings led to the assassination of Madero was killed in 1913
• New leader General Huerta was abusive
• Villa, Zapata, Carranza and Obregón fought and removed Huerta
V The Constitution of 1917
1. . Carranza created a new constitution in 1917.
2. It addressed
-no foreign ownership of resources
-organized labor code, the right to strike and eight hour work days.
-Education was to be free
3. Carranza would be killed and leaders would continue to push for democracy
Rebuilding of Turkey
I. The Rise of Mustafa Kemal
 The Ottoman Empire joined the Central Powers

in WWI.
 After the loss, the empire fell apart

 The Greeks attempted to overtake Turkey

 Mustafa Kemal was nationalist leader of the
Young Turks
II. Atatürk’s Reforms
 Turkey was predominantly Muslim
 Wanted to reform Turkey using Western ideas
 He introduced western customs and clothes
 Western ideas in gov’t by creating a parliament
 Changed legal code from Islamic to Western



The Young Turks rose up to defeat the sultan
and the Greeks in 1919
Kemal took the name Atatürk or “Father of the
Turks”
Became President of Turkey in 1923
Educational system became coeducational
He gave women full social and political rights.
He used ruthless actions to institute change in
Turkey
III. Pan-Arabism
 Pan-Arabism is a nationalist movement for unification among the Arab peoples and nations of the Middle
East.
 Pan-Arabism is a form of cultural nationalism.
Rise of Fascism
I Rise of Fascism
o Fascist parties began to rise in Europe after WWI
o Fascism was to destroy the will of the individual in favor of the country
o Fascism is a division of totalitarianism
II Post War Problems in Italy
1. Italy Joined WWI to gain land.
2. Wilson cut them out of the settlement, 600,000 soldiers died
3. Italian post-war problems:
i National debt
ii High unemployment
iii Poverty
iv Anger
III Italy: The First Fascist State
a) Italy was the first state to have a fascist
government
b) Benito Mussolini created the Nationalist Fascist
Party in 1919.
c) Mussolini’s Blackshirts, fought against Socialists
and Communists.
v Strikes
vi Riots
vii Demands for land reform
d) By 1921 members were in the Italian
parliament.
e) Mussolini marched on Rome in 1922
f) King Victor Emanuel III named Mussolini Prime
Minister.
IV Totalitarian Italy
i Mussolini took over parliament in 1922.
ii When he did take complete power Mussolini:
a. limited the power of parliament
b. banned labor unions
c. abolished rival political parties
d. set up a secret police
e. Use Black Shirts to intimidate opponents.
f. He also used propaganda photos, documentary films, music, education, television, and parades to help his
image.
g. In addition he rejected Democracy, Capitalism, and Free Trade
V Italian Foreign Policy
i Italy started to focus on expansion
ii a. Took Corfu in Greece in 1923
iii b. Controlled Albania
iv c. Reconquered Libya
v d. In 1935 Mussolini conquered Ethiopia
vi This led to the relationship between Hitler and
Mussolini
Rise of Nazi Germany
I. Fascism in Germany
 After World War I, the Weimar Republic began
 The attempted to create a democracy, but problems existed
 A political party named The National Socialist German Workers’ Party will begin its rise to power
II. Adolf Hitler
a. Hitler joins Nazi Party in 1921
b. 1923 starts the Beer Hall Putsch (attempted
overthrow the government)
c. 1924 sentenced to 5 years in prison
III. The Nazi Party
 1926, Hitler became supreme leader of Nazis
(Führer).
 October 29, 1929, the Wall Street stock market
crashed
 Unemployment rose
IV. Hitler Becomes Dictator
i The Reichstag was burned on February 27.
ii The Reichstag Fire was blamed on the
Communists.
iii Hitler suspended many constitutional rights.
d. In prison Hitler writes Mein Kampf (My
Struggle)
e. This book became the key to Hitler’s success



In 1932 Hitler ran for president but was
defeated
Hitler gained widespread support and became
chancellor in 1933
He soon concentrated power to the Nazi Party.
iv Hitler proposed the Enabling Act, which gave
him dictatorial powers
v Hitler became dictator of Germany in March
1933.
V. Consolidation of Power
a. This was the birth of the Third Reich in German history.
b. Hindenburg died in 1934
c. Hitler became the sole ruler of Germany.
VI. Totalitarian Reign
 Banned all political parties.
 Big business under government control.
 Outlawed freedom of the press


Secret state police hunted down its enemies
1933 saw the birth of the first concentration
camps for enemies of the state.
VII Rebuilding Germany
• Hitler launched large public works:
– the construction of superhighways (autobahns),
• Hitler wanted to rearm Germany, in violation of the Versailles Treaty.
• Ended unemployment in Germany
• Germany was the first country to rise up from the depression.
VIII. The Night of Long Knives
a. Hitler feared that others wanted his power.
b. The Night of Long Knives
c. During the next 24 hours 200 other senior SA officers were arrested.
d. Many were shot as soon as they were captured
IX Hitler’s Anti-Semitism
• Hitler was an anti-Semite.
• Anti-Semitism is the hatred for the Jews.
• To Hitler the Jews were responsible for all problems in the world.
A. The Nuremberg Laws
i A citizen of the Reich may be one who is of German blood.
ii Marriages between Jews and subjects of German or kindred blood are forbidden
iii Extramarital intercourse between Jews and Germans is forbidden.
iv Germans were encouraged not to use Jewish doctors and lawyers.
X Kristallnacht
• Kristallnacht took place on November 9-10, 1938.
• A German diplomat, had been murdered by a Jew in Paris.
• During Kristallnacht or the Night of Broken Glass as it was known:
– Jewish shops were destroyed
– Synagogues were burnt down.
– 20,000 were sent to concentration camps.
– After Kristallnacht the numbers of Jews wishing to leave Germany increased.
• Between 1933 and 1939, half the Jewish population of Germany left the country.
XI The Holocaust
a) The worst atrocity by Hitler was the Holocaust.
b) Known as The Final Solution
c) 6 million Jews were killed during the Second World War
Japanese Aggression
I. Japan after WWI
• Japan was on the winning side in WWI and began to experience rapid growth economically
• Japan demanded trading rights and control over some aspects of the Chinese gov’t and economy
• When the Depression hit, Japanese militarists gained control and planned to create a new empire in China
II. Sino-Japanese War
• Japan began expanding into Korea
• Japan established control over Manchuria in 1931
• The Sino-Japanese war started because Japan wanted to expand further into Asia
III. The Battle
• Japan signed an alliance with Germany in 1936
• Japan was more advanced technologically
• Japan was stronger but China was able to force the war into a stalemate
•
•
Most costly loss was the City of Nanking (Nanjing)
Fighting ensued again in 1941
A. Rape of Nanking
 300,000 civilians were murdered
 20,000 women were raped, most of whom were
murdered thereafter
 Rapes were committed in broad daylight, in
front of spouses, children, or other family
members, and with appalling frequency.


Japanese officials condoned the murder of
women after the rape
One outstandingly revolting account:
Europe 1931-1939
IV. Spain
 Spain established a parliamentary gov’t in 1931
 The system was extremely weak and failing
 1936 General Francisco Franco took control of
parts of Spain
 This led to a massive civil war
V. Germany
 In 1933, Hitler began to rebuild the German
military.
 Hitler violated the Treaty of Versailles.
 In 1933 Germany withdrew from the League of
Nations.
 1935, Hitler took back the Rhineland.








Germany and Italy supported Franco’s troops to
help crush the democracy
While France and Britain refused to help the
Spanish democracy
In 1939 Franco installed a dictatorship in Spain
Spain stayed neutral during WWII
In 1937 Germany signed an alliance with Japan.
In early 1938 Hitler annexed Austria
At the Munich Conference of 1938, Hitler was
given the Sudetenland
Hitler received appeasement policy was used to
avoid a war.
VI. Europe 1939
 Appeasement worked for one year
 1939, Hitler claimed the rest of Czechoslovakia.
 March 1939 Italy invaded Albania.
 The Germans signed the “Pact of Steel” uniting Germany and Italy in May 1939.
VII. Nazi-Soviet Pact
 Germany signed the Nazi-Soviet Pact in august
1939.
 Germany would take Eastern Poland and
Lithuania
 Russia would get the remainder of Poland,
Finland and the Baltic States.


German forces marched into Poland on
September 1, 1939.
September 3, 1939 Britain and France declared
war on Germany
World War II
I. The War Begins
 On September 1, 1939, Hitler invaded Poland
 German attack called “blitzkrieg”, or lightning
war.
 Britain and France declare war on Germany
II. 1940
 In early1940 the Nazis invaded:
 Denmark
 Belgium
 France



The United States declared its neutrality
Soviets and Nazis split Poland
Russians attacked Finland and are expelled from
the League of Nations.
 And other countries
 All of the nations above surrender to the
Germans.
 Great Britain was the next target
III. The Battle for Britain
 In July 1940 the Battle of Britain began.
 The German Luftwaffe began mass bomber attacks on radar stations and airfields.
 Hitler then switched the attack to civilian targets.
 This decision cost the Germans the Battle for Britain.
IV. Pact of Steel
 The Italians and Germans signed the Pact of Steel
 The Italians finally joined WWII in 1940 and attack Greece and North Africa
 Italy was being defeated in both areas
 The Germans had to help and defeated the Greeks, the Balkans and North Africa
 The Germans cancelled the Nazi-Soviet Pact
 German attacked Russia: Operation Barbarossa
V. Operation Barbarossa
Germany:
• Germany invaded the Soviet Union in 1941.
• The Soviets retreated and used the scorched earth plan, burning everything to keep them from the Germans
• This forced the Russians to side with the Allies and Germany was fighting a two-front war
VI. The Pacific
• Japan continued its expansion
• Tripartite Pact was signed between Tokyo, Rome and Berlin.
• Japan bombed Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941.
• The United States and Britain declare war on Japan
• Germany and Italy Declare war on the U.S
• After attacking Pearl Harbor, the Japanese seized Guam, Wake Island, Hong Kong, Malaya, Burma and the Dutch
East Indies.
• The Japanese continued to fight, oftentimes using kamikaze attacks against U.S. ships.
Bataan Death March
• The Japanese forced U.S. and Filipino soldiers to march after Japan defeated the Philippines in 1942.
• About 10,000 people died or were killed during the march.
Relocation of Japanese Americans
 After Pearl Harbor, Japanese Americans were targeted and thrown in internment camps
VII. The U.S
• Italy surrendered in 1943
• June 1944 the Allies stormed Normandy (D-Day).
• On April 30, 1945 Adolf Hitler committed suicide
• May 7, 1945 the German Army authorized an unconditional surrender.
VIII. War in the Pacific
• Japan refused to surrender.
• The U.S dropped an atomic bomb on Hiroshima
• The U.S dropped a second bomb on Nagasaki,
• The Japanese surrendered and World War II was over.
Peace after WWII
IX. The Yalta Conference
1. After the war, Germany would be split into four occupied zones, with a quadripartite occupation of Berlin.
2. Germany would undergo demilitarization and de-nazification
X. United Nations
• Allies set up an international organization to secure peace.
• The United Nations Security Council was given great power.
• Five permanent members are the US, GB, France, China and the Soviet Union.
***Purpose of the UN
• To maintain international peace and security
XI. Universal Declaration of Human Rights
• Universal respect for and observance of human rights and fundamental freedoms.
• All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights.
• All are equal before the law
XII. Genocide Convention
• The Genocide Convention was set up to declare that genocide is a crime
• Any act of genocide will now be punished
XIII. Marshall Plan
• U.S would assist Europe in a plan to rebuild
• Aid to prevent starvation
• Repair and begin economic reconstruction.
• $13.3 billion for recovery.
• The plan had two major aims:
• To prevent the spread of communism in Western Europe
• To stabilize Europe for the development of democracy and free-market economies.
Holocaust
A. What was the Holocaust?
• Nazi genocidal policy: Referred to as the “Final Solution”
• Began in 1939-1945
• 11 million were killed: 6 million Jews
• 5 million Slavs, Gypsies, homosexuals, disabled, political dissidents
I. STEPS LEADING TO THE HOLOCAUST
o Nazi’s targeted a number of ethic and cultural groups
o Jews were the most hated
o Hitler wanted a master “Aryan” race: pure German blood
1. 1933: Nuremberg Laws
2. November 1938: Kristallnacht
3. 1939-1940: Anti-Semitic policy escalated to the point of genocide
II. Identifying Jews
o
o
o
o
1938 identification cards
"J Stamp" based on the religion of grandparents was added to ID cards and passports of Jews
They had to take a "Jewish middle name" (Sara for women, and Israel for men)
Jews were forced to wear the yellow star to identify themselves
III. The Ghettos
• Jews were rounded up and placed in ghettos
• Some Jews were sporadically executed or died by random violence
• Other Jews were placed into concentration( labor) camps
IV. Medical Experiments
o Zyklon-B was chosen as most efficient gas
o Nazi’s used Jews to test medical experiments
o Jews (especially twins and dwarfs) were dissected for organs, and infected with diseases
V. 1942: The Beginning of the Final Solution
• Hitler implements his Final Solution at the Wannsee Conference
• The creation of Death or extermination camps began
• The largest and most famous was Auschwitz in Poland
• Between 1943-1945 Jews from all over Europe were shipped to death camps
• Victims were gassed, and their bodies were cremated
VI. The Aftermath
 Soviets liberate camps in Poland in 1944 and Auschwitz was liberated in 1945
 An estimated 6 million Jews and 5 million others were killed
 1946: Nuremberg Trials:
 They tried Nazi’s for “crimes against humanity”
 1948: UN adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights
VII. War Crimes Trials
· In 1945 and 1946, as a result of the Nuremberg Trials, 12 Nazi leaders were sentenced to death for their war
crimes.
· Thousands of other Nazis were found guilty of war crimes and were imprisoned, and in some cases, executed.
Jewish Nationalism
I. Treatment of Jews
1. Persecuted for centuries
2. Pogroms: violent attacks on Jews
3. Anti-Semitism: Hatred for Jews
4. Jews were not welcome in many places
5. Ex. Russia produced the May Laws prohibiting
the rights of Jews during the 1800’s
II. Dreyfus Affair
1. Captain Alfred Dreyfus was accused of treason in
France
2. Anti-Semitic atmosphere caused Dreyfus to be
imprisoned, released 12 years later
3. Proved Jews were not welcome anywhere
4. One solution: the mass immigration of Jews to a
land that they could: the mass immigration of Jews
to a land that they could call their own
III Theodor Herzl
1. Herzl published The Jewish State in 1896
2. Herzl started a plan called Zionism
3. Zionism: ideology that supports a homeland for the
Jews in the Land of Israel
4. First Zionist Congress
5. The congress established the World Zionist
Organization
6. Created the economic foundation for the proposed
Jewish state
7. He died in 1904
IV. Balfour Declaration
1. Arthur Balfour in 1917 he issued the Balfour
Declaration
2. Called for a Jewish homeland in Palestine for Jews
3. But this should not displace the Muslims
4. In 1920 Britain gained control of Palestine as a
mandate from the League of Nations
5. From 1917-1939 hundreds of thousands of Jews
went to Palestine.
6. The White Paper of 1939 was the idea of an
independent Palestine governed jointly by Arabs
and Jews
7. The Jews finally received their own home state in
1948 when the United Nations created two
Palestine’s, one for Muslims and one for Jews.
Chinese Revolution
I. The Chinese Revolution of 1911
1. Sun Yat-sen led the Chinese Revolution of 1911.
2. China became more westernized.
3. Three Principles of the People were:
4. Nationalism, socialism, and democracy.
II. Chiang Kai-Shek
1. Sun Yat-sen died in 1925.
2. Chiang Kai-shek was the new leader.
3. Two major problems for China:
4. The Japanese invaded Manchuria and the Communists allied with Russia
III. Rise of Communism
1. A civil war was fought for four years
2. 1949 the communists were led by Mao Zedong
3. The Kuomintang fled to the island of Taiwan, where they established the Republic of China.
4. Communists named mainland China the People’s Republic of China.
5. The UN and U.S recognized the People’s Republic of China as the true China.
IV. Mao Tse-tung
1. Mao Tse-tung, collectivized agriculture and industry.
2. Steel production grew rapidly.
3. 1950’s Great Leap Forward: use cheap labor to rapidly industrialize the country.
4. It failed crippling the economy and causing millions of deaths from starvation.
V. Rebuilding China
1. Between 1959 and 1961 poor policies and natural disasters caused famine.
2. China introduced elements of capitalism that helped the economy.
VI. The Cultural Revolution
1. Universities were shut down for four years.
2. Students and faculty worked in the fields.
3. Anyone who opposed were arrested or killed.
4. The new curriculum included only communist studies and vocational training.
5. Mao Tse-tung died in 1976.
6. He was replaced by Deng Xiaoping
VII. Deng Xiaoping
• In September 1976, Mao Zedong died at the age of 83.
• Deng Xiaoping seized power and the Cultural Revolution ended.
VIII. Four Modernizations
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“It matters not whether the cat is black or white, as long as it catches mice." Deng Xiaoping ...
His policy was called the Four Modernizations
SAID
S: Science and Technology
A: Agriculture
I: industry
D: Defense
Tried to advance China because they had been isolated for so long
Thousands of students were sent abroad to study science, technology, and modern business techniques.
IX. Collective farms
• Collective farms could now lease lands to peasant families who paid rent
• Peasants could now make profit on produce
• Combining capitalism with communism
• Similar to Lenin’s NEP and Gorbachev’s Perestroika
X. Results
• Plan worked : industry began to rise
• Per capita income went up
• 1980’s no money for refrigerators, radio’s, watches, & TVs
• By 1990’s: more could afford these items
• People still wanted change
• They wanted democracy, especially students
• Students were sent abroad and influenced by western ideas, dress, and pop culture
XI. Tiananmen Square
• In May 1989, student protests called for the end of corruption
• Led to massive demonstrations in Tiananmen Square in Beijing.
• Deng ordered tanks and troops into Tiananmen Square to crush the demonstrators
• This was a violation of human rights
• Hundreds were killed
• Democracy remained a dream
India’s Independence
I. India
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
India was still a British colony
Many people wanted their autonomy or self-rule
The Indian National Congress was formed it 1885
It was meant to increase Indian rights
In 1906 the Muslim League was formed to increase the rights of Islamic Indians
Both were formed to oppose colonial rule
II. India’s involvement in WWI
1. The Indians supported Britain in WWI.
2. When the war was over India wanted to become free like other colonies
3. Gandhi began to speak out against British rule
III. Amritsar Massacre
 Indian nationalists held a peaceful protest
 The protesters were unarmed and were slaughtered by the British
 379 people died, 1,137 wounded
 Indians from all over joined the movement for independence
 Britain now opposed any opposition
IV. Indian Nationalism
 Mohandas Gandhi had become a national figure by supporting passive resistance
 Gandhi and his followers used protests, boycotts of imperial goods, and strikes
 The British attempted to make minor reforms but Indians were not satisfied
 Fighting between Hindus and Muslims also escalated
 Gandhi pleaded for Indian unity, while others demanded a division of India
V. Great Salt March
1. Nonviolent resistance to British authority.
2. Britain imposed a heavy tax on the salt they sold to India.
3. Gandhi led 50,000 people on a 200 mile march to the seashore
4. People began to make salt illegally
VI. Movement for peace
1. Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru pressed the British for greater reform.
2. In 1935, the British granted a constitution.
3. In 1937, Gandhi and Nehru began their “Quit India” campaign
4. The start of WWII delayed the British withdrawal
5. India would gain its freedom in 1947
6. 1948 Gandhi was shot dead by a Hindu extremist Nathuram Godse
VII. Problems after Independence
• After WWII Hindus and Muslims killing each other
• Gandhi promoted a united India (Hindu and Muslims ruling together)
• Muhammad Ali Jinnah proposed a partition of India to create a Muslim state in Northern India
• India was divided into thirds: India in the south and a Muslin state Pakistan into two parts (West Pakistan and
East Pakistan) East Pakistan would become Bangladesh
• After the partition, millions of people shifted to live where their religion was dominant
• Hundreds of thousands of people were killed
• The nations are still fighting today especially in Kashmir
• Both India and Pakistan are now nuclear powers, making the area extremely dangerous
Cold War
I. The Crumbling Alliance
1. The United States and the Soviet Union became the world superpowers.
2. They had the resources and military to dominate the globe.
3. Conflicting ideologies and distrust divided the Allies and led to the Cold War.
4. The Cold War was a state of tension and hostility that developed
II. Origins of the Cold War
1. Stalin wanted to spread Communism into Eastern Europe.
2. Stalin left troops in every country that they liberated from Nazi rule.
3. Stalin installed governments in Poland, Czechoslovakia and other Eastern European countries.
4. By 1946, almost all of Eastern Europe was under Stalin’s control.
III. The Cold War Heats Up
• Churchill’s labeled Stalin’s Eastern European countries as an “iron curtain.”
• It described the division of Europe into an “eastern” and “western” bloc.
IV. Containment and The Truman Doctrine
 The Truman Doctrine resisted Communism and would resist Soviet expansion anywhere.
 The United States would resist Soviet expansion anywhere in the world.
 Truman sent military and economic aid to resisting countries.

Containment, limited communism to the areas already under Soviet control.
V. Division of Germany
 Germany was split into four parts.
 The Soviet Union controlled the East
 The West was united by the U.S, Britain and
France.
VI. Berlin
1. All four Allies occupied the capital.
2. Stalin sealed off railroads and highways into
Berlin.
3. This was known as the Berlin Blockade.
4. The western powers responded with the Berlin
Airlift.
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The Russians dismantled factories and resources.
The Western democracies rebuilt German
industries.
5. The airlift was a round the clock supply drop
into Berlin
6. The airlift forced the Soviets to stop the
blockade.
VII. NATO
1. In 1949, the U.S, Canada, G.B, France, and other democracies formed NATO, North Atlantic Treaty Organization.
2. Members of NATO pledged to help one another if any one of them was attacked.
3. Other countries joined during the Cold War like Greece, Turkey, Spain and Germany
VIII. The Warsaw Pact
1. In 1955 the Soviet Union formed the Warsaw Pact.
2. It included the U.S.S.R, Poland, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Albania Bulgaria, East Germany and Romania.
3. The Warsaw Pact was used by the Soviets as a weapon to keep the satellites in order.
IX. Nuclear Arms Race
• The United States and Russia had the atomic bomb.
• The superpowers spent billions to develop nuclear weapons.
• The advance of technology was greater than that of any one time period.
X, Propaganda
 The US defended capitalism and democracy
 The Soviet Union defended communism and totalitarianism.
XI. The Korean War
1. After WW II, Korea was divided at the 38th parallel.
2. Soviets in North Korea
3. U.S. occupied South Korea
4. Both Superpowers withdrew in 1949
5. But in 1950, the North invaded the South.
6. The North wanted to unify Korea under communism.
7. The US and UN placed the forces in the South.
8. The South Koreans were winning until China entered the war aiding the North
9. An armistice agreement was signed on July 27, 1953.
10. South Korea became an economic powerhouse, while the North has suffered
11. But North Korea has nuclear weapons and is considered a dangerous threat
XII. Joseph McCarthy
• Joseph McCarthy led a campaign against Communism in the early 1950s.
• “McCarthyism” made many people believe that the U.S was full of communists
XIII. The Space Race
1. 1957 the Soviets launch Sputnik.
2. 1969 the US’s Neil Armstrong was the first man to walk on the moon.
3. The Space Race caused the birth of superior world technology.
XIV. The Cuban Revolution
1. Cuba became independent in 1898 with U.S help
2. For decades, the U.S invested in Cuban businesses which only helped the wealthy and not the peasants
3. The policies were under the Batista dictatorship
4. Fidel Castro led a peasant revolt in Cuba in 1959.
5. Cuba became a communist country and was supported by the USSR
6. The new government began taking property owned by major US corporations
7. The U.S feared a communist threat so close to its country
XV. The Bay of Pigs
1. US-planned landing to overthrow the government of Fidel Castro in 1961.
2. The invasion failed miserably and communism remained in Cuba.
XVI. The Berlin Wall
1. 1961 Khrushchev begins construction on the Anti-Fascist Protection Wall
2. built to keep people from escaping from the east to the West for democracy
XVII. The Cuban Missile Crisis
1. Soviet Union was building secret missile bases in Cuba.
2. Kennedy ordered a blockade of Cuba
3. Khrushchev eventually removed the weapons as long as the U.S did not invade Cuba
4. Nuclear war was avoided
XVIII. France vs. Vietnam
1. France attempted to re-establish control over Indochina after WWII
2. Fighting went on until 1954 when the French were slaughtered by Vietnamese guerilla warfare
3. Vietnam was split into two pieces
4. The Communist North was led by Ho Chi Minh
5. The South was led by Ngo Dihn Diem
6. Diem was overthrown and executed in 1963
XIX. The Gulf of Tonkin
1. Communism was spreading quickly in Asia
2. domino theory: when one country fell to communism others could too
3. The U.S and France wanted to back the South Vietnamese
4. Gulf of Tonkin Resolution authorized the U.S to take any measures against Vietnam.
XX. The Vietnam War Begins
1. US and French troops aided the South
2. The North Vietnamese used Guerilla warfare.
3. The U.S and France were unprepared for that style of combat
4. The North Vietnamese proved to be too much for the U.S and France and they removed troops in the early
1970’s
5. Peace was in signed 1973.
6. Vietnam was united in July 1976.
7. Hundreds of thousands of people were killed on both sides of this conflict
XXI. The War in Afghanistan
1. The Mujahdeen declared a jihad, a holy war on the communist gov’t.
2. Russian soldiers were no match against Afghanistan.
3. Mikhail Gorbachev took the Soviet Union out of the Afghanistan conflict.
4. This showed the weaknesses of the Soviet Union
XXII. Star Wars
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Star Wars or SDI: a defense system that destroyed missiles before they hit a target.
This cost both countries billions with no success.
XXIII. The Birth of a New Soviet Russia
1. 1985 Mikhail Gorbachev became Russian leader
2. Gorbachev wanted to end Cold War tensions
3. Glasnost or openness where he ended censorship.
4. Perestroika was the restructuring of government and the economy.
XXIV. Collapse of the Berlin Wall
1. On Nov. 9 1989, the Berlin Wall is opened.
2. Many East Germans cross the border to West Berlin they celebrate for days.
XXV. The Fall of the Soviet Union
1. Food shortages grew worse and prices soared.
2. Countries gained full independence.
3. Others broke from Soviet control
4. Gorbachev resigned as president in 1991.
5. Cuba was economically devastated by the fall of Russia
XXVI. Poland
• Anti-Communist movements existed in Poland during the 1980’s
• The Solidarity Movement was led by Lech Walesa
• Workers began to strike against communist policies
• Martial law was instituted but the movement was too strong
• When communism fell in 1990, Walesa was elected president of Poland
• He instituted Western reforms
• Poland has since joined NATO and the European Union
XXVII. Ethnic Cleansing in former Yugoslavia
• Nationalistic movements erupted in the 1990s following the fall of Soviet Russia
• Bosnian-Serb militias attempt to expel Bosnia's Muslim and Croat population
• This “ethnic cleansing” of Muslims was led by Slobodan Milosevic
• Hundreds of thousands were killed
• Ethnic Cleansing created more than two million refugees and displaced persons
• Peace was signed at the Dayton Agreement
Genocide in Cambodia Khmer Rouge
I. The Rise of the Khmer Rouge
1. Former leader was deposed.
2. Lon Nol came to power but the Khmer Rouge gained power too.
3. In 1975 the U.S stopped bombing Cambodia.
4. In that same year Lon Nol resigned
II. Khmer Rouge in Power
1. The Khmer Rouge wanted a classless society
2. Pol Pot wanted to purify Cambodia from western ideas.
3. The regime executed civil servants, police, intellectuals and starved peasants
III. Torture and Killing
1. S-21 a prison camp was used to extract confessions from political prisoners.
2. To do this they used electrocution, hot metal prods, and knives.
3. Thousands were executed in this fashion and buried in mass graves.
4. 1.4 million Deaths, 20 percent of the population died between 1975 and 1978.
IV. The Fall of the Khmer Rouge
1. In 1978 100,000 Vietnamese troops invaded Cambodia.
2. Within weeks they took the capital and Pol Pot fled.
3. They instituted a new gov’t the People's Republic of Kampuchea.
4. Pol Pot died in 1998.
20th Century Africa
1. WWI and its effects in Africa
a. Allies targeted the four German colonies in Africa
2. The mandate system
a. United States opposed direct colonization
b. Allies divided up the Central Powers colonies in Africa and Asia
c. League of Nations: territories would be assigned to advanced nations until they could self-govern
d. Most important mandate was British control over Palestine
3. Africa and WWII
a. WWI weakened Europe
b. set the stage for decolonization
c. European grip on colonies weakened because of Depression
d. Rise of Germany and Italy lead to conquest of Northern Africa
e. After WWII countries demand independence
4. Decolonizing Africa
a. African nationalism and independence
 African nationalism grew to protest against European imperialism
 Imperial powers stated Africa was not ready for self-government
 White settlers opposed black independence
b. Forcing the French out of North Africa
 1950s and 1960s, French granted independence to all its African colonies except Algeria
 War in Algeria, 1954-1962
 Algerian nationalists used guerrilla warfare
 Atrocities on both sides; Algerian independence, 1962
c. Freedom and conflict in sub-Sahara Africa
a. Ghana on the Gold Coast first to gain independence, 1957
b. Kwame Nkrumah, nationalist leader, jailed and censored for political actions
c. Nkrumah became Ghana's first president, 1957
d. Anti-colonial rebellions in Kenya after 1947
e. between native Kikuyu (Mau Mau) and European settlers
f. Mau Mau leaders arrested many radical and political leaders
g. Mau Mau uprising crushed in 1955
h. Political prisoners released: most notably Jomo Kenyatta
i. Kenya gained independence, 1963 with Kenyatta as its first president
d. Egypt
• Egypt became independent in 1922
• Egypt was still closely connected to Britain
• In the 1950s Gamal Nasser overthrew the king and established a republic in Egypt
• He nationalized industries, including the Suez Canal
• He was involved in many conflicts between the Western countries and the Middle East
• He ruled Egypt until his death in 1970
• He was replaced by Anwar Sadat
• Sadat’s contribution was a peace treaty between Egypt and Israel at the Camp David Accords in the late 1970’s
e. South Africa
a. independent in 1901, but rights were denied to blacks
b. Apartheid: 1948 legal system designed to keep races separate
c. African National Congress, led by Nelson Mandela, launched campaign to protest apartheid
d. Nationalism and international sanctions brought end to apartheid in 1989
e. 1994, under new constitution, Mandela won free election as first black president
f. Crisis in Darfur
a. Darfur region of Sudan is home to racially mixed Muslim tribes
b. In 2003 two Darfurian rebel groups launched an uprising against the gov’t
c. The gov’t responded with:
d. a scorched-earth campaign
e. arming and bankrolling militias that kill innocent civilians
f. this tragedy is largely unsupported by the rest of the world
g. to date the Darfur genocide has killed more than 400,000 civilians
h. It has also displaced 2.5 million people
Genocide in Rwanda
I. Background:
• Two Main Ethnic Groups
• Hutu and Tutsi
II. Colonial Background
• Belgians received Rwanda after the First World
War
• They made the Tutsi elite
• Hutu were 90% of population
• Tutsi were considered aristocracy
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•
III. Tensions begin 1990’s
 1962: Rwanda received its independence
 The Hutu seized power
 Hutu began discriminating against Tutsi
IV: Turning Point 1994
• April 6th 1994:
• Rwandan president Habyalimana and President
from Burundi were assassinated
V. Genocide Begins
They enjoyed more privileges:
Colonial Identity Cards used to determine who
is Hutu and who is Tutsi
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UN sends peacekeeping forces in 1990
Hutu extremists plan to exterminate Tutsi
Rwanda plunged into political violence
Death lists were made (ex: Tutsi politicians
,leaders, moderate Hutu’s)
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•
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The Hutu militia begin to kill Tutsi’s in cold blood
The Hutu radio encourage killing by broadcasting non-stop propaganda
Tutsi’s take refuge in churches and hospitals became main targets
Tutsi were forced by Hutu to kill their own families
VI. The World Response
 The UN sent in 5,000 soldiers
 UN and US were careful not to use the word “genocide”
 The UN army pulled out and only 200 soldiers were left to guard the entire country
VII. The Aftermath
1. The killings end when Tutsi rebels invade from neighboring countries and Defeat the Hutu
2. Genocide ended July 1994
3. Two million Hutu refugees fled Rwanda to neighboring countries
4. America gave financial support and food
5. By 1996, UN trials began
6. March 31st, 2005 finally condemned the Genocide of 1994
Middle East and Oil
I. OPEC
1. The Middle East controls two-thirds of the world’s oil reserves
2. In 1960, the Middle East united with a few other oil-exporting countries, like Venezuela, to form OPEC
(Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries).
3. OPEC members countries have controlled the price of oil since 1960
II. The Persian Gulf War
1. Iraq invaded Kuwait in 1990 under Saddam Hussein
2. Iraq wanted to gain control of a greater percentage of the world’s oil reserves
3. The UN and U.S sent forces to drive the Iraqis out of Kuwait
4. Kuwait was liberated and Iraq was humiliated
5. Iraq was then subjected to UN monitoring, severe limitations on its military activities and economic sanctions.
6. Hussein still remained in power
7. Hussein held on to his brutal dictatorship for another 10 years
8. 2005 Hussein was captured
9. Hussein was executed in December 2006
III. Taliban and Al Queda
 The Taliban formed in Afghanistan following the fall of the U.S.S.S
 They are a Islamic fundamentalist group
 The gov’t imposed strict Islamic law
 It was also a safe haven for Osama Bin Laden and his terrorist group Al Queda
 Al Queda despises the United States, Saudi Arabia and Israel
 Al Queda wants these countries removed to stop infecting Islamic culture
 On Sept. 11 2001, Al Queda operatives attacked the World Trade Center in NYC
 Al Queda also organized other attacks
 The U.S and UN targeted and removed the Taliban from power
 Al Queda in still a major terrorist threat
European Union
I. The European Union
o Is an intergovernmental and supranational union of 25 democratic countries
o Established in 1992
o A common single market
o
o
o
o
A single currency (the euro)
A common trade policy
A Common Foreign and Security Policy
Set up internal borders which allows mobility for European Union citizens
II. European Common Market
o Designed to help the economy of Europe
o Prevent future war by integrating its members together
III. The European Parliament
o Elected officials that represents the interests of the citizens
o Elections are held every five years
o Every European Union citizen is entitled to vote
o The Parliament governs more than 455 million people
Iranian revolution
I. Problems in Iran
1. Reza Shah used western ideas in Iran since 1925
2. Mohammad Reza Pahlavi took over Iran in 1941
3. continued Western reforms and increased women’s rights
4. This infuriated Islamic fundamentalists who wanted to make Islam the law of the land
5. But people demanded more reforms, rights, and freedoms
II. The Iranian Revolution
1. Two sides surfaced:
2. One focused on the Shari'ah and Ulema
3. The other wanted Westernization
4. These two groups formed a unified front.
5. protests erupted January 9, 1978
6. The protesters demanded that the Ayatollah Khomeini be allowed to return
7. police opened fire on the students
8. The police continued to interrupt protests
9. Hundreds were killed between January and August 1978
10. September 8, "Black Friday," Iranian troops killed several hundred people
11. On September 9, the Shah declared martial law and imprisoned many
12. The revolutionaries changed tactics from demonstrations to strikes.
13. Khomeini spoke regularly to Iran through "speeches" which were distributed throughout Iran
14. In December demonstrators seized gov’t buildings, shut down businesses with strikes, assassinated gov’t
officials.
15. On January 16, 1979, the Shah left Iran for good.
16. On February 1, Khomeini returned to Iran
17. The Revolution was over and Khomeini declared a new Islamic Republic.
III. Khomeini
1. Under Khomeini's rule, Sharia was introduced,
2. Islamic dress code enforced for both men and women
3. The Iranian educational curriculum was Islamized
4. He promised many reforms but died before they were enacted in 1989