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AP Psychology Assessment:
Memory and Language
STRAND IV: COGNITIVE DOMAIN
CONTENT STANDARD: THE STUDENT EXPLORES THEORIES OF LEARNING, MEMORY,
THINKING AND LANGUAGE, AND CONSCIOUSNESS.
Benchmark B: The student demonstrates an understanding of neurological
implications related to types and processes of memory.
Directions: Each of the questions or incomplete statements below is followed by five
suggested answers or completions. Select the one that is best in each case and then
write down the corresponding letter on your loose-leaf piece of paper. Note:
Additional point fractions are NOT deducted for wrong answers, so it behooves you to answer every
question.
1. The ability to choose specific stimuli to learn about, while filtering out or ignoring
other information, is called
A. Subliminal perception
B. Masking
C. Selective attention
D. Time-sharing
E. Shadowing
2. When participants in dichotic listening experiments are repeating aloud a message
presented in one ear, they are most likely to notice information on the unattended channel
if that channel
A. switches from one language to another
B. mentions the participant’s name
C. presents information similar to that on the attended channel
D. presents information in a foreign language
E. switches to a nonlanguage
3. According to the information-processing view of memory, the first stage in memory
processing involves
A. Retrieval
B. Encoding
C. Transfer
D. Storage
E. Rehearsal
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4. Two groups of participants in a study are presented a list of 20 words. The first group
is told to count the number of capital letters in the words and the second group is told to
think of the definition of each word. When both groups are asked to recall the word lists,
which of the following is most likely to occur?
A. The first group will recall more words than the second group
B. The first group will rehearse the words, but the second group will not
C. The second group will recall more words than the first group
D. Each group will recall the same number of words.
E. Both groups will recall all of the words
5. When rehearsal of incoming information is prevented, which of the following will
most likely occur?
A. The information will remain indefinitely in short-term memory
B. There will be no transfer of the information to long-term memory
C. The sensory register will stop processing the information
D. Retrieval of the information from long-term memory will be easier
E. Information already in long-term memory will be integrated with the incoming
information
6. Elena is presented with a list of 20 numbers. When asked to recall this list, she
remembers more numbers from the beginning than from the end of the list. This
phenomenon demonstrates which of the following types of effects?
A. Mnemonic
B. Primacy
C. Recency
D. Clustering
E. Secondary
7. A moviegoer who cannot identify the name of a film star remembers the name when a
friend reviews a list of starts. This incident illustrates which two concepts in human
memory?
A. Rehearsal and chunking
B. The sensory register and short-term memory
C. Recall and recognition
D. The primacy effect and the recency effect
E. Constructive and reconstructive memory
8. Material that an individual cannot remember but is on the “tip of the tongue” is
A. Retrieved, by not encoded
B. Available, but not accessible
C. In episodic memory, but not in semantic memory
D. In sensory memory, but not in iconic memory
E. In short-term memory, but not in long-term memory
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9. Which of the following represent, respectively, superordinate and subordinate
categories for the basic-level category of “automobile”? (Clue: Think of hierarchies).
A. Station wagon, minivan
B. Sedan, compact car
C. Foreign car, domestic car
D. Vehicle, transportation
E. Vehicle, convertible
10. A schema can be described as
A. A mental construct
B. A fissure between lobes of the brain
C. An outer layer of the eye
D. An optical illusion
E. A fixed response to a particular stimulus
11. Long-term potentiation (discussed as part of the physiology of memory) is best
described as the
A. Interference effect of old memories on the formation of new memories
B. Disruptive influence of recent memories on the recall of old memories
C. Tendency of people to recall experiences that are consistent with their current
mood
D. Increased efficiency of synaptic transmission between certain neurons following
learning
E. Superior ability of older adults to recall events from their childhood
12. When Shelly first had cable television service installed, PBS was on channel 9. Her
cable company then switched PBS to channel 16. Shelly now has trouble
remembering that PBS is on channel 16 and not on channel 9. This memory problem
represents
A. Retroactive interference
B. Proactive interference
C. Memory decay
D. Retrograde amnesia
E. Reconstruction errors
13. Which of the following is an example of retrograde amnesia?
A. Ty cannot recall the face of the thief he saw running from the scene of the crime
B. Katie attributes her poor performance on a standardized test to the fact that she
took the exam in a room other than the one in which she learned the material
C. Cassie’s vivid memory of the explosion of the space shuttle Challenger is not
corroborated by those she was with at the time
D. Alyse cannot remember any details of what happened right before her car accident
E. Alberto is unable to remember anything since the accident that destroyed portions
of his hippocampus
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14. Flashbulb memories, which are characterized by a high degree of emotional saliency,
are progressively inaccurate in their details as time passes. What factor in memory recall
contributes to the inaccuracy of theses memories?
A. Decay
B. Source-monitoring
C. Misinformaton Effect
D. Recovered Memory
E. Self-preservation bias
15. Doug is interviewed by law enforcement because he witnessed a teenage boy being
hit by a car as he crossed the street. Doug’s initial impression is that the middle-aged
driver simply wasn’t paying attention as she turned right across the cross walk at the
green light. The officer asks Doug about what happened when the teenager “darted out in
front of the lady.” The next day at school, one of Doug’s friends asks him who was at
fault in the accident. He responds that the boy was at fault, because he ran out into the
street without looking behind him first. Which failure in retrieval is at play?
A. Decay
B. Source-monitoring
C. Misinformaton Effect
D. Recovered Memory
E. Self-preservation bias
16. Remembering how to roller skate involves which of the following kinds of memory?
A. Priming
B. Procedural
C. Semantic
D. Prospective
E. Episodic
17. An example of episodic memory is the memory of
A. What the musical note C sounds like
B. How to type
C. One’s high school graduation
D. The capital of a state
E. A mood that is triggered by the experience of a particular scent
18. A word or part of a word that is in itself meaningful, but that cannot be broken into
smaller meaningful units, is called a
A. Grapheme
B. Morpheme
C. Holophrase
D. Phoneme
E. Performative
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19. According to Benjamin Whorf’s linguistic relativity hypothesis, which of the
following is true?
A. Individuals have a natural predisposition to learn language
B. Individuals learn positive instances of concepts faster than they learn negative
instances
C. Children learn quantifying words such as “more” and “further” sooner than they
do absolutes such as “every” and “all”
D. Children learn their first language from their relatives and their peer group
E. Different languages predispose those individuals who speak them to think about
the world in different ways
20. A toddler wants to communicate that she would like the chocolate ice cream instead
of the strawberry ice cream, and that she wants it in a cone instead of a cup. She would
like to eat it outside on the patio instead of inside of the ice cream parlor in a booth. She
says to her mother. “Chocolate yummy. Red yucky. Eat out.” Which phenomenon of
early language development does this child illustrate?
A. One-word phase
B. Babbling
C. Telegraphic speech
D. Overgeneralization
E. Fast mapping
21. The rules of grammar in any language are rules of
A. Phonemes
B. Semantics
C. Pragmatics
D. Morphemes
E. Syntax
22. Language acquisition cannot be fully accounted for by associative learning processes
for which of the following reasons?
A. Language use is creative
B. Language production is reinforced by the listener
C. Infants are too young to learn associatively
D. Speakers construct rules for utterance by imitating the models they hear
E. Effective communication depends on one’s level of emotional experience
23. Noam Chomsky’s view of language proposes that
A. Different levels of language ability are hereditarily determined
B. Language acquisition can be explained by social modeling
C. There is an inherent language acquisition device which is universal
D. Thinking is merely subvocal language
E. Language is learned principally through verbal reinforcement
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24. B.F. Skinner hypothesized that humans learn language through
A. Conditioning and reinforcement
B. Interpersonal communication
C. Trial-and-error
D. An innate language acquisition device
E. General cognitive development
25. If Wernike’s area is damaged, a person loses the ability to _____, whereas if Broca’s
area is damaged, a person loses the ability to _____.
A. speak coherently; generate speech
B. process language; generate speech
C. understand language; speak coherently
D. process language; understand language
E. speak coherently; process language
26. Jack sees a romantic movie wherein the hero and the heroine are seen as falling in
love at first sight. They get married, have children, and grow old together. After the
movie, Jack surmises that most people fall in love and live happy lives together, so he
asks his girlfriend to marry him. Which cognitive phenomenon does the following
situation describe?
A. Overconfidence effect
B. Belief Perseverance
C. Framing
D. Availability Heuristic
E. Representativeness Heuristic
27. Ella takes a multiple choice test in history. As she reviews her answers, she notices
that the letter “B” does not appear as the answer to any question in the test. She thinks
this is strange, and she changes an answer about which she had been ambivalent to “B,”
because she thinks it unlikely for the teacher to leave it out of the test altogether. Which
cognitive phenomenon does the following situation describe?
A. Overconfidence effect
B. Belief Perseverance
C. Framing
D. Availability Heuristic
E. Representativeness Heuristic
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28. Mrs. Haltli notices that the screws that attach the pencil sharpener to the wall are
coming out. The dry wall around the screws is crumbling. As she cleans out her cabinet,
she has an insight. Why not stick a glob of Play-Doh into the screw holes? It will harden
and thus keep the pencil sharpener from falling off of the wall. She realizes that this isn’t
Play-Doh’s normal use, but it may work! Mrs. Haltli has overcome which problemsolving impediment?
A. Mental set
B. Algorithm
C. Self-serving Bias
D. Trial-and-error
E. Functional fixedness
29. Melissa consistently fails to complete her reading, math, and science homework.
Neither does she study for tests in these areas. She performs poorly on DBAs as well.
When asked by her friend, “Do you think you’ll pass the SBA?” Melissa says, “Yes, I
have a gut instinct that I’ll have one of the highest scores on this test.” Which cognitive
pitfall does this vignette illustrate?
A. Framing
B. Belief perseverance
C. Overconfidence
D. Hindsight bias
E. Memory construction
30. Joe is annoyed by Newt, his younger brother, who follows him around imitating
everything he does. Joe’s friends challenge these two brothers to a Halo competition.
Both boys lose promptly. Joe states to his friend that he lost because he’s been under a lot
of stress lately and can’t concentrate. He also states that Newt lost, because he’s “an
uncoordinated idiot.” Which intuitive peril spoils Joe’s objective reasoning about (1) his
brother and (2) himself?
A. Fundamental attribution error; self-serving bias
B. Overconfidence; belief perseverance
C. Self-serving bias; overconfidence
D. Fundamental attribution error; belief perseverance
E. Memory construction; hindsight bias.
You’re NOT DONE YET! Keep going.
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FRQ
FRQ Directions: Answer the following question. It is not enough to answer a
question by merely listing facts. You should present a cogent argument based on
your critical analysis of the questions posted, using appropriate psychological
terminology.
31. You are playing a board game. Create a scenario in which each of the following
heuristics or problem-solving strategies would come into play. Be specific.
 Representativeness heuristic
 Availability heuristic
 Mental set
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