Download 3.2 Continuity and Innovation of State Forms and Their Interactions

3.2 Continuity and Innovation of
State Forms and Their Interactions
• I. Empires collapsed and were
reconstituted; in some regions new state
forms emerged
• II. Interregional contacts and conflicts
between states and empires encouraged
significant technological and cultural
transfers
Overview
• In Afro-Eurasia – some attempted to preserve or
revive imperial structures while some continued
to _____
• The expansion of Islam introduced a new
concept – the Caliphate
• Pastoral people in Eurasia built powerful and
distinctive empires that integrated people and
institutions from both the pastoral and _____
worlds
• In the Americas, powerful states developed in
both Mesoamerica and the Andean region
I. Empires collapsed and more
• A. Following the collapse of empires, most reconstituted
governments, including the Byzantine Empire and the
Chinese dynasties - ____, ____, and ____ - combined
traditional sources of power and legitimacy with
innovations better suited to the current circumstances.
• Examples of traditional sources of power and legitimacy:
– Patriarchy
– Religion
– Land-owning elites
• Examples of innovations
– New methods of taxation
– Tributary systems
– Adaptation of religious institutions
I. Empires collapsed and more
• B. In some places, new forms of governance emerged,
including those developed in various Islamic states, the
Mongol Khanates, city-states, and decentralized
government (feudalism) in Europe and Japan.
• Examples of Islamic states:
– Abbasids
– Muslim Iberia
– Delhi Sultanates
• Examples city-states
–
–
–
–
In the Italian peninsula
In East Africa
In Southeast Asia
In the Americas
I. Empires collapsed and more
• C. Some states synthesized local and borrowed
traditions.
• Examples of synthesis by states:
– Persian traditions that influenced Islamic states
– Chinese traditions that influenced states in Japan
• D. In the Americas, as in Afro-Eurasia, state
systems expanded in score and reach: Networks
of city-states flourished in the ____ region and,
at the end of this period, ____ systems were
created by the Mexica (“Aztecs”) and Inca.
II. Interregional contacts and conflicts
= technological and cultural transfers
• Required examples of technological and
cultural transfers:
– Between Tang China and the Abbasids
– Across the Mongol empires
– During the Crusades
Compared to Western Europe in
1000 c.e., Byzantium
• a. had developed a society where church
and state were clearly separated.
• b. possessed no city that could rival the
splendor of Rome.
• c. possessed a more centralized political
system.
• d. had little influence in Eastern Europe.
Answer
• C
Which of the following developments did
NOT underpin the emergence of Western
Europe as a dynamic civilization after
1000 c.e.?
• a. Political authority was strengthened in the
West when rulers adopted the Byzantine
political concept of caesaropapism.
• b. Long-distance trade was revived and
expanded.
• c. The Crusades expanded the influence of
Western Europe.
• d. Europeans borrowed and adapted a number
of technologies from other civilizations in
Eurasia.
Answer
• A
In the long term, the Crusades increased
contact between Western Europe and the
rest of Eurasia in all EXCEPT which of
the following ways?
• a. The Crusader notion of “God wills it”
influenced later European Empire building
especially in the Americas.
• b. The permanent occupation of the Holy Land
created a Western European base for trade
along the Silk Roads.
• c. The Crusades brought Europeans into more
direct contact with Muslim scholarship.
• d. The Crusades stimulated demand for Asian
luxury goods in Europe.
Answer
• B
Which of the following statements is true
concerning the spread of Islam to
Anatolia and West Africa?
• a. Islam arrived in both regions with conquering
Islamic armies.
• b. In both regions, Islam was adopted primarily by
political leaders and urban elites rather than the whole
population.
• c. In Anatolia, Islam was adopted but was ultimately
abandoned, whereas in West Africa it was adopted
and continues to be practiced today.
• d. The arrival of Islam in West Africa had a less
profound impact on the social and cultural traditions of
the region when compared to the arrival of Islam into
Anatolia.
Answer
• D
Which of the following was NOT a way in
which the spread of Islam beyond its
place of origin on the Arabian Peninsula
transformed the faith?
• a. New groups of people converted to the faith,
ultimately making Arabs just one of many ethnic
groups who followed the faith.
• b. The original holy site of Mecca lost its important role
in the Islamic faith.
• c. Islam was shaped by contact with intellectual and
cultural traditions such as Greek philosophy.
• d. The norms of those societies that converted had an
impact especially on the social and cultural
implications of the faith.
Answer
• B
The spread of Islam beyond its region
of origin on the Arabian Peninsula
• a. resulted in regions that adopted the faith
becoming tied more closely together through
trade and exchange of technologies, crops, and
ideas.
• b. was the result of the work of Sufi mystics
rather than the construction of the Arab Empire.
• c. led everywhere to the adoption of the social
and cultural implications of the faith as practiced
by Arabs.
• d. was accomplished almost exclusively through
armed force.
Answer
• A
Do you think that Europe between
500 c.e. and 1300 c.e. is best
• a. studied as a single Christian
civilization?
• b. studied as two distinct but related
civilizations?
• c. studied as two rival civilizations?
• d. studied in the context of a wider
Christian world that encompasses
Christian communities in Europe, Asia,
and Africa?
For you, which is the most
distinctive element of the hybrid
Western European civilization that
took shape after 1000 c.e.?
• a. Multiple rival political states
• b. The maintenance of a split between
political and religious authority
• c. The intellectual tension between the
claims of reason and faith
• d. Europe’s willingness to borrow
technologies
Would you rather live in Song China
or in later medieval Europe?
• a. Song China
• b. Later medieval Europe
In studying the Islamic world, do you
think that
• a. because of critical similarities, it is best conceived of
as a single world of shared meaning and interaction?
• b. because of substantial differences, it is best conceived
of a series of separate and distinct communities?
• c. it is best conceived of as a single world, but with
distinctive regions that require separate consideration?
• d. it is best conceived of as a series of separate and
distinct communities, but regions in contact with a wider
Islamic world of shared meaning and interaction.
Which region of the Islamic world do
you feel is most distinctive from the
Islamic heartland in the Near East?
•
•
•
•
a. al-Andalus
b. Anatolia
c. India
d. West Africa
Does Strayer’s chapter 11 help you
understand the problems of the
modern Islamic world?
• a. Yes
• b. No