Download et, -que - alterisaeculo

Reading Latin Fluently:
Theoretical Explanations and
Practical Applications for all Levels
Caroline Kelly, Mitchell Community College,
Statesville, NC
Patrick McFadden, St. Mary’s Episcopal School,
Memphis, TN
67th Annual ACL Institute
College of William and Mary
June 26-28, 2014 Williamsburg, VA
Reading Latin Fluently:
Theoretical Explanations and
Practical Applications for all Levels
Slides and handouts:
http://alterisaeculo.wikispaces.com/ACL+Institute+2014
What’s in a Headline?
What’s in a Headline?
Bad Habits Die Hard
Galli se omnes ab Dite patre prognatos1 praedicant idque
ab Druidibus proditum dicunt. Ob eam causam spatia
omnis temporis non numero dierum sed noctium finiunt;
dies natales et mensum et annorum initia sic observant
ut noctem dies subsequatur.
1
prognatos = natos
•2014 AP® Latin Exam Q2
Theory and Application
• Reading Theory
• Approaching Reading: Top-Down v.
Bottom Up, Reading Strategies
• Functional Discourse Grammar
• Spotting Discourse Markers
• Analyzing Textbooks
• Small Group Discussion
Let’s Dig Deep!
Important Distinctions
• Formal Theories (Chomskyan):
Language = deep, universal brain structure
• Functional Theories (Amsterdam School):
Language = instrument of social interaction
Functional Discourse Grammar
A theory of descriptive linguistics which views language as “an
instrument of social interaction . . . used with the intention of
establishing communicative relationships,” not as an object with a
structure of formal rules independent from meaning and use.
Reading vs. Writing
• Writing Latin ≠ Reading Latin!
• Production ≠ Interpretation
• ACL’s Classical Investigation: General
Report (1924) “the primary immediate
objective in the teaching of Latin is
ability to read Latin for pleasure or
profit.”
• Anecdotes?
Reading Theory
Top 
Knowledge of the World – understanding of how entities fit
*S
E
M
A
N
T
I
C
S
into world, routines, schemata
Pragmatics and Discourse –recognizing and following
organization of info.; relationship with writer.
Syntax – recognize word combinations into meaningful
expressions
Morphology – identify parts of speech, case, number, tense,
person, etc.
Phonology – recognize letter(combinations) as representing
sounds to form words
Bottom 
* Integrated and all levels is the meaning of individual words and the overall state of affairs
represented by their combination.
Fig. 1: Levels of Information Employed in Reading
The Big Three for Latin
Morphology
Semantics
Syntax
Fig. 2: The Levels Most Relevant to Latin
The Big Three for Latin
Morphology
arma: n. nom./acc. pl.
arms ____ or
____ ___ arms
Semantics
Subject or Object
Syntax
Fig. 2: The Levels Most Relevant to Latin
The Big Three for Latin
Morphology
arma virumque: nouns acc. pl.
_ _ arms and man
Semantics
Two Objects
Syntax
Fig. 2: The Levels Most Relevant to Latin
The Big Three for Latin
Morphology
arma virumque cano: nouns acc. pl.
verb, 1st sg. pres. act.
I sing arms and man
Semantics
Objects, main-clause verb,
Ø:Subject = I
Syntax
Fig. 2: The Levels Most Relevant to Latin
Interactive-Compensatory
Model Must be Interactive!
Hic, ubi disiectas moles avulsaque saxis
saxa vides, mixtoque undantem pulvere fumum,
Neptunus muros magnoque emota tridenti
fundamenta quatit totamque a sedibus urbem
eruit. Hic Iuno Scaeas saevissima portas
prima tenet . . . (Verg. A. 2.608-13)
•2013 AP® Latin Exam Q1
Interactive-Compensatory
Model Must be Interactive!
Primis tenebris silentio mota castra; boues
aliquanto ante signa acti. Vbi ad radices
montium uiasque angustas uentum est, signum
extemplo datur, ut accensis cornibus armenta in
aduersos concitentur montes (Liv. 22.17.1)
• What kind of oxen did Hannibal have at
Ager Falernus?
Sight Constructions
A.) vī – ablative sing. noun “by force”
B.) venerunt – 3rd plural perfect verb “(they) came”
C.) Troianōs tum Italiam venisse – indirect statement
“Trojans then came (had come) to Italy”
D.) signō a centurionibus datō – ablative absolute
“with the sign given by the centurions”
Quaestiones?
Reading Theory
Top 
Knowledge of the World – understanding of how entities fit
*S
E
M
A
N
T
I
C
S
into world, routines, schemata
Pragmatics and Discourse –recognizing and following
organization of info.; relationship with writer.
Syntax – recognize word combinations into meaningful
expressions
Morphology – identify parts of speech, case, number, tense,
person, etc.
Phonology – recognize letter(combinations) as representing
sounds to form words
Bottom 
* Integrated and all levels is the meaning of individual words and the overall state of affairs
represented by their combination.
Fig. 1: Levels of Information Employed in Reading
An Aerial View
Syntactic Structure of the Latin Sentence
TheSENTENCE/
Latin Sentence
CLAUSE
MODIFICATION
KERNEL
KERNEL TYPES
ADJECTIVAL
adjective
genitive
relative clause
participial clause
number
noun in apposition
ADVERBIAL
adverb
prepositional phrase
ablative w/out prep
adv. accusative w/out prep
ablative absolute
adverbial dependent clause
non-kernel dative
CONNECTION
_
Transitive active
COORDINATORS
SUBORDINATORS
subject, verb, direct object
coordinating conjunction subordinating conjunction
comma
relative pronoun
Intransitive active
asyndeton
interrogative
subject, verb
non-finite verb form
Passive
subject, passive verb
Linking
subject, verb, subject complement
Factitive
subject, verb, direct object,
object complement
Special Linking
subject, verb, dative complement
Special Intransitive
subject, verb, dat/abl/gen object
Impersonal passive
passive verb
©Department of Classical Studies
The University of Michigan
Map of the Sentence
Sentence
Core
Modifiers
Connectors
Every sentence is made up of a core which can be
expanded by modifiers and/or connectors.
The next slides will provide a way for you to organize
additional information often found in longer sentences.
Adapted for Disce! from material for Introduction to
Latin (Shelmerdine) Used with permission.
Sentence
Core
Modifiers
Connectors
• Subject
• Verb
• Direct Object/Complement
(not always present)
Fēminae cibum vendunt.
S
+
DO + V
Fēminae occupātae sunt.
S
+
C + V
Sentence
Core
• Subject
• Verb
• Object
Modifiers
Connectors
• et, -que
• sed
Fēminae cibum et vīnum vendunt.
Fēminae virīque vīnum bibunt.
NB: et, que, & sed always connect words that are same
part of speech (e.g. both nouns) and that both function in
the same way in that part of the sentence (e.g. both DOs).
Sentence
Core
•
•
•
•
Modifiers
Subject
Verb
Direct Object
Dative Object
Connectors
• et, -que
• sed
Fēminae tabernae apprōpinquant.
S + Dative Object +
V
Sentence
Core
•
•
•
•
Subject
Verb
Direct Object
Dative Object
Modifiers
• genitive noun
• dative noun
Connectors
• et, -que
• sed
Fēminae tabernae Valeriae apprōpinquant.
S + Dative Object + Gen. Noun +
V
Sentence
Core
•
•
•
•
Subject
Verb
Direct Object
Dative Object
Modifiers
• genitive noun
• dative noun
Connectors
• et, -que
• sed
Fēminae vīnum
virīs vendunt.
S + Direct Object + Dat. Noun + V
Sentence
Core
•
•
•
•
Subject
Verb
Direct Object
Dative Object
Modifiers
Adverbial
• adverb
• prep. phrase
• dative noun
• genitive
noun
Fēminae strēnuē labōrant.
S + adverb + V
Connectors
• et, -que
• sed
Sentence
Core
•
•
•
•
Subject
Verb
Direct Object
Dative Object
Modifiers
Adverbial
• adverb
• prep. phrase
• dative noun
• genitive
noun
Connectors
• et, -que
• sed
Fēminae strēnuē in tabernā labōrant.
S
+
adverb + prep. phrase + V
Sentence
Core
• Subject
• Verb
• Direct Object
• Dative Object
• Subject
Complement
Modifiers
Connectors
Adjectival
Adverbial
• adverb
• prep. phrase
• dative noun
• adj.
• genitive noun
• et, -que
• sed
Fēminae occupātae sunt.
S
+
C
+
V
Sentence
Core
• Subject
• Verb
• Direct Object
• Dative Object
• Subject
Complement
Modifiers
Connectors
Adjectival
Adverbial
• adverb
• prep. phrase
• dative noun
• adj.
• genitive noun
• et, -que
• sed
Fēminae occupātae labōrant.
S
+
adj.
+
V
Sentence
Core
Modifiers
* Sentence Patterns
Adverbial
•
•
•
•
• adverb
• prep. phrase
• dative noun
Transitive
Intransitive
Special Intrans.
Linking
Connectors
Adjectival
• adj.
• genitive noun
• et, -que
• sed
* The Core can be classified into a surprisingly small number
of different patterns which work the same way in both languages.
Sentence
Core
* Sentence
Patterns
•
•
•
•
Modifiers
Adverbial
Transitive
Intransitive
Special Intrans.
Linking
Connectors
Adjectival
• adverb
• adj.
• prep. phrase
• genitive noun
• dative noun
• et, -que
• sed
Fēminae cibum vendunt.
S
+
DO
+ V
Sentence
Core
* Sentence
Patterns
•
•
•
•
Modifiers
Adverbial
Transitive
Intransitive
Special Intrans.
Linking
Connectors
Adjectival
• adverb
• adj.
• prep. phrase
• genitive noun
• dative noun
Fēminae labōrant.
S
+
V
• and (et, -que)
• but (sed)
Sentence
Core
* Sentence
Patterns
•
•
•
•
Modifiers
Adverbial
Connectors
Adjectival
• adverb
• adj.
• prep. phrase
• genitive noun
• dative noun
• and (et, -que)
• but (sed)
Transitive
Intransitive
Special Intrans.
Linking
Fēminae tabernae apprōpinquant.
S + Dative Object +
V
Sentence
Core
* Sentence
Patterns
•
•
•
•
Modifiers
Adverbial
Connectors
Adjectival
• adverb
• adj.
• prep. phrase
• genitive noun
• dative noun
• and (et, -que)
• but (sed)
Transitive
Intransitive
Special Intrans.
Linking
Fēminae occupātae sunt.
S
+
C
+
V
Syntactic Structure of the Latin Sentence
TheSENTENCE/
Latin Sentence
CLAUSE
MODIFICATION
KERNEL
KERNEL TYPES
ADJECTIVAL
adjective
genitive
relative clause
participial clause
number
noun in apposition
ADVERBIAL
adverb
prepositional phrase
ablative w/out prep
adv. accusative w/out prep
ablative absolute
adverbial dependent clause
non-kernel dative
CONNECTION
_
Transitive active
COORDINATORS
SUBORDINATORS
subject, verb, direct object
coordinating conjunction subordinating conjunction
comma
relative pronoun
Intransitive active
asyndeton
interrogative
subject, verb
non-finite verb form
Passive
subject, passive verb
Linking
subject, verb, subject complement
Factitive
subject, verb, direct object,
object complement
Special Linking
subject, verb, dative complement
Special Intransitive
subject, verb, dat/abl/gen object
Impersonal passive
passive verb
©Department of Classical Studies
The University of Michigan
Let’s Get Practical
A Technique for Success
1) Remember always to read the sentence
from left to right - don’t skip around!
2) Always connect the Latin case ending
to the word’s function in the sentence.
Adapted for Disce! from material for Introduction to Latin
(Shelmerdine) Used with permission.
A complete sentence in English has certain predictable
core elements which occur in a consistent word order:
Subject
+
Verb
+/s +/-
Direct Object
s
Remember: Latin endings show function, e.g.,
Nominative = Subject
Accusative = Direct Object
Reading Theory
Top 
Knowledge of the World – understanding of how entities fit
*S
E
M
A
N
T
I
C
S
into world, routines, schemata
Pragmatics and Discourse –recognizing and following
organization of info.; relationship with writer.
Syntax – recognize word combinations into meaningful
expressions
Morphology – identify parts of speech, case, number, tense,
person, etc.
Phonology – recognize letter(combinations) as representing
sounds to form words
Bottom 
* Integrated and all levels is the meaning of individual words and the overall state of affairs
represented by their combination.
Fig. 1: Levels of Information Employed in Reading
Learning to Walk
(Cut out and paste back to back onto a 5 x 8 card.)
What part of speech is it?
What form is it?
e.g., Singular/Plural? Case? Tense? Person? etc.
What is it doing in the sentence?
Is it a core element?
Does it modify another word?
Does it link words or clauses?
Can I be sure at this point in the sentence?
What else do I expect in the sentence?
Basic expectation of a complete thought:
Subject, Verb, and sometimes a Direct Object or a Complement
Someone/thing does something (perhaps) to someone/thing
Someone/thing is (perhaps) something
Expectations:
—A DIRECT OBJECT raises the expectation of an active verb and of a subject.
—A VERB raises the expectation of a subject, and possibly a direct object.
—A LINKING VERB raises the expectation of a complement.
—A SUBJECT raises the expectation of a verb, and possibly a direct object.
—An ADJECTIVE raises the expectation of a noun to modify in the same case, number, and gender.
—A GENITIVE noun raises the expectation of another noun (or an adjective) to modify.
—A COORDINATING CONJUNCTION raises the expectation of something else with the same function.
—A SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTION raises the expectation of another set of core elements.
—An INFINITIVE raises the expectation of a governing verb.
Ø they
Ø they
Try Your Reading Card Here!
Quaestiones?
C
1. Puellae sunt dēfessae.
Ø
2. (In agrīs)puerī ambulant.they
Ø
4. Puerī epistulās scribunt. they
6. Pater vōcem puellae audit.
Now Mark This Instead!
Let’s Dig Deep Again!
Functional Discourse Grammar
Expressions aren’t isolated.
Exhibit coherence = Discourse
Reading Theory
Top 
Knowledge of the World – understanding of how entities fit
*S
E
M
A
N
T
I
C
S
into world, routines, schemata
Pragmatics and Discourse –recognizing and following
organization of info.; relationship with writer.
Syntax – recognize word combinations into meaningful
expressions
Morphology – identify parts of speech, case, number, tense,
person, etc.
Phonology – recognize letter(combinations) as representing
sounds to form words
Bottom 
* Integrated and all levels is the meaning of individual words and the overall state of affairs
represented by their combination.
Fig. 1: Levels of Information Employed in Reading
Levels of Coherence in
Representational –Discourse
World represented by language
Since I had picked four of the five winning numbers, I
won $1,000 in the lottery.
Interactional – Relationship between Writer and Reader
Since you asked, I won $1,000 in the lottery.
Presentational – Writer’s imposition of organization
I usually play the birthdays of my family members in the
lottery. Four of the five numbers have now come up,
and for the first time I have won $1,000.
Now my friend always lets the computer pick the
numbers, and he has won six times.
Discourse Markers
Writers signal coherence through:
• Particles (Kroon 1995)
• Word-Order Patterns
• Pronouns and Gapping
Nam vs. Enim
Nam = presentational; subordinate
information: footnote, small type
At pius Aeneas, per noctem plurima volvens,
ut primum lux alma data est, exire locosque
explorare novos, quas vento accesserit oras,
qui teneant (nam inculta videt) hominesne feraene
quaerere constituit, sociisque exacta referre.
(Verg. A.1.305-09)
Nam vs. Enim
Nam = presentational; subordinate
information: footnote, small type
At pius Aeneas, per noctem plurima volvens,
ut primum lux alma data est, exire locosque
explorare novos, quas vento accesserit oras,
qui teneant1 hominesne feraene
quaerere constituit, sociisque exacta referre.
1nam
inculta videt
(Verg. A.1.305-09)
Nam vs. Enim
Enim = interactional asserting agreement
of Reader; “of course,” “wouldn’t you
agree,” “doncha think”
`O socii (neque enim ignari sumus ante malorum)
passi graviora, dabit deus his quoque finem.
(Aen.1.198-99)
Autem vs. Vero
Autem = presentational; thematic break,
paragraph return, parenthesis
His autem omnibus druidibus praeest unus, qui summam
inter eos habet auctoritatem. Hoc mortuo aut si qui ex reliquis
excellit dignitate succedit, aut, si sunt plures pares, suffragio
druidum, nonnumquam etiam armis de principatu contendunt.
(Caes. Gal. 6.13)
Autem vs. Vero
Autem = presentational; thematic break,
paragraph return, parenthesis
Erant omnino itinera duo, quibus itineribus domo exire
possent: unum per Sequanos, angustum et difficile, inter
montem Iuram et flumen Rhodanum, vix qua singuli carri
ducerentur, (mons autem altissimus impendebat, ut facile
perpauci prohibere possent); alterum per provinciam nostram .
...
(Caes. 1.6.1-2)
Autem vs. Vero
Vero = interactional; personal guarantee,
“really,” “believe me”
At gemini lapsu delubra ad summa dracones
effugiunt saevaeque petunt Tritonidis arcem,
sub pedibusque deae clipeique sub orbe teguntur.
Tum vero tremefacta novus per pectora cunctis
insinuat pavor. . . (Verg. A. 2.225-29)
Other Presentational Particles
Igitur (but not ergo) = return to next step in main
argument after digression
Nunc (as first word in sentence, not as adverb) =
thematic break, next step in argument
Word-Order Patterns =
Discourse Markers
Verb-Subject Order = Thematic Discontinuity (cf.
autem)
(A) inter haec repleverat iam Poenus armatis muros, et vis magna
ex ingenti copia congesta telorum suppeditabat. (Liv.26-45)
(B) conticuere omnes, intentique ora tenebant.
inde toro pater Aeneas sic orsus ab alto: (Verg. A. 2.1-2)
(C) ceterum post rem actam ut iam resederat impetus animorum
ardorque, silentium subito ortum et tacita cogitatio quidnam
egissent. (Liv. 26.18)
Word-Order Patterns =
Discourse Markers
Discontinuous NP with Verb = Thematic Discontinuity
(cf. autem)
(A) His autem omnibus druidibus praeest unus, qui summam
inter eos habet auctoritatem. Hoc mortuo . . . . (Caes. Gal. 6.13)
(B) vulgatior fama est ludibrio fratris Remum novos transiluisse
muros. Inde ab irato Romulo . . . interfectum. (Livy 1.7.1-2)
(C) Ex quibus deduxi in colonias … millia aliquanto plura quam
trecenta, et iis omnibus agros adsignavi aut pecuniam pro
praemiis militiae dedi.
Naves cepi sescentas praeter eas, si quae
minores quam triremes fuerunt. (RG 3)
Referential Continuity
In FDG every sentence has a Topic = that entity
about which the sentence (clause) is providing information
the most.
Topics are: known from context, usually leftward in clause
(Also has a Focus = most salient information about that Topic.)
Referential Continuity
hi omnes lingua, institutis, legibus inter se
differunt. Gallos ab Aquitanis Garumna
flumen, a Belgis Matrona et Sequana dividit.
(Caes. Gal.1.1.2)
Referential Continuity
hi omnes lingua, institutis, legibus inter se
differunt. Gallos ab Aquitanis Garumna
flumen, a Belgis Matrona et Sequana dividit.
(Caes. Gal.1.1.2)
***”These all differ among themselves in
language, institutions and laws. The Gauls
are divided from the Aquitani by the Garumna
River, and from the Belgae by the Matrona
and Sequana Rivers.”
Referential Chains in Latin:
Full Noun Phrase – (is/hic)-- ø
apud Helvetios longe nobilissimus fuit et
ditissimus Orgetorix. Is, M. Messala et M.
Pupio Pisone consulibus, regni cupiditate
inductus coniurationem nobilitatis fecit et
civitati ø persuasit ut de finibus suis cum
omnibus copiis exirent . . . .(Caes.Gal.1.2.1)
“Mind the Gap”
eorum una pars, quam Gallos obtinere dictum est, initium
capit a flumine Rhodano; ø continetur Garumna flumine,
Oceano, finibus Belgarum; ø attingit etiam ab Sequanis et
Helvetiis flumen Rhenum; ø vergit ad septentriones.
Belgae ab extremis Galliae finibus oriuntur; ø pertinent ad
inferiorem partem fluminis Rheni; ø spectant in
septentrionem et orientem solem.
Aquitania a Garumna flumine ad Pyrenaeos montis et eam
partem Oceani quae est ad Hispaniam pertinet; ø spectat
inter ocasum solis et septentriones. (Caes. Gal. 1.1.5-7)
Particles and Conjunctions
Coordinating Conjunctions
(from the Latin con = together + iungere = to join)
(from the Latin con = together, the same + ordin- = order, rank)
Definition: conjunctions that join words or sentences that are of a similar grammatical construction or
of equal grammatical importance; each sentence must be grammatically independent of the other.
The following are the main coordinating conjunctions:
"and"
·
·
·
·
·
"but" or "yet"
et
-que
at
atque
ac
"and not" or "nor"
·
·
neque
nec
"also"
·
·
·
etiam
quoque
item
"either" or "or"
·
·
·
aut
vel
-ve
"whether" or "or"
·
·
sive
seu
"but"
·
·
sed
at
·
·
atqui
tamen
"but" or "however"
·
Explanatory Connectors:
nam for
ergo therefore
tamen however, nevertheless
quare therefore, for this reason
post-positives:
autem but, however, and now
enim for
igitur therefore
autem
"but" or "moreover"
·
·
·
ceterum
vero
verum
"for"
·
·
·
·
nam
namque
enim
etenim
"for indeed"
·
enimvero
"therefore
·
·
·
ergo
itaque
igitur
"wherefore"
·
·
·
·
quare
quam ob rem (quamobrem)
quapropter
quocirca
based on material from about.com
How would you break this
text?
audiens autem Saul et omnes viri israhelitae sermones Philisthei
huiuscemodi stupebant et metuebant nimis David autem erat filius viri
ephrathei de quo supra dictum est de Bethleem Iuda cui erat nomen Isai qui
habebat octo filios et erat vir in diebus Saul senex et grandevus inter
viros abierunt autem tres filii eius maiores post Saul in proelium et nomina
trium filiorum eius qui perrexerant ad bellum Heliab primogenitus et
secundus Abinadab tertiusque Samma David autem erat minimus tribus ergo
maioribus secutis Saulem abiit David et reversus est a Saul ut pasceret
gregem patris sui in Bethleem procedebat vero Philistheus mane et vespere
et stabat quadraginta diebus dixit autem Isai ad David filium suum accipe
fratribus tuis oephi pulentae et decem panes istos et curre in castra ad
fratres tuos et decem formellas casei has deferes ad tribunum et fratres tuos
visitabis si recte agant et cum quibus ordinati sint disce Saul autem et illi et
omnes filii Israhel in valle Terebinthi pugnabant adversum Philisthim surrexit
itaque David mane et commendavit gregem custodi et onustus abiit sicut
praeceperat ei Isai et venit ad locum Magala et ad exercitum qui egressus ad
pugnam vociferatus erat in certamine direxerat enim aciem Israhel sed et
Philisthim ex adverso fuerant praeparati derelinquens ergo David vasa quae
adtulerat sub manu custodis ad sarcinas cucurrit ad locum certaminis et
interrogabat si omnia recte agerentur erga fratres suos cumque adhuc ille
loqueretur eis apparuit vir ille spurius ascendens Goliath nomine Philistheus
de Geth ex castris Philisthinorum et loquente eo haec eadem verba audivit
David omnes autem Israhelitae cum vidissent virum fugerunt a facie eius
timentes eum valde
How about Breaking at
Particles and Word Order?
audiens autem Saul et omnes viri israhelitae sermones Philisthei
huiuscemodi stupebant et metuebant nimis
11
David autem erat filius viri ephrathei de quo supra dictum est de Bethleem
Iuda cui erat nomen Isai qui habebat octo filios et erat vir in diebus Saul
senex et grandevus inter viros
12
abierunt autem tres filii eius maiores post Saul in proelium et nomina trium
filiorum eius qui perrexerant ad bellum Heliab primogenitus et secundus
Abinadab tertiusque Samma
13
14
David autem erat minimus tribus ergo maioribus secutis Saulem
abiit David et reversus est a Saul ut pasceret gregem patris sui in
Bethleem
15
16
procedebat vero Philistheus mane et vespere et stabat quadraginta diebus
dixit autem Isai ad David filium suum accipe fratribus tuis oephi pulentae
et decem panes istos et curre in castra ad fratres tuos
17
et decem formellas casei has deferes ad tribunum et fratres tuos visitabis
si recte agant et cum quibus ordinati sint disce
18
Saul autem et illi et omnes filii Israhel in valle Terebinthi pugnabant
adversum Philisthim
19
surrexit itaque David mane et commendavit gregem custodi et onustus
abiit sicut praeceperat ei Isai et venit ad locum Magala et ad exercitum qui
egressus ad pugnam vociferatus erat in certamine
20
direxerat enim aciem Israhel sed et Philisthim ex adverso fuerant
praeparati
21
derelinquens ergo David vasa quae adtulerat sub manu custodis ad
sarcinas cucurrit ad locum certaminis et interrogabat si omnia recte
agerentur erga fratres suos
22
cumque adhuc ille loqueretur eis apparuit vir ille spurius ascendens Goliath
nomine Philistheus de Geth ex castris Philisthinorum et loquente eo haec
eadem verba audivit David
23
omnes autem Israhelitae cum vidissent virum fugerunt a facie eius
timentes eum valde
24
What About Verses and
Punctuation?
17 …
Audiens autem Saul et omnes Israëlitæ sermones Philisthæi
hujuscemodi, stupebant, et metuebant nimis.
11
David autem erat filius viri Ephrathæi, de quo supra dictum est, de Bethlehem
Juda, cui nomen erat Isai, qui habebat octo filios, et erat vir in diebus Saul
senex, et grandævus inter viros. Abierunt autem tres filii ejus majores post
Saul in prælium : et nomina trium filiorum ejus qui perrexerunt ad bellum, Eliab
primogenitus, et secundus Abinadab, tertiusque Samma. David autem erat
minimus. Tribus ergo majoribus secutis Saulem, abiit David, et reversus est a
Saul ut pasceret gregem patris sui in Bethlehem. Procedebat vero Philisthæus
mane et vespere, et stabat quadraginta diebus. Dixit autem Isai ad David
filium suum : Accipe fratribus tuis ephi polentæ, et decem panes istos, et curre
in castra ad fratres tuos, et decem formellas casei has deferes ad tribunum :
et fratres tuos visitabis, si recte agant : et cum quibus ordinati sunt,
disce. Saul autem, et illi, et omnes filii Israël, in Valle terebinthi pugnabant
adversum Philisthiim. Surrexit itaque David mane, et commendavit gregem
custodi : et onustus abiit, sicut præceperat ei Isai. Et venit ad locum Magala, et
ad exercitum, qui egressus ad pugnam vociferatus erat in
certamine. Direxerat enim aciem Israël, sed et Philisthiim ex adverso fuerant
præparati. Derelinquens ergo David vasa quæ attulerat sub manu custodis ad
sarcinas, cucurrit ad locum certaminis, et interrogabat si omnia recte agerentur
erga fratres suos. Cumque adhuc ille loqueretur eis, apparuit vir ille spurius
ascendens, Goliath nomine, Philisthæus de Geth, de castris Philisthinorum : et
loquente eo hæc eadem verba audivit David. Omnes autem Israëlitæ, cum
vidissent virum, fugerunt a facie ejus, timentes eum valde.
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
Discussion of Texts
• Break up by textbook
• Examine tables of contents
• Contemplate presentation order
vis-à-vis Morphology, Syntax, and
Semantics.
• Where is focus?
• How balanced are the pieces?
• Where can you integrate today’s
strategies?
Learning to Walk