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USA as the World’s Policeman Topic 20 Dean Gooderham Acheson (1893 – 1971) was an American statesman and lawyer. As United States Secretary of State in the administration of President Harry S. Truman from 1949 to 1953, he played a central role in defining American foreign policy during the Cold War. Acheson helped design the Marshall Plan and played a central role in the development of the Truman Doctrine and creation of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Acheson's most famous decision was convincing President Truman to intervene in the Korean War in June 1950. He also persuaded Truman to dispatch aid and advisors to French forces in Indochina, though in 1968 he finally counseled President Lyndon B. Johnson to negotiate for peace with North Vietnam. During the Cuban Missile Crisis, President John F. Kennedy called upon Acheson for advice, bringing him into the executive committee (ExComm), a strategic advisory group. In the late 1940s Acheson came under heavy attack over Truman's policy toward China, and for Acheson's defense of State Department employees (such as Alger Hiss) accused during the anti-gay Lavender and anti-Communist Red Scare investigations of Senator Joseph McCarthy and others. 1950 12 January US Secretary of State, Dean Acheson, announces that American “cordon sanitaire” does not include South Korea; news about such conduct, together with intelligence materials convince Stalin to push Kim Il Sung to act, as well as further back Ho Chi Minh’s war in Vietnam February McCarthy’s accusations formulated against Soviet espionage, but also help provided from USSR for Mao Zedong find wide reception in the USA 20 June Acheson briefs US Congress that war is unlikely 25 June North Korea attacks South Korea (North Korean army numbers over 135,000 + 40,000 troops supplied by China; the army is well armed with modern Soviet arms; South Korea has an army of 95,000 poorly armed and lack of concrete support from the USA) 25 June UNSC Resolution 82 calls for: • all hostilities to end and North Korea to withdraw to the 38th Parallel; • a UN Commission on Korea to be formed to monitor the situation and report to the Security Council; • all UN members to support the United Nations in achieving this, and refrain from providing assistance to the North Korean authorities The resolution was adopted by a vote of 9 support, none opposed, and one abstention. United Nations Security Council Resolution 83, adopted on June 27, 1950, determins that the attack on the Republic of Korea by forces from North Korea constitutes a breach of the peace. The Council calls for an immediate cessation of hostilities and for the authorities in North Korea to withdraw their armed forces to the 38th parallel. The resolution is adopted by 7 to 1 against from Yugoslavia. Egypt and India were present but did not participate in voting and the Soviet Union was absent. 27 June UN votes a decision to help Korea (USSR boycotts, and Yugoslavia abstains) and to send troops there Korea. US troops are joined by symbolic contingents from: Canada, Australia, New Zealand, UK, France, South Africa, Turkey, Thailand, Greece, the Netherlands, Ethiopia, Columbia, the Philippines, Belgium and Luxemburg. (US provided 50% ground forces – most of the rest was Korean, 86% naval and 93% air forces were provided by USA). In the peak of action UN troops numbered 400,000 Koreans, 250,000 Americans and 35,000 from other nations. Adopted on July 7, 1950 • the attack on the Republic of Korea by the forces from North Korea constituts a breach of the peace, the Council recommens that the members of the United Nations furnish such assistance to the Republic of Korea as may be necessary to repel the attack and restore peace and security to the area. • The Council further recommends that all members providing military forces and other assistance to The Republic make these forces and assistance available to a unified command under the United States of America. • The Council then requested that the United States designate the commander of such forces and authorized said commander to use the Flag of the United Nations at his discretion in the course of operations against North Korean forces. • The Council requests that the United States provide it with reports as appropriate on the course of action taken by the unified command. • The resolution is passed with the votes from the United Kingdom, the Republic of China (Taiwan), Cuba, Ecuador, France, Norway and the United States. • The Kingdom of Egypt, India and the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia abstain.The Soviet Union,is absent, having been boycotting proceedings since January, in protest that the Republic of China and not the People's Republic of China held a permanent seat on the council. 1950 28 June Soeul falls to North Koreans 30 June American Far Eastern forces are commissioned to Korea under MacArthur 5 July First US troops take part in action and are easily overcome 7 July UN Resolution 84 10 July Upon US request, UN agrees to US Commander of its forces and Truman nominates MacArthur to supreme command June-August North Korean advances force South Koreans and US troops to retreat, holding barely 10% of the Korean peninsula round Pusan 15 September UN troops under the command of MacArthur land at Inchon; the operation was intended to liberate Soeul and cut North Korean supply lines 24 September UN troops enter Soeul; and attack from Pusan drives North Koreans into retreat, but barely one-quarter/one third escapes 1 October South Korean troops pass 38th Parallel 2 October Mao informs Stalin, that China will enter the war 7 October UN pass a resolution calling for a unified, independent and democratic Korea 9 October UN troops pass 38th Parallel 19 October Pyongyang falls 25 October Chinese troops enter fighting in northwest Korea 1 November UN troops are 18 miles away from Yalu river (border river with China) 7 November End of Chinese operation in the north 8 November First (in history) jet battle takes place between F-80s and MiG-15s, with the two latter shot down October-November Debates in the US concerning the policy to be applies in Indochina; a vision to start occupation and concentrate on Europe is opposed by ideas to counter Communists and continue advance 24 November US troops under General Walker resume the offensive 25-26 November Chinese offensive; Although US troops hold, Chinese Popular Army breaks through South Korean defies and endangers the whole from; Mac Arthur manages to control the situation, but orders to retreat beyond the 38th Parallel December Doubts and debates in US about the conduct of war, which by now is a UNChina war (concept to pursue war against limited warfare) 1951 4 January Chinese New Year’s offensive takes Soeul; counteroffensive is launched by Ridgway April Front line again ailing 38th Parallel with Soeul recaptured 11 April Truman dismisses MacArthur over disagreement concerning limited war (what MacArthur opposed) 22 April Chinese offensive is halted south of 38th Parallel by 19 May End May Front stabilizes on 38th Parallel Stalemate 23 June Soviet UN official Jakob Malik proposes cease fire 10 July Talks begin at Kaesong; hostilities continue August-mid-October Fighting resumed in the Battle of Heartbreak Ridge Late October Talks resumed at Panmunjom; fighting continues 12 November Ridgeway orders cease fire; raids, local attacks, patrols continue, but do not break into larger actions 1952 November General Dwight Eisenhower is elected president with a mandate to end the war; the president orders the design of military plans including use of nuclear weapons, which are made public 1953 5 March Stalin dies May Last Chinese attacks and attempts to change front line 27 June Armistice signed by Lieutenant General Nam Il and Lieutenant General Wiliam Harrison at 10:00am at Panmunjom http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_War McCarthyism 1950-1954 Mar 21, 1947 Truman Loyalty Oaths President Harry S. Truman issues Executive Order 9835, establishing a Loyalty- Security Program for all federal employees. Designed to pre-empt Republican charges of Communist infiltration of the government, Truman's loyalty oaths only heighten the country's growing fears of Communist subversion. Jun 23, 1947 Taft-Hartley Act Congress passes the Taft-Hartley Labor-Management Relations Act over President Truman's veto, sharply curtailing the rights of organized labor while forcing unions to purge Communists from their ranks. Oct 20, 1947 House Un-American Activities Committee The House Un-American Activities Committee opens hearings investigating Communist activity in Hollywood. Oct 27, 1947 John Lawson Refuses Screenwriter John Howard Lawson, a hostile witness before the House Un-American Activities Committee, refuses to answer, on constitutional grounds, whether he is or was a member of the Communist Party. He is ejected from the hearing and later charged with Contempt of Congress. Nov 24, 1947 Hollywood Ten The House of Representatives issues citations for Contempt of Congress to the Hollywood Ten—John Howard Lawson, Alvah Bessie, Herbert Biberman, Lester Cole, Edward Dmytryk, Ring Lardner Jr., Albert Maltz, Samuel Ornitz, Adrian Scott, and Dalton Trumbo. Nov 25, 1947 Hollywood Blacklisting The Motion Picture Association confirms the blacklisting of the Hollywood Ten from employment in the film industry. May 1, 1948 Arrest in Alabama Glenn Taylor, Progressive Party candidate for Vice President on Henry Wallace's ticket, is arrested in Alabama for violating segregation laws by attempting to hold an integrated political rally. Taylor's jailor is Birmingham police commissioner Bull Connor, who will later became notorious for unleashing attack dogs on peaceful civil rights protestors associated with Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Aug 3, 1948 Alger Hiss Named a Communist Former Communist Whittaker Chambers testifies before the House Un-American Activities Committee, naming Alger Hiss—an important figure in Franklin Roosevelt's State Department—as a Communist agent. Aug 5, 1948 Alger Hiss Testifies Alger Hiss testifies before the House Un-American Activities Committee, denying that he is, or ever was, a member of the Communist Party. Aug 25, 1948 First TV Broadcast of Congressional Hearing Alger Hiss and Whittaker Chambers both testify in a televised hearing of the House UnAmerican Activities Committee. It is the first time any Congressional hearing has been broadcast over television. Nov 2, 1948 Truman’s Surprise Reelection President Harry S. Truman is elected to a second term as president, defeating Republican Thomas Dewey, Progressive Henry Wallace, and Dixiecrat Strom Thurmond in the election of 1948. Nov 2, 1949 CIO Boots Communist Labor The Congress of Industrial Organizations votes in its national convention to revoke the charter of the United Electrical Workers, the third largest union in the CIO, for failing to purge itself of Communist influence. Ultimately twelve left-leaning unions, and countless individual leftwing organizers, will be booted from the CIO. Jan 21, 1950 Alger Hiss Convicted Alger Hiss is convicted for perjury after a jury concludes that he made false statements in denying Whittaker Chambers' allegations that the two men had known each other as Communists in the 1930s. Hiss will serve more than three years in federal prison. Feb 9, 1950 Joseph McCarthy Claims Targets Wisconsin Senator Joseph McCarthy gives a speech in Wheeling, Virginia, dramatically claiming, "I have in my hand a list of 205 cases of individuals who appear to be either cardcarrying members or certainly loyal to the Communist Party" within the United States State Department. RED SCARE The term "Red Scare" has been applied to two distinct periods of intense anti-Communism in United States history: first from 1917 to 1920, and second from the late 1940s through the mid-1950s. Both periods were characterized by widespread fears of Communist influence on U.S. society and Communist infiltration of the U.S. government. These fears spurred aggressive investigation and (particularly during the first period) jailing of persons associated with communist and socialist ideology or political movements. http://civilliberty.about.com/od/freespeech/tp/McCarthyism-Timeline-History.htm 1946 Using elaborate (and completely fictional) war stories, forged documents, and a fake limp, Wisconsin politician Joseph McCarthy successfully wins election to the U.S. Senate as a war hero. 1947 The U.S. House Un-American Activities Committee destroys the careers of ten prominent Hollywood figures for their refusal to testify about alleged ties to U.S. progressive and socialist movements. While McCarthy is not directly involved in the HUAC's work, it appears to have inspired his later efforts. 1950 In a February speech, Joseph McCarthy argues that the United States is losing the Cold War and that the fault rests with McCarthy's political enemies in the Truman administration:The reason why we find ourselves in a position of impotency is not because our only powerful potential enemy has sent men to invade our shores, but rather because of the traitorous actions of those who have been treated so well by this Nation. It has not been the less fortunate, or members of minority groups who have been traitorous to this Nation, but rather those who have had all the benefits that the wealthiest Nation on earth has had to offer - the finest homes, the finest college education and the finest jobs in government we can give. This is glaringly true in the State Department. There the bright young men who are born with silver spoons in their mouths are the ones who have been most traitorous. I have here in my hand a list of 205- a list of names that were made known to the Secretary of State as being members of the Communist Party and who nevertheless are still working and shaping policy in the State Department.The explosive accusations transformed Joe McCarthy, a little-known freshman senator from Wisconsin, into a household name. 1952 McCarthy's book, McCarthyism: The Fight for America is published, and his characterization of the Democratic Party as soft on Communism helps General Dwight Eisenhower win the November presidential elections. Eisenhower would later become a critic of McCarthy's tactics. 1953 McCarthy becomes chair of the Senate Operations Committee, and uses his authority in this role to assign himself as chair of the Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations, which he uses as an instrument to push his "anti-Communism" efforts. 1954 The four-day Army-McCarthy hearings, nationally televised and broadcast on the radio, damage McCarthy's standing among the American public. He is censured by the U.S. Senate and stripped of his chairmanship, and his role as a national politician effectively comes to an end. Later that year, Eisenhower famously refers to McCarthyism as "McCarthywasm." 1957 His career as a national politician essentially over, Joe McCarthy dies of alcohol-induced hepatitis. 1958 The John Birch Society, which advances paleoconservative principles and targets alleged Communists in the U.S. government, is founded. 2003 Conservative pundit Ann Coulter's Treason, which portrays McCarthy as an American hero, is published. 2007 Conservative revisionist historian M. Stanton Evans' Blacklisted by History: The Untold Story of Senator Joe McCarthy and His Fight Against America's Enemies, which further attempts to rehabilitate McCarthy's image, is published. 2010 Citing the work of American Nazi author Elizabeth Dilling (who, ironically, was herself convicted on sedition charges in 1944), right-wing pundit Glenn Beck argues that Joseph McCarthy was "absolutely right." 2012 Rep. Allen West (R-FL) accuses Democratic politicians of secretly belonging to the American Communist Party:What percentage of the American legislature do you think are card-carrying Marxists? I believe there’s about 78 to 81 members of the Democratic Party that are members of the Communist Party. They actually don’t hide it. It’s called the Congressional Progressive Caucus.Earlier in the year, West called on Democratic leaders to leave the country:This is a battlefield that we must stand upon ... Take your message of equality of achievement, take your message of economic dependency, and take your message of enslaving the entrepreneurial will and spirit of the American people somewhere else. You can take it to Europe, you can take it to the bottom of the sea, you can take it to the North Pole, but get the hell out of the United States of America.This is consistent with the older Tea Party movement's emphasis on anticommunism and other policies associated with paleoconservatism.