Download Causes of WWI

HONORS WORLD
Unit #7 – Modern World History
PPT #706
The Causes of WWI
aka
THE GREATEST STUPIDITY EVER
WRAUGHT BY MODERN HUMANS
Describe war in a word…
• Choose the most destructive war you can
think of
• Name it
• Choose a word to describe it
• Share with your group
• Share with the class
•
http://www.history.com/topics/world-war-i/world-war-i-history/videos/world-war-ione-word
What were the “main” causes of
the First World War?
(What to you remember from 9th
Grade?
Causes of WWI = MAIN
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M=
A=
I=
N=
Causes of WWI = MAIN
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M = Militarism
A=
I=
N=
Causes of WWI = MAIN
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M = Militarism
A = Alliances
N=
I=
Causes of WWI = MAIN
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M = Militarism
A = Alliances
I = Imperialism
N=
Causes of WWI = MAIN
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M = Militarism
A = Alliances
I = Imperialism
N = Nationalism
And when you add in the
assassination of the crown prince
of a country that had depended
on MILITARISM, had developed
an ALLIANCE with one of the Big5 nations, and had been
IMPERIALISTICALLY collecting
neighboring lands for years, you
have a REAL problem. You have…
MANIA!
Causes of WWI = MANIA!
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M = Militarism
A = Alliances
N = Nationalism
I = Imperialism
A = Assassination
You may have learned this as FAMINE
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F = FREEDOM OF SEAS
A = Alliances
M = Militarism
I = Imperialism
N = Nationalism
E = Economic issues
Why might US care about a war
in Europe, even today?
If the US went to war today, what
nations would come to our aid?
Force: NATIONALISM
Nationalism
• Complete love for your nationality
• The force that would form some nations (by uniting),
and tear others apart
• Napoleon had taught Europe the power of Nationalism
• Since his time, all nationalities across the continent
started expressing nationalistic beliefs. Led to
greatness, and to prejudice.
– Example: British and French saw themselves as superior to
Austrians and Russians
– All “big 5” saw themselves superior to non-Europeans
• And, in some cases, nationalism led to war
– Franco-Prussian War
– Six Weeks War (Austro-Prussian War)
What happened to the “big 5” nations?
• Quadruple Alliance of the Congress of Vienna
– The four nations who defeated France
– Purpose: prevent another rise of a nation to dominate
Europe, one that would cause a big war
– Add in France, and all nations would work together to
eliminate the rise of another Napoleon
• This system, started in 1815 was successful
– Liberal rebellions of 1830 & 1848 were eliminated
– Rise of Russia in 1854 led to Crimean War – the way
Franc and England stripped them of power
– No one nation came to dominate anything, all the way
up to 1870
What happened to the “big 5” nations?
• France – focused mainly on leading cultural
Europe; had a VERY successful army and navy
• Russia – hoped to expand empire and control its
massive (and antiquated) serf population
• Prussia – modernizing, growing in power
• Austria – focused on controlling ethnic diversity
(75% of their population) and expanding empire
• Britain – focused mainly on overseas empire and a
Navy as large as next two nations combined
Effect of Nationalism
• Prussians were able to harness it to unit all
Germans under one political entity in 1870
• Italians were able to harness it to remove nonItalian rulers from Italy in 1866
• French and English saw themselves as superior,
based on race, especially overseas
• Austrians torn apart by it, since nationalities
within outnumbered Austrians 3 to 1
– After Austrians lost several wars, Hungarians inside
Empire demanded independence
– Compromise was to turn it into a dual empire: AustroHungarian Empire, with two sections ruled by their
own kings, with one Emperor over both
The new German nation
1. Germany was formed in 1870
– And quickly became the most dominant nation
2. Three wars taught Europe that Germany was the
strongest nation in the world
– Denmark War: Austria and Germany fought together
and easily defeated Denmark
– Six Weeks War: North Germany defeated Austria
– Franco-Prussian War: Germans defeated France
– Who was left to stop Germany?
The new German nation
1. The new German nation was run by a guy
named Otto von Bismarck. His #1 priority was
keeping Germany safe from attack.
2. What do you think he did to keep others
from attacking?
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Alliances
Strong military
Reputation of tough
Controlled all negotiations
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Berlin Conference of 1878
Berlin Conference of 1884
Force: IMPERIALISM
Impact of Imperialism
• Europeans had been taking over lands
throughout world for years
• Mostly for financial reasons
• But Nationalism led to competition
• And Imperialism became the “proof” of your
nationality’s greatness
– The more land and people you collected, the mightier
you appeared
– Britain and France set out to “win”
– Russia had already owned much of Asia
– Austria had been collecting Eastern Europe
– Prussia had been left behind – would look to fix that
Led to competitive empire building
• Africa: the “scramble” for Africa
– Europeans pushed deep into
Africa, claiming land
– Led to conflict: stopped by
German Conference in 1884
• East Asia: Opium Wars and the
control of China
• Latin America: had already
been colonized
• Pacific Islands: the last frontier:
USA was late to start collecting:
won lands in Spanish-American
War
German colonies 1914
Compare this to the British colonial empire
British Colonies 1914
Why will this matter to Germany?
Imperialism
• How is this
comparison going to
create tension?
German colonial
empire
British colonial
empire
Rudyard Kipling, The White Man's Burden, 1899
This famous poem, written by Britain's imperial poet, was a response to the American take over of
the Philippines after the Spanish-American War. Born in British India in 1865, Rudyard Kipling was
educated in England before returning to India in 1882, where his father was a museum director and
authority on Indian arts and crafts. He wrote the Jungle book in the mid-1890s, then this prose in
1899, encouraging the Americans to be responsible to their new colony.
Take up the White Man's burden-Send forth the best ye breed-Go bind your sons to exile
To serve your captives' need;
To wait in heavy harness,
On fluttered folk and wild-Your new-caught, sullen peoples,
Half-devil and half-child.
Take up the White Man's burden-In patience to abide,
To veil the threat of terror
And check the show of pride;
By open speech and simple,
An hundred times made plain
To seek another's profit,
And work another's gain.
Conflict in Africa
• Cecil Rhodes
– Gold and silver mines
– Diamond mines
– Rhodesia
• South Africa
– Boar War – 1899-1902
– Boar = Settlers from Netherlands (Afrikaners)
• Zaire (Democratic Republic of Africa
– King Leopold of Belgium
• British took over Egypt 1882
– Vital to control of Suez & cotton industry there
Germany in Africa
• Bismarck saw this “scramble” as dangerous
• Berlin Conference of 1884
• Bismarck saved Europe from fighting a war
over colonizing Africa
Berlin Conference of 1884
Example: Berlin Conference of 1878
• Was called by Bismarck to negotiate a peace in
Europe following Russo-Turkish War of 1876-1878
• Russia and Serbia attacked Ottomans to take land
– Russia took the Dardanelles
– Serbia took Bosnia
• Europeans saw this as an upset to Balance of
Power – Bismarck called their leaders
together
• Britain got Cyprus, France got Tunisia
• Austro-Hungary got Bosnia
• Notice: Germans took nothing – what does
this show about intentions of Bismarck?
• What did Russia and Serbia get?
• What will this mean for their relationship
with Germany?
Force: ALLIANCES
Impact of Alliances
• Bismarck constructed a complicated series of alliances
• After defeating France in 1870, he needed to guarantee
that would be the last war
– Prussia united North Germans to defeat Austria
– Prussia united all the rest of German states to defeat
France (1870)… all but Austria
– But, the new Germany immediately allied with Austria: “no
hard feelings”
– Bismarck then courted Russia and refused to establish
empire, to avoid conflict with Britain
• Bismarck left France alone: realized with no friends,
France was no threat
– The key was to deny France any allies
– To do that, Germany had to ally with Russia AND Austria
Three Emperor’s League
• Who was in it?
• Naturally, Germans all pulled together… but why
Russia? (hint: preventing them from joining…)
Dual Alliance
• Bismarck made this a
priority. Why?
• Bismarck had to be
SURE no nation could
join with France.
Why?
• Bismarck planned to
leave Britain alone.
Why?
The MULTINATIONAL
AUSTROHUNGARIAN
EMPIRE
The NEW
GERMAN
EMPIRE
Triple
Alliance
• Why would Italy join such an alliance?
• Why would Bismarck welcome this alliance?
• Why will Italy likely be a weak link?
Bismarck’s alliance structure
• His singular purpose: REAL POLITIC: prevent a war
by creating alliances – to control the whole
continent
• But, that would all change, when his King, Kaiser
William I died, passing power to his grandson,
William II
• In one moment, Germany went from a peace
making state, to one which created tension
• Europe had become a German run
continent. Why was that a GOOD thing?
• No one seemed to mind being controlled by
Bismarck and a powerful Germany. WHY?!
• What would be the worst thing to happen?
William II – a new direction for Germany
• William had a vision that
was different than
Bismarck. He wanted to
prevent war by having all
of Europe respect and fear
Germany
• So, he fired Bismarck, and
set Germany on a course
that would change history
forever
Who was this William II?
• Younger, more ostentatious Kaiser than William I Ambitious, arrogant, bombastic
• Filled with sense of German greatness
• Wanted what others had
– Like a Navy and empire like England’s
– Bismarck saw such nonsense as senseless
• But, he did have some really cool hats.
Next Stage: Germany shifts
• Bismarck stood in the way of Willy’s vision
• William set Germany on a course for greatness
– to find her place in the sun!
• He fortified the alliance with Austria by casting
off Russia – no need for that behemoth
What happened next?
• France finally found a
friend
• Germany started
building Navy to
compete with Britain,
making them an
enemy
• France grabbed on to
them, too
• To massive alliance
camps formed.
THIS WILL LEAD TO MILITARISM
Force: MILITARISM
• Two parts to this “ism”
1. Build up side and
power of your military
to compete with
enemy (arms race),
and
2. Military leaders
become trusted as
political advisors
• From 1905 to 1913,
arms race moved FAST
• As Germany built its
Navy, Britain tried to
stay ahead
• As Germany built army,
France and Russia built
there’s in competition
Militarism
Why will this matter?
Militarism
Why is this
dangerous?
Why will this
encourage war?
British Navy 1914
What does it seem the British are trying to prove?
What does it look like Germany is
trying to do?
ALL PRESSURES ARE NOW IN PLACE.
THEY’RE AT A TIPPING POINT.
The last straw: panic and misconception
• Germans were unable to outmaneuver and
win Naval Arms Race against Britain, nor Army
Arms Race against Russia and France
• What would you advise Germany to do?
• Germans came up with a plan to avoid utter
destruction if a war broke out.
• Why would they fear this?
• How to prevent a twofront war?
Fear: a two front war
• How will Germany avoid fighting both Russia
and France at once, who had become allies?
THE SCHLEIFFEN PLAN
• Schlieffen Plan
• Avoid fighting a two front war
Archduke Franz Ferdinand
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Why did Serbs hate him?
Germany had ONE good ally
Austria MUST stay strong
When Gavrillo Princip shot the Prince, they
wanted to use the opportunity to destroy Serbia
• They needed assurance from Germany that they
could attack Serbia, and Germany would support
it – Germany gave them a “blank check”
• Russia would use the opportunity to BACK
Serbia, to look strong again
Then, everything unraveled
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Austria declared war on Serbia (Aug, 1914)
Serbia called on Russian help… WILL THEY?...
Why will Russian help frighten Germany?
Russia started to mobilize…
Germany threatened them
Why MUST Germany stop Russian mobilization?
Russia continued… their goal: force Austria to stop
Britain called for a conference
– Which everyone ignored…
• Germany panicked – invoked the Schlieffen Plan
• What is the first part?
• Germany will invade France through Belgium, the weak
border to France. Why will this bring in England?
The Assassination that leads to war
• All of these tensions were in place, and were like a
can of gasoline...
• Ready to explode!
• The prince of Austria, the Archduke Franz Ferdinand
was assassinated
• That was like throwing a match on the can of gas…
• His assassination led quickly to a massive deadly war
Vids on Causes & start of War
Watch each of these videos by Friday, and describe what you learned from
each of them.
Indian Lydel – WWI Channel – 9m (segment #1)
This will describe Europe prior to the war
The Assassination – click on the picture
This will show you a dramatization of the assassination
Start of World War I
1. The plan guessed
Russia would take a
long time mobilizing
(preparing for war)
2. Germany declared war
on France, and invaded
through Belgium
3. And planned to hit
Russia later
4. Britain joined in –
WWI had begun
Plan: to defeat France
first, THEN Russia
THE FIGHTING of WWI
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Problem: Russia mobilized surprisingly quickly
Germany had to commit troops to Eastern Front
Germany forced to fight on two fronts
German Western advanced halted
German Eastern advanced pushed deep into Russia
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THE FIGHTING of WWI
• Russian fast mobilization messed up German
Schlieffen Plan forced them into two front war
– In East: Russians pulverized
– In West: Trench Warfare “the Western Front”
• Russians forced into retreat
• Humiliated, the Czar abdicated
• Russia ended up surrendering
• West was static
• Trench Warfare
Over the top
10m
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Over the top!
• Describe this sensation
• Include obstacles you’d have to face
Over the top!
• Describe this sensation (going “over the top”)
• Include obstacles you’d have to face
Trench Warfare
What was the strategy of Trench Warfare?
• Dig your trench for protection, and dig a secondary trench behind
you.
• What do you think that was for?
– Reserves and supplies
– Somewhere to run to if the enemy got across no man’s land
• Lay down barbed wire in front of your trench, aim your artillery at
the enemy and no man’s land, and point your machine guns at no
man’s land.
• What was barbed wire for?
– Slow the advancement of the
enemy so they were easier to shoot
• Wait
Trench Warfare
Trench Warfare
click
Trench Warfare
Trench Warfare
• Describe life in the trenches
NEW KILLING MACHINES of WWI
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“Aeroplane”
Submarine
Tanks
Flame thrower
Poison gas
Longer range artillery
Pill boxes
TRENCH WARFARE
click
click
click
click
click
click
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And some “old” weapons
click
World War I
• Why was this called “the war to end all wars”?
• How is this a transition of “old” style of
fighting with “new” style of killing?
How did the war end?
1. Russia overextended its
ability to fight, and
Russians insisted their
government surrender
2. Germans then moved
troops in East to the
Western Front
3. But, Germany was just
as exhausted
4. When USA joined in,
Germans demanded
their government end
war, too.
click
THE END of WWI
• Russians defeated,
forced to surrender
• Americans join fight in
1917
• Germans finally
surrender 1918
• Armistice: 11-11-18
at 11am
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Palace of Versailles
Hall of Mirrors
Chosen for the location of the TREATY TO END THE GREAT WAR
PEACE TREATY of WWI
• TREATY OF VERSAILLES
• Run by “big four”
– USA, FRANCE, ENGLAND, ITALY
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Wilson: Fourteen Points, including a
Germany not invited
League of Nations to prevent future war
Russia not invited
France, England, Italy want to punish
USA tried to prevent: failed
Result: a treaty that humiliated Germany
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Treaty of Versailles
Germany lost land
Germany lost all colonies
Germany had to allow for a French army of occupation
Germany had to take all blame for war
Germany had to shrink Army and Navy
THE IMPACT of WWI
• Almost 17 million dead
– 10 million military
– 7 million civilian
– Deadliest killer, up to then
• 20 million wounded
OTHER CASUALTIES:
• Land destroyed
• Fear and anger
• Hatred and self protection
• Economies devastated
• Desperation will lead to dictatorships in 1930s
• Dictatorships lead to war in 1940s
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RUSSIAN REVOLUTION (1918)
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Russian defeats destroyed Czar’s government
Czar abdicated (stepped down as Emperor)
the new “Duma” (congress) refused to surrender
Duma overthrown by Bolsheviks (Communists)
(6 months later)
Civil War – Communists won
Result: Lenin (leader of
Communists)
created a classless society
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