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2: Country/Economy Profiles Russian Federation Key indicators, 2014 GDP (PPP) per capita (int’l $), 1990–2014 Population (millions) ...................................... 143.7 GDP (US$ billions) ..................................... 1,857.5 GDP per capita (US$) ................................. 12,926 GDP (PPP) as share (%) of world total ............ 3.30 Russian Federation 25,000 Commonwealth of Independent States 20,000 15,000 10,000 5,000 Global Competitiveness Index Rank (out of 140) Score (1–7) Institutions 7 Innovation GCI 2015–2016 ...................................................... 45 ..... 4.4 GCI 2014–2015 (out of 144) ..................................... 53 ......4.4 GCI 2013–2014 (out of 148) ..................................... 64 ......4.2 GCI 2012–2013 (out of 144) ..................................... 67 ......4.2 Infrastructure 6 5 Business sophistication Macroeconomic environment 4 3 2 Basic requirements (30.2%) .......................................47 ......4.9 Market size 1st pillar: Institutions ............................................... 100 ......3.5 2nd pillar: Infrastructure ............................................ 35 ......4.8 3rd pillar: Macroeconomic environment .................... 40 ......5.3 4th pillar: Health and primary education ................... 56 ......5.9 Health and primary education 1 Higher education and training Technological readiness Financial market development Efficiency enhancers (50.0%) .....................................40 ......4.5 Goods market efficiency Labor market efficiency 5th pillar: Higher education and training ................... 38 ......5.0 6th pillar: Goods market efficiency ............................ 92 ......4.2 7th pillar: Labor market efficiency ............................. 50 ......4.4 8th pillar: Financial market development ................... 95 ......3.5 9th pillar: Technological readiness ............................ 60 ......4.2 10th pillar: Market size................................................ 6 ......5.9 Russian Federation Commonwealth of Independent States Stage of development Innovation and sophistication factors (19.8%) ...........76 ......3.5 11th pillar: Business sophistication .......................... 80 ......3.8 12th pillar: Innovation ............................................... 68 ......3.3 1 Transition 1–2 Factor driven 2 Transition 2–3 3 Efficiency driven Innovation driven The most problematic factors for doing business Score* Corruption .........................................................................14.3 Tax rates............................................................................12.3 Access to financing ...........................................................11.7 Complexity of tax regulations.............................................10.8 Inefficient government bureaucracy .....................................8.2 Inflation ................................................................................7.6 Inadequately educated workforce ........................................7.3 Poor work ethic in labor force..............................................4.8 Inadequate supply of infrastructure ......................................4.6 Insufficient capacity to innovate ...........................................4.0 Restrictive labor regulations .................................................3.6 Crime and theft ...................................................................2.8 Policy instability ...................................................................2.8 Foreign currency regulations ................................................2.2 Government instability/coups ..............................................2.0 Poor public health ...............................................................1.0 0 * 5 10 15 20 25 From the list of factors, respondents were asked to select the five most problematic for doing business in their country and to rank them between 1 (most problematic) and 5. The score corresponds to the responses weighted according to their rankings. 306 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2015–2016 © 2015 World Economic Forum 30 2: Country/Economy Profiles Russian Federation The Global Competitiveness Index in detail INDICATOR VALUE RANK/140 INDICATOR 1st pillar: Institutions VALUE RANK/140 6th pillar: Goods market efficiency (cont’d.) 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.16 1.17 1.18 1.19 1.20 1.21 Property rights ....................................................... 3.3 ..........122 Intellectual property protection ............................... 3.0 ..........124 Diversion of public funds ........................................ 2.7 ..........110 Public trust in politicians ......................................... 3.0 ............70 Irregular payments and bribes ................................ 3.4 ............98 Judicial independence............................................ 2.9 ..........108 Favoritism in decisions of government officials ....... 2.8 ............90 Wastefulness of government spending ................... 2.8 ............89 Burden of government regulation ........................... 2.9 ..........116 Efficiency of legal framework in settling disputes .... 3.2 ..........102 Efficiency of legal framework in challenging regs. ... 2.9 ..........109 Transparency of government policymaking............. 4.0 ............77 Business costs of terrorism .................................... 4.6 ..........102 Business costs of crime and violence..................... 4.5 ............76 Organized crime ..................................................... 4.2 ..........102 Reliability of police services .................................... 3.2 ..........113 Ethical behavior of firms ......................................... 3.9 ............66 Strength of auditing and reporting standards ......... 4.1 ..........102 Efficacy of corporate boards .................................. 4.6 ............78 Protection of minority shareholders’ interests ......... 3.5 ..........116 Strength of investor protection, 0–10 (best)* .......... 5.1 ............88 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 Quality of overall infrastructure ............................... 4.1 ............64 Quality of roads ...................................................... 2.7 ..........123 Quality of railroad infrastructure .............................. 4.3 ............24 Quality of port infrastructure ................................... 3.9 ............75 Quality of air transport infrastructure....................... 4.1 ............77 Available airline seat km/week, millions* .......... 3,650.1 ............12 Quality of electricity supply ..................................... 4.8 ............67 Mobile telephone subscriptions/100 pop.* ......... 155.1 ............18 Fixed-telephone lines/100 pop.* ........................... 27.7 ............38 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 Government budget balance, % GDP*................. –1.2 ............35 Gross national savings, % GDP* .......................... 23.0 ............52 Inflation, annual % change* .................................... 7.8 ..........123 General government debt, % GDP* ..................... 17.9 ............15 Country credit rating, 0–100 (best)* ...................... 59.8 ............49 4.01 4.02 4.03 4.04 4.05 4.06 4.07 4.08 4.09 4.10 Malaria cases/100,000 pop.* ................................ S.L. ...........n/a Business impact of malaria ............................. N/Appl. ...........n/a Tuberculosis cases/100,000 pop.* ....................... 89.0 ............87 Business impact of tuberculosis ............................. 5.5 ............74 HIV prevalence, % adult pop.* ............................... 1.1 ..........108 Business impact of HIV/AIDS ................................. 5.8 ............60 Infant mortality, deaths/1,000 live births* ................ 8.6 ............53 Life expectancy, years*......................................... 71.1 ............89 Quality of primary education ................................... 4.2 ............56 Primary education enrollment, net %* .................. 96.1 ............51 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08 Secondary education enrollment, gross %* .......... 95.3 ............56 Tertiary education enrollment, gross %*................ 76.1 ............18 Quality of the education system ............................. 3.5 ............82 Quality of math and science education .................. 4.3 ............58 Quality of management schools ............................. 3.7 ..........100 Internet access in schools ...................................... 5.1 ............36 Availability of specialized training services .............. 4.3 ............56 Extent of staff training ............................................ 3.8 ............83 2nd pillar: Infrastructure 6.06 6.07 6.08 6.09 6.10 6.11 6.12 6.13 6.14 6.15 6.16 No. procedures to start a business* .......................... 4 ............37 No. days to start a business* ............................... 11.2 ............65 Agricultural policy costs.......................................... 3.1 ..........123 Prevalence of non-tariff barriers .............................. 4.0 ..........108 Trade tariffs, % duty* .............................................. 5.7 ............76 Prevalence of foreign ownership............................. 3.4 ..........123 Business impact of rules on FDI ............................. 3.7 ..........116 Burden of customs procedures .............................. 3.6 ............88 Imports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 23.0 ..........130 Degree of customer orientation .............................. 4.4 ............84 Buyer sophistication ............................................... 3.7 ............38 7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05 7.06 7.07 7.08 7.09 7.10 Cooperation in labor-employer relations ................. 4.1 ............95 Flexibility of wage determination ............................. 5.6 ............27 Hiring and firing practices ....................................... 4.2 ............42 Redundancy costs, weeks of salary* .................... 17.4 ............80 Effect of taxation on incentives to work .................. 3.0 ..........120 Pay and productivity............................................... 4.6 ............25 Reliance on professional management ................... 4.0 ............85 Country capacity to retain talent............................. 2.9 ............99 Country capacity to attract talent ........................... 3.1 ............89 Women in labor force, ratio to men* ..................... 0.87 ............42 8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06 8.07 8.08 Availability of financial services ............................... 4.4 ............69 Affordability of financial services ............................. 4.1 ............67 Financing through local equity market .................... 3.1 ............88 Ease of access to loans ......................................... 3.0 ............57 Venture capital availability ....................................... 2.7 ............66 Soundness of banks .............................................. 4.0 ..........115 Regulation of securities exchanges ........................ 3.7 ............97 Legal rights index, 0–12 (best)* ................................. 4 ............80 9.01 9.02 9.03 9.04 9.05 9.06 9.07 Availability of latest technologies ............................ 4.2 ..........100 Firm-level technology absorption ............................ 4.2 ............98 FDI and technology transfer ................................... 3.8 ..........115 Individuals using Internet, %* ............................... 70.5 ............40 Fixed-broadband Internet subscriptions/100 pop.* 17.5 ............48 Int’l Internet bandwidth, kb/s per user* ................ 29.9 ............72 Mobile-broadband subscriptions/100 pop.* ......... 65.9 ............37 10.01 10.02 10.03 10.04 Domestic market size index, 1–7 (best)*................. 5.8 ..............7 Foreign market size index, 1–7 (best)* .................... 6.2 ..............5 GDP (PPP$ billions)* ....................................... 3,564.5 ..............6 Exports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 30.3 ............97 11.01 11.02 11.03 11.04 11.05 11.06 11.07 11.08 11.09 Local supplier quantity ........................................... 4.4 ............81 Local supplier quality.............................................. 4.1 ............81 State of cluster development.................................. 3.1 ..........110 Nature of competitive advantage ............................ 3.4 ............74 Value chain breadth................................................ 3.5 ............94 Control of international distribution ......................... 4.0 ............53 Production process sophistication.......................... 3.5 ............93 Extent of marketing ................................................ 4.3 ............74 Willingness to delegate authority ............................ 3.6 ............79 12.01 12.02 12.03 12.04 12.05 12.06 12.07 Capacity for innovation........................................... 3.8 ............84 Quality of scientific research institutions ................. 4.0 ............58 Company spending on R&D................................... 3.2 ............75 University-industry collaboration in R&D ................. 3.6 ............67 Gov’t procurement of advanced tech products ...... 3.3 ............67 Availability of scientists and engineers .................... 4.1 ............64 PCT patents, applications/million pop.* .................. 7.7 ............41 7th pillar: Labor market efficiency 8th pillar: Financial market development 3rd pillar: Macroeconomic environment 4th pillar: Health and primary education 5th pillar: Higher education and training 6th pillar: Goods market efficiency 6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 Intensity of local competition .................................. 5.0 ............77 Extent of market dominance .................................. 3.7 ............69 Effectiveness of anti-monopoly policy ..................... 3.7 ............83 Effect of taxation on incentives to invest................. 3.1 ..........111 Total tax rate, % profits* ....................................... 48.9 ..........109 9th pillar: Technological readiness 10th pillar: Market size 11th pillar: Business sophistication 12th pillar: Innovation Notes: Values are on a 1-to-7 scale unless otherwise annotated with an asterisk (*). For further details and explanation, please refer to the section “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles” on page 89. © 2015 World Economic Forum The Global Competitiveness Report 2015–2016 | 307