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Social Development The concept of the 3rd World Sought to understand and explain the economic, social and political conditions in the countries of Africa, Latin America, Asia and the Caribbean The concept of Development Concerned with the efforts of the newly developed countries to raise the standard of living of their people that are enjoyed by the Western World The form development takes is influenced to a large extent by the international social and economic order at that time Poverty is the obvious outcome of a failure to develop Main features of contemporary social change 1) Interconnectedness 2) Interdependence Both to be found within the economic, political and social circles across the world, technology is one of the tool used to achieve this. Theorists Lloyd Best and Norman Girvan Globalization According to Anthony Giddens, can be defined as the intensification of world wide social relations which link distant localities in such a way that local happenings are shaped by events occurring many miles away and vice versa This can be achieved through various forms of technology, such as: 1) Telephones 2) Computers 3) Fax machines The production and distribution of goods and services has also become more flexible and spread across various countries. For e.g. a company that produces cars may have its administrative arm in New York , its technological headquarters in Tokyo, factories (not owned) that produce various parts of the car in 6 or 7 different countries and the assembly of the car done in yet another country. Due to these economic activities, countries across the globe are increasingly dependent on each other. E.g. if the financial system in Japan is in trouble, it is reflected in the economies of countries thousands of miles away – USA, Canada etc. An e.g. of a universal market is Coca Cola Within the society there is a universalisation of standards and tastes facilitated by international migration and entertainment Space has become irrelevant to communication – social and community relations can transcend it through virtual communication and social networks The effects of Globalization and culture can be seen through the movies Non-technological advancement associated with the emergence of globalization is the triumph of Capitalism and Democracy over Socialism and Authoritarian rule Development Theory Is about accounting for the differences that exists between the rich and poor countries of the world and ways in which these differences might be overcome or at least reduced Arthur Lewis – Industrialization by Invitation Why his theory failed: Lewis believed that there would be a marriage between the unlimited supply of labour and capital 1) The traditional sector could not absorb all of the surplus labour 2) Production tended to be capital intensive 3) Trade unions distorted the cost of labour 4) Firms shied away from labour and its problems 5) The full potential of agriculture in the larger territories were unrealized The Plantation and Dependency theories were a critique of Lewis’ theory on the grounds of his failure to take important social and economic realities into consideration Dependency Theory This focused on a core-periphery relationship Core Periphery Baran argued that the spread of capitalism to the 3rd world countries result in the destruction of the developing industries as a consequence of the development of capitalism at the center Main Proponents / Features 1) Holism – a focus on the whole within which underdevelopment at the periphery takes place 2) Stresses the importance of external relations with the developed world as the main causal factor in any country’s development 3) Development is due to the flow between the metropole and the satellite 4) Dependency is seen as being incompatible with development – Why? Andre Gunder-Frank In his theory, he discussed the extraction of all surplus though trade and other types of exchange of goods and services including internal trade (within the periphery as well) Periphery or satellite developed only to the extent that they served the affluent capitalist countries He called it the development of underdevelopment He suggested that all links be broken with industrialized countries in order for development to take place World System Theory Immanuel Wallerstien – stated that the development of capitalism led to the development of a World system He also stated that the expansion of the capitalist world economy was the basis for development There are 4 zones in his theory core - countries that are already industrialized, i.e. europe, N, America, Japan semi-periphery dependent on core for trade periphery - sell cash crops directly to core external areas - countries not commercially connected in any way to the copre Difference between World System Theory and Dependency Theory Within the WST there is room for poor countries to advance within the context of the world economy – this rarely occurred If they did advance it would only be to the semi-periphery stage Development and underdevelopment result from the competition for scarce resources – this leads to a widening gap between the rich and poor countries General points under social development 1) Race is related to the division of labour in world economies 2) Nationalism related to the political superstructure of the world system Most modern states came into existence as a result of the WS. E.g. political entities such as the Holy Roman Empire, Mongol Empire and the Netherlands covered areas which are now divided into several distinct states Turkey, Syria, Germany and Italy are among modern states that did not exist then 3) It was colonialism that divided Africa into sovereign states, therefore Nationalism developed after sovereign states had been created as competitors in the WS 4) Promoting nationalist sentiment helped the government of the states to prevent disintegration and to mobilize their population to expose external aggressors 5) All workers are exploited, some more than others. E.g. ethnic minority groups Measures of Social Development Measures enable development experts to evaluate a country’s progress over time as well as compare rates of change and progress of various countries This data is then used to determine which countries need help the most There are 2 indicators of development 1) Direct – economic or social variables; i.e. GNP 2) Non-quantifiable variables’ i.e. welfare, health, social services, quality of life