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The United Nations (UN) is an intergovernmental organization to promote international cooperation; the organization was established on 24 October 1945 after World War II in order to prevent another such conflict. At its founding, the UN had 51 member states; there are now 193. The headquarters of the United Nations is in Manhattan, New York City, and experiences extraterritoriality. The organization is financed by assessed and voluntary contributions from its member states. Its objectives include maintaining international peace and security, promoting human rights, fostering social and economic development, protecting the environment, and providing humanitarian aid in cases of famine, natural disaster, and conflicts. To foster: to promote, to encourage Assessed: calculated Optional topic The UN's mission to preserve world peace was complicated in its early decades by the Cold War between the US and Soviet Union and their respective allies. The organization participated in major actions in Korea and the Congo, as well as approving the creation of the state of Israel in 1947. The organization's membership grew significantly following widespread decolonization in the 1960s, and by the 1970s. After the end of the Cold War, the UN took on major military and peacekeeping missions across the world with varying degrees of success. The UN has six principal organs: the General Assembly (the main deliberative assembly); the Security Council (for deciding certain resolutions for peace and security); the Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) (for promoting international economic and social co-operation and development); the Secretariat (for providing studies, information, and facilities needed by the UN); the International Court of Justice (the primary judicial organ); and the United Nations Trusteeship Council (inactive since 1994). UN System agencies include the World Bank Group, the World Health Organization, the World Food Programme, UNESCO, and UNICEF. Organs of the United Nations [ General Assembly Optional topic May resolve non-compulsory recommendations to states or suggestions to the Security Council (UNSC); Decides on the admission of new members, following proposal by the UNSC; Adopts the budget; Elects the non-permanent members of the UNSC; all members of ECOSOC; the UN Secretary General (following his/her proposal by the UNSC); and the fifteen judges of the International Court of Justice (ICJ). Each country has one vote. The General Assembly is the main deliberative assembly of the United Nations. Composed of all United Nations member states, the assembly meets in regular yearly sessions, but emergency sessions can also be called. The assembly is led by a president, elected from among the member states on a rotating regional basis, and 21 vice-presidents. When the General Assembly votes on important questions, a two-thirds majority of those present and voting is required. Examples of important questions include recommendations on peace and security; election of members to organs; admission, suspension, and expulsion of members; and budgetary matters. All other questions are decided by a majority vote. Each member country has one vote. Apart from approval of budgetary matters, resolutions are not binding on the members, the Assembly may make recommendations Psg 1 di 4 Security Council Responsible for the maintenance ofinternational peace and security; May adopt compulsory resolutions; Has fifteen members: five permanent members with veto power and ten elected members. The Security Council is charged with maintaining peace and security among countries. While other organs of the United Nations can only make "recommendations" to member states, the Security Council has the power to make binding decisions. The decisions of the Council are known as United Nations Security Council resolutions.[72] to be charged with : to have a responsibility or task The Security Council is made up of fifteen member states, consisting of five permanent members—China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States—and ten nonpermanent members—Angola (term ends 2016), Chad (2015), Chile (2015), Jordan (2015), Lithuania (2015), Malaysia (2016), New Zealand (2016), Nigeria (2015), Spain (2016), and Venezuela (2016). The five permanent members hold veto power over UN resolutions, allowing a permanent member to block adoption of a resolution, though not debate. The ten temporary seats are held for two-year terms, with member states voted in by the General Assembly on a regional basis. The presidency of the Security Council rotates alphabetically each month. Secretariat Supports the other UN bodiesadministratively (for example, in the organization of conferences, the writing of reports and studies and the preparation of the budget); Its chairperson – Ban Ki-moon– is elected by the General Assembly for a five-year mandate and is the UN's foremost representative. The UN Secretariat is headed by the Secretary-General, assisted by a staff of international civil servants worldwide. It provides studies, information, and facilities needed by United Nations bodies for their meetings. The Secretary-General acts as the de facto spokesperson and leader of the UN. The UN Charter defines him as "chief administrative officer". He can bring to the Security Council's attention "any matter which in his opinion may threaten the maintenance of international peace and security", The Secretariat is the administrator of the UN organization and a diplomat and mediator between member states in order to find consensus to global issues or to resolve disputes. The Secretary-General is appointed by the General Assembly, after being recommended by the Security Council. International Court of Justice Decides disputes between states that recognize its jurisdiction; Issues legal opinions; . Its fifteen judges are elected by the UN General Assembly for nine-year terms. The International Court of Justice (ICJ), located in The Hague, in the Netherlands, is the primary judicial organ of the UN. Established in 1945 by the UN Charter, the Court began work in 1946 as the successor to the Permanent Court of International Justice. The ICJ is composed of 15 judges who serve 9-year terms and are appointed by the General Assembly; every sitting judge must be from a different nation. Psg 2 di 4 It is based in the Peace Palace in The Hague. The ICJ's primary purpose is to adjudicate disputes among states. The court has heard cases related to war crimes, illegal state interference, ethnic cleansing, and other issues. Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) Responsible for co-operation between states about economic and social matters; Co-ordinates co-operation between the UN's numerous specialized agencies; Has 54 members, elected by the General Assembly The Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) assists the General Assembly in promoting international economic and social co-operation and development. ECOSOC has 54 members, which are elected by the General Assembly for a three-year term. The president is elected for a one-year term and chosen amongst the small or middle powers represented on ECOSOC. The council has one annual meeting in July, held in either New York or Geneva. ECOSOC's functions include information gathering, advising member nations, and making recommendations. Specialized agencies …………… Objectives Peacekeeping and security The UN, after approval by the Security Council, sends peacekeepers to regions where armed conflict has recently ceased or paused to enforce the terms of peace agreements and to discourage combatants from resuming hostilities. Since the UN does not maintain its own military, peacekeeping forces are voluntarily provided by member states. These soldiers are sometimes nicknamed "Blue Helmets" for their distinctive gear. In addition to peacekeeping, the UN is also active in encouraging disarmament. Human rights One of the UN's primary purposes is "promoting and encouraging respect for human rights and for fundamental freedoms for all without distinction as to race, sex, language, or religion", and member states pledge to undertake "joint and separate action" to protect these rights. In 1948, the General Assembly adopted a Universal Declaration of Human Rights. The document proclaims basic civil, political, and economic rights common to all human beings. The Declaration serves as a "common standard of achievement for all peoples and all nations" rather than a legally binding document, Economic development and humanitarian assistance Millennium Development Goals[133] 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger Achieve universal primary education Promote gender equality and empower women Reduce child mortality Improve maternal health Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases Psg 3 di 4 7. Ensure environmental sustainability 8. Develop a global partnership for development .[134] In 2000, the 192 United Nations member states agreed to achieve eight Millennium Development Goals by 2015.[135] The World Bank Group and International Monetary Fund (IMF) The World Bank provides loans for international development, while the IMF promotes international economic co-operation and gives emergency loans to indebted countries. The World Health Organization (WHO), which focuses on international health issues and disease eradication, is another of the UN's largest agencies. The World Food Programme (WFP), created in 1961, provides food aid in response to famine, natural disasters, and armed conflict. FUNDING The UN is financed from assessed and voluntary contributions from member states. Critics have also accused the UN of bureaucratic inefficiency, waste, and corruption. Psg 4 di 4