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The Political Spectrum in Review American Revolutionary Ideas: The more the British moved to the right, the more the Americans moved to the left. Radical • Far left • Violent • Immediate and drastic change • Looks forward Reactionary • Far right • Violent • Immediate and drastic • Looks backward • The American Revolution is the only radical act in American history that meets with the approval of the public today. • When the press refers to a “radical” idea or program, they really mean that it is new, innovative, drastic, or unpopular. American Freedom and Issues of the Revolution List Cause of Revolution 1. Writs of Assistance 2. 3. 4. 5. Addressed by Declaration of Independence (p. A31) Resolved by The Bill of Rights in The Constitution (p. A34) The American Revolution The War for Independence “No Taxation Without Representation!” • • • • 1. What does this mean? 2. What country controls the English colonies? 3. Where do the colonists want representation? 4. How many colonies are there? Do they make laws for themselves? Why or why not? • 5. What should England do for the colonists? • 6. Why did this quote become a battle cry? • 7. How does this relate to the Tea Party Movement today? I. Background A. French and Indian War ended in 1763 B. England (Great Britain) defeated France and controlled North America “Join or Die” by Ben Franklin Proclamation Line of 1763 • Pontiac’s Rebellion led to British policy to set aside western lands • The Paxton Boys had attacked Conestoga Indians as retaliation • Paxton Boys (approx. 250) marched on Philadelphia and were subdued by promises made by Ben Franklin to bring their issue to the legislature C. Salutary Neglect—England did not enforce all laws of mercantilism during the war against France (“spirit of the law”) D. England needed money to pay for the war (“letter of the law”) E. Taxes raised on colonies: *Navigation Act *Stamp Act *Townsend Acts *Tea Tax *Coercive Acts (“Intolerable Acts”-punishment for the Boston Tea Party) Terms • Duty • Tariff • Internal tax • External tax Stamp Act of 1765 • The purpose of the Stamp Tax was to raise revenue to support the British troops stationed in America and pay off debts incurred during French and Indian War • Issues: does Parliament have the right to tax the colonies and can Parliament truly reflect colonial interests? • Colonists demonstrated their willingness to use violence rather than legal means to frustrate British policy • British claimed that the colonists were obligated to Parliamentary authority • The colonists claimed that the act denied them their British birthrights—the rights and privileges of all British subjects to representation in Parliament • The Stamp Act led to The Stamp Act Congress which was the first successful gathering of delegates from the 13 colonies • Colonial boycott of British exports led to the repeal of the Stamp Act II. Colonial Rebellion A. Boycotts B. Sons of Liberty C. Committees of Correspondence D. Aggression toward Loyalists (Tories) and Redcoats E. Gaspee Affair What is a boycott? D. Militias formed (“minute men”) • E. Boston Massacre F. Boston Tea Party The Adams Family John Adams • Lawyer who defended the Redcoats in the Boston Massacre Sam Adams • Moderate • Radical • Cousin to Sam • Cousin to John • Tavern owner who organized the Sons of Liberty and led the Boston Tea Party Coercive Acts--1774 • Called Intolerable Acts by Americans • Parliament’s response to the Boston Tea Party • Massachusetts lost power of the legislature, Port of Boston was closed until Tea Party damages were repaid • Included Quebec Act which denied access to lands except for French Catholics • Writs of Assistance— • Quartering Act-- G. First Continental Congress created a colonial army led by George Washington III. Revolution A. Lexington and Concord—first battle From “The Concord Hymn” “By the rude bridge that arched the flood, Their flag to April’s breeze unfurled. Here once the embattled farmers stood, And fired the shot heard ‘round the world.” B. Thomas Paine published Common Sense encouraging the colonies to declare independence Common Sense, 1776 • Thomas Paine’s pamphlet • Call for independence • Called for Republic over Monarchy • Addressed loyalty issues to Britain • Used Biblical imagery to persuade colonists— George III was called the Pharaoh! “These are the times to try men’s souls.” Thomas Paine “Disperse ye rebels, lay down your arms!” British officer at Lexington “Stand your ground. Don’t fire unless fired upon, but if they mean to have a war, let it begin here.” American minuteman at Lexington Olive Branch Petition • Second Continental Congress • Affirmed our loyalty to Britain and Crown • Issued after “A Declaration of Arms” • Received in England after Parliament had labelled the colonies as rebellious traitors C. Second Continental Congress declared independence on July 4, 1776 in Philadelphia—author was Thomas Jefferson of Virginia—1st signer was John Hancock See Google Bookmarks— “It’s Too Late to Apologize” Declaration of Independence • Second Continental Congress—independence proposed by Richard Henry Lee and voted upon on July 2 • Presider was John Hancock • Committee for document was Jefferson, Adams, Franklin, Roger Sherman and Robert Livingston • Emphasized natural rights of man (see Jefferson’s list of unalienable rights) • Abigail Adams wrote her husband, John Adams to remember to include women among those who benefit from republican ideals of equality and individual rights Meetings • Albany Plan of Union—failure • Stamp Act Congress • First Continental Congress • Second Continental Congress—The Olive Branch Petition of 1775 preceded the Declaration of Independence in 1776 Excerpt of letter from Abigail to John Adams “…and by the way in the new code of laws which I suppose it will be necessary for you to make, I desire you would remember the ladies, and be more generous and favorable to them than you ancestors…Remember, men would be tyrants if they could.” Reasons colonists supported the war • George III as tyrant • Parliamentary control of internal affairs of colonies • Corruption of British ministers • Wanted greater political participation in colonial policies (ideas of republicanism and civic virtue exercised for the common good, not personal interest) • Resented quartering of British troops • Wanted to preserve local autonomy and way of life • 3100 miles distance between Boston and London D. Battles included: *Bunker Hill (Boston, Mass.) *Trenton (NJ) (Hessians on Xmas) *Saratoga (NY—turning point— France decided to help us) *Yorktown (surrender of England!) Winter at Valley Forge E. French helped with Lafayette F. Treaty of Paris (1783) Patriots (VIPs) • • • • • • George Washington Benjamin Franklin Thomas Jefferson John Adams Sam Adams Paul Revere More Patriots… • • • • • • • Alexander Hamilton Ethan Allen Henry Knox Benedict Arnold—later traitor! Nathan Hale—spy Patrick Henry John Hancock And more patriots… • • • • • • Charles Carroll Benjamin Rush John Jay John Witherspoon John Peter Muhlenberg Jonathon Trumbull (only colonial governor to support the Revolution) Slaves • British enticed slaves to fight on the side of England in return for freedom • Some slaves fought with Americans in the hopes of living in a future free nation • Crispus Attucks was a former slave and first to die in the revolution at the Boston Massacre European Allies • Lafayette (France) • Von Steuben (Prussia) • Pulaski (Poland) French help • After victory at Saratoga • Financial assistance • French wanted to weaken British empire (not promote republicanism) • Influenced British to sign treaty ending conflict British Opponents • King George III • General Cornwallis • Loyalists • Redcoats • Hessians (German mercenaries) Patrick Henry “Is life so dear, or peace so sweet, as to be purchased at the price of chains and slavery? Forbid it Almighty God! I know not what course others may take, but as for me, give me liberty or give me death!” Mercy Otis Warren • Satirical poet & playwright • Referred to Redcoats as “Blockheads” in anonymously published works • Corresponded with Adams and Jefferson Ben “We must all hang together boys, or most assuredly, we will all hang separately.” Nathan Hale “I only regret that I have but one life to lose for my country.” Ethan Allen “Surrender in the name of the Great Jehovah and the Continental Congress!” John Paul Jones “I have not yet begun to fight!” Molly Pitcher • Fought at the Battle of Monmouth in New Jersey • Mary Ludwig Hays or composite of women who fought in the war Treaty of Paris, 1783 • (not to be confused with Treaty of Paris, 1763 ending the French and Indian War) • New boundaries of U.S. included Mississippi River on the West, Great Lakes in the North, and south to Spanish Florida • America agreed that Loyalists would not be further persecuted New Government • Articles of Confederation, emphasized state authority with little power to the federal government Then what happened? • • • • • • • • • • Constitution Federalist Era War of 1812 Rise of Nationalism Jacksonian Democracy First Industrial Revolution Mexican War California Gold Rush Civil War Reconstruction U.S. Classes • See class set and answer 1-16 on separate paper. Answers to Class Set 1-16 1. England defeated France in the French and Indian War. 2. England raised taxes to pay for the war against France. 3. A boycott is when people stop buying things as a sign of protest 4. The Boston Massacre is when the British fired into a crowd 5. The Boston Tea Party is when Americans dumped tea into the harbor 6. They dumped the tea so Americans would not buy it or pay taxes on it 7. Intolerable Acts were the punishments for the “Tea Party” 8. Minute men are men of the militia or volunteer army 9. Paine suggested that Americans declare independence from England. 10. John Hancock was the first signer 11. July 4 is Independence Day or our Declaration of Independence from England 12. Battle of Saratoga was the turning point (we started to win!) 13. Americans started winning the war and France decided to help us in the war 14. France helped us! 15. United States of America was recognized as a free country. 16. United States of America won the American Revolutionary War U.S.--Find the similarities (compare) Declaration of Independence see p. 50 Constitution see p. 81 • 1. • 1. • 2. • 2. • 3. • 3. • 4. • 4. • 5. • 5.