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Unit 5b - Progressive Era (1900-1920) WWI VI) The U.S. in “The Great War” (I) A) Causes – the “Isms” 1) Militarism, Nationalism, Imperialism, Secret Alliances. (Triple Entente/Central) 2) USW – Unrestricted Submarine Warfare. Sinking numerous merchant vessels: Lusitania, Sussex. 3) “Powder Keg” due to alliances. Archduke Franz Ferdinand the spark in 1914. B) U.S. Involvement: - Wilson “Kept us out of War.” for 3 years; but financial and cultural pressures eventually forced us in. Imperialism in Practice: 1) Why U.S. joins “War to End all Wars”: a) Trade – connections with Britain, France b) U.S.W. – Sussex Pledge broken c) Propaganda – manipulation of public opinion against German “huns.” (despite over 6,000,000 Ger-Am). Became a war of “Democracy vs. Monarchy” d) Zimmerman Telegram – early use of spy/intelligence network. Brits uncover a plot to involve the Mexicans against the U.S. e) Bolshevik Revolution – to inspire Democratic Reform. Fails… Modern Advancements in Warfare • “Intelligence” – Code: • Please solve for the following: 7/15 20/15 2/1/19/5/12/9/1 Code Breaking Experiment: 2004 – Quinn Agen 2) The War at Home: a) Establishes Selective Service Act for ages 1845. Now? b) Great Migration – of af-am to northern cities/factories…Baltimore, Phil., NYC c) War Industries/Labor Boards organized to prevent strikes and coordinate War effort d) Food – production triples due to demand… e) Espionage and Sedition Acts – curtail some rights for common good. (Schenk, Debbs) f) “Moral Diplomacy” prevents sabotage/strikes 3) U.S. at War • U.S. “Doughboys” turn the tide in 1917 • 116,000 die. Millions die in Europe. • General John Black Jack Pershing and the A.E.F. • Numerous Innovations: a) Poison Gas (Mustard) – a new face of war. b) Trench Warfare - insanity c) Rations – cigs and salt? d) Air – though underutilized/appreciated e) 1st Generation Tanks f) U-Boats/Convoy System g) Mortar Shells h) “Gatlin” Machine Gun i) Convoy System C) German’s Sue for Peace 11/11/1918 1) Wilson’s 14 Points – a plan for “lasting” peace. Is met with widespread praise in Europe. - Freedom of Seas/Trade - No Secret Alliances - Arms Reduction - Self-Determination – boundaries - *League of Nations* – early version of U.N. to prevent future wars. - *War Reparations and Guilt* SEEDS OF WWII PLANTED! Boundary Changes Before/During/After War 2) U.S. Rejects League – checks/balances • Senator Henry Cabot Lodge leads opposition to Wilson. • Why? –Desire for a return to Isolation –Snubbed by Wilson in Europe –Wilson has stroke; cannot “sell” plan to public. D) Results of the War • U.S. becomes a reluctant world power. Desires a return to “Normalcy” • Germany forced to accept blame and democratic reform (Weimer Rupublic) that would be short-lived. • European powers use less oversight during the 20’s and allow German steps for rearmament…rise of 3rd Reich and Hitler.