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Great Migration/Harlem Renaissance Mr. Williams 10th Grade U.S. History Great Migration • Beginning in 1910 many African Americans began moving to cities in the North from the South • What were the push or pull factors of this movement? Jim Crow Laws • Create and enforce segregation in public places • Many were put in place to keep African Americans from voting • Literacy Tests • Grandfather Clause • Poll Tax • Plessy vs. Ferguson (1896) • “Separate but Equal” Ku Klux Klan • Founded in the years after the Civil War by Confederate veterans • Terrorized African Americans and whites who supported their rights • Became very popular again in the 1920s. Why? • Push: Racism/Segregation, KKK, Lack of Economic Opportunity • Pull: Factory Work (especially during WWI), Less Discrimination, Opportunity to play more of a role in Politics • Result: Hundreds of thousands of African Americans move to cities like Chicago, New York, Philadelphia, etc. NAACP • Political Action Group that battled (and still does) against segregation and discrimination against minorities • Main goals: Extend full suffrage to African Americans and end lynching • By 1920 about 200,000 African Americans lived in Harlem • Became capital of African Culture in the United States • African American arts movement in New York City called the Harlem Renaissance Marcus Garvey • Universal Negro Improvement Association or UNIA • Promoted pride in African Heritage without the help or influence of Whites • “Back to Africa” Jazz • Music style influenced by Dixieland blues and ragtime • Louis Armstrong, Bessie Smith, Duke Ellington • Renaissance brought international fame to African American Arts • First time African American culture was accepted as “American”