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League of Nations League of Nations Palace of Nations—Geneva, Switzerland—League Headquarters 1938-1946 League of Nations Aims: promote int’l cooperation—settle disputes through negotiation prevent war through collective security improve global welfare disarmament January 1920: formally came into existence Official languages: French & English League Bodies Council Assembly Secretariat… headed by Secretary-General Closely related, but autonomous bodies… Permanent Court of International Justice International Labor Organization League Bodies League established subsidiary bodies to promote cooperation in fields of health, education, social & economic matters Commission for Refugees est. 1921; created the Nansen passport to help identify and resettle refugees Passport named for Fridtjof Nansen League of Nations No military or peacekeeping force Member nations were NOT required to provide troops if it became necessary to ensure peace “Anything the League does or does not do is due to the policies of the Government members of the League, who, in their turn, are moved by the pressure of public opinion behind them” https://bl-libg-doghill.ads.iu.edu/leagueweb/book/title.html Assembly Contained all League members Each country had 1 vote, though could have up to three delegates Decisions were unanimous vote Questions of procedure, membership of committees or election of temporary members of the Council were majority decision New nations admitted by 2/3 vote First Assembly League Membership 1920... 42 members During the 1920s… 14 additional countries admitted Hungary (1922) Germany (1926) 2 countries withdrew (Brazil & Costa Rica) Chinese Delegation 1920 During the 1930s… 7 additional countries admitted Kingdom of Iraq (1932) Turkey admitted (1932) USSR admitted (1934) 13 countries withdrew Germany & Japan (1933) Italy (1937) 2 countries annexed Austria (1938) Albania (1939) 1 country expelled… USSR (1939) Council Met every three months Began with four permanent members… France, G. Britain, Italy, Japan USA was supposed to be a permanent member; Germany was given the US seat in 1926 There were four non-permanent members, later changed to 10 non-permanent members Main task was to settle international disputes Responsible for protecting minorities in different parts of Europe Oversaw Mandate system Responsible for the Saar Governing Commission Decisions were by unanimous vote Secretariat The “civil service” of the League Were not representatives of their home governments Secretary-Generals… from UK 1920-1933 from France 1933-1940 from Ireland 1940-1946 Mandate System The origin of the idea of a mandate system was in Wilson’s 5th point of the 14 Points—”a free, openminded, and absolutely impartial adjustment of all colonial claims…” Set up in Article 22 of the Versailles Treaty Limited to former colonies of Germany and nonTurkish areas of the Ottoman Empire Mandatory countries were to file annual reports with the Permanent Mandates Commission There was no requirement that Mandatory countries take specific steps to help countries actually achieve self government & independence Mandate System Areas felt to be closest to achieving democratic self rule were referred to as “A” Mandates… all A Mandates were in the Middle East Areas felt to need guidance and protection of a mandatory power to learn to establish an eventual democratic nation were referred to as “B” Mandates… B Mandates were mostly in Africa Areas felt to be better off as part of a Mandatory nation; they might become independent far in the future and were referred to as “C” Mandates… they were located in Africa & the South Pacific Mandatory Countries Great Britain—Mesopotamia (later Iraq) France—Syria Japan—South Pacific Mandate South Africa—Southwest Africa Belgium—Rwanda & Urundi Australia—German New Guinea New Zealand—Nauru (along w/Australia & GB) NOTE: Italy did NOT receive a mandate Enforcement of League Decisions Moral persuasion… use of diplomacy Economic sanctions Use of military force, but the League had no army… it had to rely on member states to provide military Q&A 1.What criteria was used to determine whether an area was classified as an A, B or C Mandate? 2.In the Assembly, a decision had to be backed by what percentage of the vote? Q&A 3.In what year did Germany join the League of Nations? In what year did Germany leave? 4.List two ways the League of Nations could enforce its decisions. http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/treaty_of_versailles.htm http://www.indiana.edu/~league/ http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWleague.htm http://www.historylearningsite.co.ul/leagueofnations.htm http://worldatwar.net/timeline/other/league18-46.html http://www.unog.ch/80256EE600581D0E/(httpPages)/1DB47BF4B01671BF80256EF70059153C?OpenDoc ument https://bl-libg-doghill.ads.iu.edu/league-web/book/title.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace_of_Nations http://www.cartoons.ac.uk/browse/cartoon_item/anytext=League%20of%20Nations?artist=Low;%20Dav id%20(1891-1963) &subjects_text[]=League%20of%20Nations%201919&page=17 http://www.firstworldwar.com/bio/wilson.htm http://www.firstworldwar.com/bio/lloydgeorge.htm http://www.firstworldwar.com/bio/clemenceau.htm http://www.firstworldwar.com/bio/orlando.htm http://homepage.mac.com/oldtownman/text/versaillestreaty/vercontents.html http://www.americanforeignrelations.com/E-N/Mandates-and-Trusteeships-League-of-nationsmandates.html http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/United-Nations/The-Trusteeship-Council-THE-MANDATE-SYSTEMOF-THE-LEAGUE-OF-NATIONS.html http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/treaty-st-germain.htm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bulgaria_after_Treatry_of_Neuilly-sur-Seine.png http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/treaty_of_trianon.htm http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/treaty_of_sevres.htm Sources