Download Economic co-operation, globalisation, chemicals and OPCW

Economic co-operation,
globalisation, chemicals and
OPCW
OPCW Conference
The Hague, 2 May 2016
Rob Visser
United Nations
Some economic/financial topics are dealt with at a
global or regional scale within the UN system e.g. :
 Economic and Social Council – co-ordination
 Regional Economic (and Social) Commissions –
promote co-operation
 World Bank Group, Regional Development Banks,
IMF – financing, monetary co-operation
Some specialized agencies, programmes address
economy related topics e.g. : ILO, FAO, UNIDO, UNDP,
UNEP
WTO
• Follow up on negotiations on General
Agreement on Tariffs and Trade GATT, since
1948
• Final negotiations Uruguay Round 1986 –
1994
• World Trade Organisztion established in 1995
– now 162 members
• Doha Round 2001 - ?
Main WTO Agreements
• Goods and investment – Tariff Related
Investment Measures – TRIMS
• Services – General Agreement on Trade in
Services - GATS
• Intellectual Property – Trade-Related aspects
of Intellectual Property rights – TRIPS
• Dispute settlement
Principles of free trade
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Non-discrimination
Reciprocity
Binding and enforceable commitments
Transparency
Safety valves/exceptions – e.g. in relation
to health, environment
Regional economic co-operation
• Many regional economic co-operation agreements or
organisations in all continents e.g. : EU, ASEAN, Andean
Community, West/East/Southern Africa and trade
focussed agreements e.g. NAFTA, APEC and Mercosur
Benefits of integrating similar (small) economies:
• Larger markets – trade, production scale ,efficiency
• More competition and investments
• More efficient use of resources – specialisation,
technology exchange
• Increased international bargaining power
Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)
• Established in 1961, follow up to Marshall Plan
• Then 24 industrialized countries Europe, North
America, Asia, Pacific
• Now 34 countries, also from South America
• Close co-operation with Brazil, China, India,
Indonesia, South Africa
• Brings 39 countries around the table covering
80% of world trade and investment
Some OECD aims and activities
Aims :
• Achieve sustainable economic growth and
employment, financial stability
• Expansion of trade, reduce tariffs
Activities :
• Binding Decisions on common policies
• Studies (e.g. country reviews, economic outlooks) and
projects on policy issues of current interest
• Inform, discuss, consult, advise, recommend, coordinate, co-operate
Some global challenges
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Demography – age, migration
Agriculture – food security and safety
Water stress
Energy security
Use of natural resources
Technology development and transfer
Environment– climate change, biodiversity
Terrorism
Wider economic development
• Global co-operation needed to deal with
such global challenges
• When developing further, regions are less
self–sufficient in terms of addressing supply
of food , fuels, raw materials
• Advances in transport, telecommunication,
(information) technology, financial systems
• International marketing – global village
• Larger role of multinational companies
Globalizing economy
Increased interconnections – an interdependent
global economy
• Positive impacts : even larger markets, increased
trade, more competition, further
specialisation/division of labor
• Negative impacts : social inequality, job
insecurity, loss of (cultural) uniqueness, possible
environmental race to the bottom
• Needed : improved international policy
coherence, co-ordination, co-operation,
governance
Chemicals in the economy
• Chemical industry : 7% of global income, 9%
of global trade, 10 million jobs
• Global chemical output valued at $171 billion
in 1970; grown to $4,12 trillion in 2010
• In Europe almost 144 000 chemical substances
have been registered
• Chemical Outlooks have been prepared by
OECD and UNEP
Chemicals, GDP and population
(OECD data)
200
GDP
Population
180
Chemicals
production
index, 1995=100
160
140
120
100
80
1995
2000
2005
2010
2015
2020
Projection of growth in chemicals
production to 2050 per region (OECD
data)
Billions of 2007 USD
16 000
14 000
2010
2030
2050
12 000
10 000
8 000
6 000
4 000
2 000
0
World
OECD
BRIICS
China
RoW
Projected trends in chemical use
• Synthesized chemicals are increasingly
replacing natural materials in products
• Type of chemicals produced will diversify
further
• Many more different chemicals in consumer
products/articles
• Penetration of chemical intensive products
into many more national economies
Potential trends related to chemical
safety
• Increasing chemical accidents, environmental
emissions, hazardous consumer exposure,
chemical waste : more risks for human health
and environment ?
• More reglementation to be developed in more
countries–(SAICM)
• More monitoring, surveillance and inspection?
• Co-operation among countries on chemical
safety management saves money – in OECD :
€ 153 million per year
Globalisation and Chemicals
• Globlisation of production and use of chemicals
• Chemicals production will grow faster than
population and GDP
• Chemicals production outside the OECD countries
will grow faster than within OECD countries
• In more countries advanced production
technologies will be used
• In more countries oversight of production will be
put in place
Possible implications/opportunities
for OPCW
• Capabilities to produce chemical weapons will
increase around the globe
• Possibilities for use of chemical weapons in
terrorist activities can increase
• With more safety reglementation in more
countries, there are further opportunities to cooperate with nationalauthorities/inspectorates
which will have more detailed information on
chemicals and production facilities in the country
Thank you
very much
for your
attention.