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Foreign Policy: 1763-1820 Foreign Policy Treaty of Paris Treaty of Paris Jay Treaty Pinckney Treaty Washington's Farewell Address Convention of 1800 Louisiana Purchase Embargo Act Non-Intercourse Act Macon's Bill No.2 Treaty of Ghent Rush-Bagot Agreement Treaty of 1818 Adams-Onis Treaty (Transcontinental) (Florida Purchase) Date Identification Ended the Seven Years War or French and Indian War. 1763 Ceded all French lands in America to Britain. Britain now in control of everything east of the Mississippi Ended the Revolutionary War in America. 1783 The United States was recognized as an independent nation. Territorial boundaries set at the Great Lakes, Miss.River, Spanish Fla. Florida was given back to Spain. A negotiated treaty with the British which attempted to settle the 1794 conflict at sea and curtail English involvement in Indian attacks. Brit. agreed to evacuate posts in US western frontier, nothing firm on Brit. seizures of US merchant ships. Unpopular treaty. Spanish opened the Mississippi River to American traffic including 1795 right of deposit at the port city of New Orleans. The 31 was recognized as Florida's northern boundary. Washington warned the new nation to avoid "inveterate antipathies" and 1796 "passionate attachments" to any foreign nation. Permanent alliances should be avoided although temporary alliances may be useful. 1800 Adams avoided war with France. Unpopular decision. Ended FrancoAmerican Alliance of 1778. Maybe Adam’s biggest achievement, but may have lost him a 2nd term. Entire Louisiana Territory purchased from France for $15 million. 1803 Doubled size of US. Original goal to secure port of New Orleans. Jefferson viewed purchase as unconstitutional…did it anyway. Jefferson forbade any America ship to leave port for any foreign nation. 1807 Hoped that Brit trade would be hurt so bad, they would stop violating neutral rights. Backfired… resulted in a brief economic depression. Modified the 1907 Embargo Act by forbidding trade solely to Britain and 1809 France. Opened trade with all nations. Provision that if either Brit. or France 1810 would formally agree to respect US neutral rights, US would embargo trade with that nations’ foe. (Napoleon accepted, but never intended to uphold agreement.) Ended the War of 1812. Signed BEFORE Battle of New Orleans 1814 Territories restored to positions before the war. First "disarmament" agreement. The United States and Britain agreed not 1817 to maintain an armed fleet in the Great Lakes. British-US border fixed along 49 from Lake of the Woods to Rocky 1818 Mts. Joint occupancy of Oregon for 10 years Spain ceded Florida and gave up claims to Oregon. In return US gave up 1819 claims to Texas, assumed $5 million claims against Spain. Western boundary of Louisiana Purchase set north to 42 Foreign Policy 1820-1867 Foreign Policy Date Identification WebsterAshburton Treaty 1842 Oregon Treaty 1846 Conflicting claims over the Canada-Maine boundary were compromised. Bonus later revealed to contain Mesabi iron ore in Minnesota. US-Canada boundary extended from Rockies to the Pacific along 49. Back down from “Fifty-four Forty or Fight.” Ended Mexican War. Mexican Cession included California, New Mexico, Utah Territories. US to pay $15 million + assume debts of $3.25 million. Rio Grande recognized as southern border of Texas. Treaty of GuadalupeHidalgo 1848 Clayotn-Bulwer Treaty 1850 US and Britain that neither would attempt to take exclusive control of any future canal route in Central America. Continued in force until 1901. Gadsden Purchase 1853 Purchased from Mexico for $10 million. Southern sections of present day new Mexico and Arizona. Goal was cheaper route for southern transcontinental railroad. Completed US mainland acquisitions. Ostend Manifesto 1854 Pierce sought to buy Cuba form Spain. Secret document between US diplomats that revealed plans to take Cuba from Spain if they refused to sell. Big embarrassment and issue dropped. Emperor Maximilian 1867 French troops placed puppet as Mexican Emperor. Violations of Monroe Doc. French withdrew support and Max executed. Alaskan Purchase 1867 Russian paid $7.2 million for “Seward’s Folly.” Foreign Policy 1928-1945 Foreign Policy Date Clark Memorandum 1928 America would not intervene in the internal affairs of a Latin American Country through international police power. 1928 First proposed as treaty between France and United States outlawing any war between them. It extended to all nation which renounced war as an instrument of national policy. Outlawed Kellog-Briand Pact Identification aggression not self-defense. Young Plan 1929 further scaled down the German reparations bill from $250 million per year after Dawes Plan Loan. London Naval Conference 1930 United States, Great Britain, and Japan agreed on a fixed ration for cruisers, destroyers, and submarines. Stimson Donctrine 1931 America would not recognize any agreement that impaired the integrity of China and The Open Door Policy 1930's Policy to avoid foreign entanglements and the desire to advance American economic interests. Essentially, American would play the good neighbor by heeding to the complaints of surrounding nations (i.e. Latin America) 1933 Formal recognition finally given to the Soviet Union. Good Neighbor Policy Recognition of the USSR 1935 Neutrality Acts 1936 1937 1935: in the outbreak of war, all exports of American arms and munitions would be embargoed for 6-months. 1936: gave president authority to determine when a state of war existed and prohibited any loans or credits to belligerents 1937: prohibited all arms sales to belligerents & cash and carry sale of non-military goods to belligerents. 1937 Japanese planes bombed American gunboat Panay. The matter was resolved after a formal apology was issued by the Japanese. Cash and Carry 1939 Revised the Neutrality Act so that a belligerent could buy US arms if they paid cash and took them away in their own ships. Technically neutral, but favored Britain. Destroyers for Bases 1940 An agreement to give Britain 50 destroyers in return for a 99year lease on air and naval bases in British Territories Lend-Lease Act 1941 Authorized the President to sell, lend, lease, transfer, or exchange arms and other supplies to any nation who needed American help in defense. Atlantic Charter 1941 It described a postwar world based on self-determination for all nations Casablanca Conference 1943 Franklin Roosevelt and Winston Churchill agreed that the WWII will continue until the "unconditional" surrender of the Axis nations. Dunbarton Oaks Conference 1944 Unites States, GB, Soviet Union, and China met to discuss an international association after World War II. Yalta Conference 1945 United States, Great Britain, Soviet Union, France, and China became permanent members of the Security Council. Germany was divided into occupational zones and a coalition government of communists and non-communists was agreed for Poland. Potsdam Conference 1945 Truman ordered the dropping of the atomic bomb on Japan. Established a council of Foreign Ministers to draft peace treaties for the Balkans Panay Affair Foreign Policy 1945-1990 Foreign Policy Date Identification United Nations 1945 Created a General Assembly composed of all member nations which would act as the ultimate policy-making body. A Security Council of 11 members was created with 6 permanent members with veto powers. (see Yalta Conference). Cold War 19501990 The name given to heated relations between the United States and Russia soon after the World War II. Several confrontation occurred due to the rapid spread of communism and other U.S.-Soviet related conflicts. Containment 19461947 Truman Doctrine 1947 Soviet's wanted to spread communism all over the world. Soviet expert George F. Kennan wrote an article for which he called for counter-measures to "contain" the spread of Communism. Essentially, this policy hoped to prevent the absorption of countries to the evil ties of Communism It is the responsibility of the United States to support free peoples who were resisting communist domination. Marshall Plan 1947 An economic recovery program to help rebuild Europe's economy after World War II. It was also called the European Recovery Program. NATO 1949 Short for North Atlantic Treaty Organization. All signatories pledged that an attack against one would be against all of them. Warsaw pact was formed by the Soviets to oppose NATO. OAS 1948 Short for Organization of American States. Created following a mutual defense pact with Latin America. Decisions were reached by a 2/3 vote with no special weight given to the United States. SEATO 1954 Geneva Accords 1955 An attempt by Secretary of State John Foster Dulles at organizing a group of Southeastern countries to parallel NATO. It failed due to lack of participants France, GB, Soviet Union, China signers of the agreement dividing Vietnam along the 17th parallel. North was run under communist Ho Chi Minh, the South was under capitalist Bao Dai. Peaceful Coexistence 1955 Khruschev's response to the policy of massive retaliation which was proposed by Eisenhower and Dulles. Eisenhower Doctrine 1957 Announced that the United States was prepared to use armed force in the Middle East against communism. Under this doctrine US Marines entered Beirut, Lebanon to ease the change in governments. Alliance for Progress 1961 Kennedy's announcement which would provide $20 million of aid to Latin America. Domino Theory 1964 If one country falls to Communism then subsequent countries will eventually fall and communism will rule the world. Vietnam was the first Domino. Gulf Of Tonkin Resolution 1964 An alleged attack on an American boat in the Gulf of Tonkin caused President Johnson to ask for authorization to "repel any armed attack against the forces of the United States and to prevent further aggression" Detente 1972 Defined as the relaxation in the tensions between two governments. This policy sought to establish rules to govern rivalry between the United States, China, and the Soviet Union. SALT Talks 1972 SALT I: Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty signatories agreed to stop making nuclear ballistic missiles. 1979 SALT II: Set a ceiling of 2,250 bombers and missiles for the United States and Soviets, limits on warheads, and new weapons systems were established. Desert Storm 1990 In the Persian Gulf War this was the American launched Operation to put down Saddam Hussein and Iraq from monopolizing the world's oil industry by annexing Kuwait and Saudi Arabia.